Quarter 1- Module 4-7

Prepared by:
JOHN MARK D. MORALES, LPT
 UNIT 3

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

For the Learners

Good day learners! Congratulations for successfully making it through Quarter 1 and so
welcome to the first module of quarter 2.
This module will help you identify arguments in a manifesto as well as guide you in
understanding the meaning of those arguments.
Make sure to involve yourself in this fun- learning activity which is essential as you go
through your academic journey ahead.

Module Content
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to
 Identify the different categories of manifestoes
 Infer meaning from the arguments

VOCABULARY LIST

Manifesto- a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It

advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action.
While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics.
Arguments- reasons or the reasoning given for or against a matter under
discussion —
compare evidence, proof
NAME: _____________________________________________
GRADE & SECTION: __________________________________

LET’S PRACTICE!
PRE-TEST
Directions: Read the text below and answer the questions.

Most people don’t get enough sleep. We are a society that burns the candle at both
ends, a nation where people stay up all night to study, work, or have fun. However,
going without adequate sleep carries with it both short- and long-term
consequences. In the short term, a lack of adequate sleep can affect judgment,
mood, ability to learn and retain information, and may increase the risk of serious
accidents and injury. In the long term, chronic sleep deprivation may lead to a host
of health problems including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even
early mortality.

1. What is the main argument discussed in the text?

2. What are the reasons presented to support the main claim?

3. Do you agree with the statement above?

LEARNING CONCEPTS
Reading latest articles such as those that are printed on newspapers and even
those that are shown on the television is a must- to- do thing that you should be
concerned of because it helps you be acquainted with what is happening around
you. This might give you knowledge on the present societal and political issues
such as the dispute between the government and the leftist and the updates about
the COVID- 19 Pandemic. It might also give you idea on the updates about the
trends in literature and the arts. Also, official statements of essential individuals in
our society must also be given consideration. But how would we know that you are
reading the right thing?

It is where you need to learn about Manifesto.

Have you ever heard about a manifesto

Lesson Manifesto and Argument

1
Manifesto is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It
advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action.
While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics.
Manifesto are generally written in the name of a group sharing a common
perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual.

Table 1. Major Categories of Manifesto according to FIRSTPOST.com

Major Categories CHARACTERISTIC
of Manifesto
1. Goal A goal can be a manifesto when we share it with other people.
 It’s public, it’s a declaration and it’s about whatone intends to
have happened.

2. List and Rules A manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a specific
context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to be
fulfilled.

3. World This type of manifesto aims to create a new world. It’s not
about simple rules, instead, it presents a vision for the future.
A solemn declaration by the constituted authorities of a nation
which contains the reason for its public acts towards another.
On the declaration of war, a manifesto is usually issued in which
the nation declaring war states thereasons for so doing.

If you are going to notice the highlighted words from the characteristics of the
different categories of manifesto, the common thing about them is that a,
MANIFESTO or the writer of a manifesto, aims for a change in state or in other
words, the author is trying to convince the reader to believe the concept that he/she
is trying to convey by giving arguments or logical reasons that will catch the
attention of the reader and eventually believing it.

How are these changes carried out with just the use of written words? - It is
when the author provides reasons accompanied with evidences to prove the belief,
they wanted the reader to believe in or the so- called arguments.
As a reader, the challenge however lies on how will you understand the
meaning that the author or writer wanted you to know.
Add- on Info
How will you know the arguments presented? A statement can only
be considered an
Let’s take a few moments to review your past argument if it
presents proof or
lesson about arguments. evidences, however if
it does not, it is only
a mere opinion.
Arguments is defined as a reason or the reasoning given for or against a matter
under
discussion — compare evidence, proof
However, change can only be achieved if the reader fully understands the argument
that is
accompanied with evidences(reasons) that the author is trying to emphasize. To do
that, take a look at these steps below.

