BUILDING SCIENCE - II

PRESENTED BY: AR. PRANITA SHARMA PANDEY

PRESENTED TO : B.ARCH III/II 1
 BUILDING SCIENCE??
“ A branch of science that deals with building and
its external surrounding environment ”
 COURSE STRUCTURE
1. Architectural lighting
• Natural
• Artificial

2. Architectural acoustics
• Architectural
• Environmental

3. Energy
• Active method
• Passive method
 COURSE OBJECTIVES:

• To introduce the concept of architectural

lighting, acoustics and energy in relation to
architectural design.

• To deal with the use of architectural lighting,

acoustics and energy for comfort and security
in building and built up environment.
 MARKS DISTRIBUTION

CHAPTERS HOURS MARKS DISTRIBUTION

1 16 30

2 20 34

3 9 16

TOTAL 45 80
 1. ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

• Natural Lighting:
It deals with designing building according to natural
light i.e. orientation, building location, site, building
shape and size, openings in the building etc.

• Artificial lighting:
It includes functional and decorative design of lights
in interior of buildings like restaurant, hotels,
discotheque, theatre etc
 LIGHTING

NATURAL LIGHT ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

(Sun Light/ Day Light) (Electrical Light)

SOURCE- SUN SOURCE- HYDROPOWER,

ATOMIC POWER, WINDMILL,
GENERATOR ETC.
Direct Sunlight Diffuse/Sky Light

Fluorescent Incandescent Special Light

Lamp Lamp
 a
c
` d
b

Legends:
a= Direct Light
b= externally reflected light
c= internally reflected light
d= sky light ( specially from north side)
TOPICS:
•Introduction of architectural lighting – history, sources

• Day Light Design – property , quantities, factor, light & glare

•Artificial lighting Design – bldg shape & layout, location ,

shape & orientation, electric lighting design, interior lighting
design, illumination design & calculation

• Principles of Architecture lighting – philosophy, Le Corbusie

(Ron champ church), Louis Kahn ( Kimbell art gallery, Sansad
bhawan)
 2. ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS

• Architectural acoustics:
It deals with classroom, auditorium, theatre,
amphitheatre, cinema hall, concert hall, meeting hall,
museum, church, library, hospital, radio, TV or music
studio.

• Environmental acoustics:
Deals with noise control and sound pollution in urban
areas due to noise of vehicle, factory, air traffic, railways
and other activities.
TOPICS:
• History: Open air theatre- Greek, Roman & Dabali of Nepal
• Basic concept : sound & vibration, properties, classification,
measurements, impact etc
• Room Acoustics: Absorption, reflection, transmission,
insulation, transmission loss, Echo, reverberation etc
• Time equation : Reverberation time, calculation
• Design – site selection & planning, shape & size, treatments
etc
• Noise and its impact: Types, impact, control techniques etc
• Sound Insulation : Mass law, Vertical barrier, Horizontal
barrier
 3. ENERGY
• Passive method:
• It refers to the use of sun’s energy for the
heating and cooling of living spaces.
• Use of passive measures such as natural cross
ventilation, sufficient day lighting, insulation.

• Active method:
• It involves the use of solar collectors and
other renewable energy system like biomass.
TOPICS:
• Concept of Energy – Renewable and non-renewable
• Energy situation - World and Nepal
• Active method : Solar collector, Solar water heater, dryer,
PV cell
• Passive method: orientation, planning, colour, texture,
materials, technology, wind tower, direct, indirect
 References:
• Koenigsberer, Ingersoll- “Manual of tropical housing and
Building”
• M. David Egan – “Concept in Architectural Acoustics”
• S V Szokolay , A Krishan – “Climate Responsive
Architecture”
• Er. B Pahari – “Passive Building Concept & Design”
• B.C Punima – “ Building Construction (Acoustics)”
• N.K Bansal & K. Rijal – “Passive Solar Building in the
Mountains”
• K.Rijal – “Energy use in Mountain Area”
• Dr. V. Gupta – “Energy & Habitat”
• M. Majumdar – “Energy-efficient building in India”
• Different websites – www.renewable energy.com
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE NOTED:

• All the students have to have 80% of attendance.

• There will be three announced internal exams

during the semester.

• All students have to attend all the three exams

held at certain interval of time.

• Students are expected to have surprise tests also.

•Any new suggestions are very much welcomed.

 1ST ASSIGNMENT

GREEK THEATRE ROMAN OPEN AIR THEATER

NEPALI DABALI
 TASK:
• Group assignment – group of 5.

• Report submission and presentation.

• You have to do an analytical research.

• Research should include the main design principal, purpose

and how the purpose was achieved.

• All groups are expected to do different case studies.

• Minimum of three different case studies are expected.

THANK YOU AND CONT...
BUILDING SCIENCE - II

PRESENTED BY: AR. PRANITA SHARMA PANDEY 1

PRESENTED TO : B.ARCH III/II
 WHAT IS SOUND?
• It is generated in air when some surface is vibrated.

• It requires a medium for its transmission. The medium

can be either solid, liquid or gas, but sound cannot travel in
vacuum.
HOW DOES IT GENERATE?
• The vibrating surface sets up waves of compression and
rarefaction in the air and these waves make our air-drum
vibrate.

• The movement of our air-drum is translated to sound

sensation by our brain.
• Transmitted through the air in the form of waves.

• Hence, sound is a physical sensation produced in our ear by

variation in the air-pressure caused by vibrating body
around our ear.
 PROPERTIES OF SOUND:

1. Sound travels in the air with a velocity of 336m/s at normal

pressure and temperature.

2. The intensity (loudness) of sound varies inversely as the

square of its distance from the source as per inverse square
law.

I is inversely proportional to d2
2
𝐼1 𝑑2
=
𝐼2 𝑑1
I = Sound intensity (W/m2)
d = distance from source (ft. or m)
 2
𝐼1 𝑑2
=
𝐼2 𝑑1
3. The greater the movement of vibrating body, the greater will
be the compression of air particle. This produces greater
movement on the air-drum which results the louder sound.

4. REFLECTION OF THE SOUND:

Angle of incidence (α) = angle of reflected sound (β)

• Sound is also governed by reflection, obeying the fundamental
law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Regular reflection

Diffused reflection
Sound Reflection (R):

• Hard, rigid and flat surfaces such as concrete, brick, stone,

plaster or glass; reflect almost all incident sound.

• Convex reflecting surfaces tend to disperse .

• Concave surfaces tend to concentrate the reflected sound

waves in the room.
• Any reflected sound that arrives within 50 milliseconds of
the direct sound will help to reinforce the speech.

• Reflections arriving later than 50 milliseconds might be

heard as a distinct echo and will degrade clearness.

• 50 milliseconds is the time it takes sound to travel 17

meters.

• so reflective surfaces/panels should be designed so that

the reflective sound has to travel no more than 17 meters
further than the direct sound to reach the listener.
CONT.....