Table 2 Example of Manifesto and Analysis of Arguments

Category Example of Manifesto Analysis of the Argument

1. Goal In adversity, the crisis has 1.The argument that the

also brought out some of manifesto wanted to me
the best in our societies, from to believe in is that
solidarity among “COVID- 19 Pandemic
neighbors, to the bravery of has brought about
health and other key Positive Effects.”
workers in facing down risks 2. First reason the author
to their own health to makes to support his/ her
serve their communities, to conclusion is found on
countries working the first sentence where
together to provide emergency the author uses the reason
relief or to research as his/ her example to
treatments and vaccines. The prove his/ her claim,
“lockdown” measures “Solidarity among
that have been necessary to neighbors and bravery of
control the spread of health and other key
COVID- 19 have slowed workers, to countries
economic activity and working together to
disrupted lives- but have also provide emergency relief
given some glimpses or to research treatments
of a possible brighter future. In and vaccines.”.
some places, 3.List of the other Reasons:
pollution levels have dropped a. Pollution levels have
to such an extent that dropped where people
people have breathed clean have breathed fresh air,
air, or have been seen have seen blue skies,
blue skies and clean waters, and clean waters.
or have been able to b. Reduced time spent
walk and cycle safely with commuting and
their children- for the flexible ways of
first times in their lives. The Steps in Analyzing an
use of digital Argument
technology has accelerated Briefly note the
new ways of working main assertion
and connecting with each (what does the
other, from reducing time writer want me to
spent commuting, to more believe or do?
flexible ways of Make a note of the
studying, to carrying out first reason the
medical consultations author makes to
remotely, to spending more support his/ her
time with our families. conclusion.
Opinion polls from around the Write down
world show that every other
people want to protect the reason.
environment and preserve Underline the
the positive that have most important
emerged from the crisis as we reason
recover ###. studying because of
Source: Dr. Tedros Adhanom digital connecting with
Ghebreyesus, “What each other.
We Have Learned From c. Spending a lot of time
COVID- 19,” WHO with families.
Manifesto for a Healthy d. Raise awareness of
Recovery from COVID- 19, environment
May 26. 2020, www.who.int conservation.
4. If the argument has
several different
reasons, we select the
most important reason
to know the main
argument, but you need
not select the main
reason with this kind of
argument where all
reasons fall under a
single main reason
which is “the positive
effects or impact of
COVID Pandemic,”
Explanation for being a
manifesto categorized
under Goal:
The manifesto does not use
obviously convincing words
 rather it hides the intention
of changing people’s mind
using positive pictures or
situation. It shares to the
reader the goal or the
picture
of something that everyone
will accept and appreciate
with the subtle purpose of
making people believe the
premise. It is different with
World in the sense that it
does not impose the goal.
Note: A manifesto could be
in this category if the goal
(something beautiful and
acceptable to everyone) is
shared to reader for them to
appreciate and eventually to
believe in the arguments
presented.

2. List Management of people with The manifesto simply

and COVID-19 or their indicates the argument
Rules contacts about the ways to manage
• Workers who are unwell or people infected with
who develop COVID- 19 or their
symptoms consistent with contacts.
COVID-19 should be Explanation on how it is a
urged to stay at home, self- manifesto under List and
isolate, and contact a Rules:
medical professional or the ❖ The manifesto sets the
local COVID-19 rules (the bulleted
information line for advice on information) on how to
testing and referral.19 do things in a specific
• Where local community situation.
transmission is high, and
work continues, allow for a
telemedicine
consultation where available,
or consider waiving the
requirement for a medical
note for workers who are sick
so that they may stay
home.
• All workers should be urged
to self-monitor their
health, possibly with the use
of questionnaires, and
take their body temperature
regularly.
 • Thermal screening at the
workplace should be
considered only in the context
of a combination of
measures for prevention and
control of COVID-19
at the workplace and along
with risk
communication.
• Standard operating
procedures should be
prepared
to manage a person who
becomes sick at the
workplace and is suspected of
having COVID-19,
including placing the person in
an isolation room,
limiting the number of people
in contact, using
personal protective equipment
and performing
follow-up cleaning and
disinfection.
• It is important to contact the
local health
authorities and to keep
attendance and meeting
records in order to facilitate or
undertake contact
tracing. ###
Source:
World Health Organization,
“Considerations for Public
Health and Social
Measures in the Workplace in
the Context of
COVID- 19,” May 10, 2020.
www.who.int

3. World “NOW, THEREFORE, I, 1. The main assertion that

FERDINAND E. this manifesto is pointing
MARCOS, President of the at is that the declaration
Philippines, by virtue of of martial law in the
the powers vested upon me country or also known as
by Article VII, Section the Proclamation no.
10, Paragraph (2) of the 1081 s. 1972.simply
Constitution, do hereby because it is what this
place the entire Philippines as manifesto is all about. It
defined in Article I, is what the author
Section 1 of the Constitution envisions.
under martial law and, 2. The first reason that
in my capacity as their supports the assertion
commander-in-chief, do is the one that follows
hereby command the armed immediately after the
forces of the assertion, in the case of
Philippines, to maintain law this manifesto, it is the
and order throughout “maintain law and
the Philippines, prevent or order throughout the
suppress all forms of Philippines”.
lawless violence as well as 3. The other reasons
any act of insurrection or mentioned are; (a.)
rebellion and to enforce prevent or suppress all
obedience to all the laws forms of lawless
and decrees, orders and violence as well as any
regulations promulgated by act of insurrection or
me personally or upon my rebellion
direction. (b.) to enforce obedience
In addition, I do hereby order to all the laws and
that all persons decrees, orders and
presently detained, as well as regulations
all others who may These reasons can also
hereafter be similarly detained be acknowledged as the
for the crimes of vision of the future that the
insurrection or rebellion, and author declares that makes
all other crimes and this manifesto as an
offenses committed in example
furtherance or on the under the category “world.”
occasion thereof, or incident Note: It is only a manifesto
thereto, or in under world if the
connection therewith, for declaration is done by an
crimes against national authority or authorized
security and the law of group to do the declaration
nations, crimes against and if it envisions change in
public order, crimes involving the future.
usurpation of
authority, rank, title and
improper use of names,
uniforms and insignia, crimes
committed by public
officers, and for such other
crimes as will be
enumerated in Orders that I
shall subsequently
promulgate, as well as crimes
as a consequence of
any violation of any decree,
order or regulation
promulgated by me personally
or promulgated upon
my direction shall be kept
under detention until
 otherwise ordered released by
me or by my duly
designated representative.”
Source: The Philippine
Gazette, “Proclamation
1081, s. 1972,” September 21,
1972,
www.officialgazette.gov.ph

Are the reasons logical? Are they acceptable? Does it cater to the welfare of the
public? Answering these questions means that you were able to analyze the
manifesto critically. You can now create your own stand on the
issue at hand.

And this time, you are now ready for a much exciting part of our
learning journey.

NAME: _____________________________________________
GRADE & SECTION: __________________________________
 LET’S PRACTICE!
TASK 1.
Directions: Read the following content carefully and identify the
major category of manifesto and explain briefly why it is so. Write
your answers below.

Example:
In the recent years, Filipino martial arts have been appropriated by a number of Hollywood
action films. Tom Cruise (Mission Impossible 2), Angelina Jolie (Tomb Raider: Cradle of
Life) and Matt Damon (Bourne Series) utilized the Pinoy Fighting formor one of its many
variants. (Pepper Marcelo)
Answer: Category- Goal
Explanation: The manifesto is about the Filipino Martial Arts being known in other
countries. If you are a Filipino, this idea would be something that you dream to happen and
would want to happen. It belongs to the category GOAl since the assertion made by the
writer is a situation that is positive for everyone.

1. “The National Democratic Front of the Philippines and the broad masses of the people
themselves need to refrain from launching tactical offensiveness to gain more time and
opportunity
to fight the COVID- 19 pandemic and to look after the health and power- all welfare of the
people
in both urban and rural areas.”- Jose Maria “Joma” Sison, exiled founder of the Communist
Party of the Philippines.

Answer:
Explaination:

2. How to vote on election day in 12 easy steps

Step 1: Go to your assigned polling precinct from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. on May 9
The Commission on Election (Comelec) advises voters to come early and not wait until the
last
minute. Look for your name in the voters list posted near the precinct. The Parish Pastoral
Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) voter’s assistance desk in the polling place can
also help you look for your precinct, sequence, and room number.
Step 2: Fall in line in the holding area
Step 3: Give your name, valid I.D., and precinct number to the Board of Election Inspectors
(BEIs)
Step 4: Get your ballot, ballot secrecy folder, marker, and go to the voting area
Make sure your ballot is clean of any marks.
Step 5: Vote wisely Under voting and abstaining is allowed; overvoting is not. If you
overvote, the vote will not be counted. Shade the entire oval corresponding to your
candidate of choice. Cover your ballot using the ballot secrecy folder; even the poll
watchers and BEI cannot look at your ballot. Do not make any other marks on the ballot.
Step 6: Feed your ballot into the vote-counting machine
The machine has a green check button that casts your vote and a red "X" button that
returns your
ballot. If you don't press either in one second, the machine automatically casts your ballot
and prints a receipt.
Step 7: Return the ballot secrecy folder and marker
Step 8: Wait for your receipt to print and let the precinct supervisor cut your receipt from
the machine. Do not tear or pull the voter's receipt because it can cause the entire roll of
thermal paper to be yanked, which may cause the vote-counting machines (VCMs) to
temporarily shut down. The BEI will cut the receipt using a pair of scissors.
Step 9: Have your right forefinger marked with indelible ink
Step 10: Take your voter's receipt and verify your vote
Step 11: Drop the receipt in the receptacle beside the VCM provided by Comelec
Step 12: Leave the polling precinct

Answer:
Explaination:

3. As adults, we can accept bad language on TV programs, as long as it relates to the

program in question (i.e. drama series or films). However, children should not have to hear
that sort of language. I’m not a prude by any means, but I find it really depressing when I
hear children from children to toddler age and up using foul language. Of course, they
learn this from their parents and other family members, but let’s minimize their exposure by
keeping it out of children’s programs. - Karen, UK (BBC Online)

Answer:
Explaination:

Lesson LOGICAL
. 2 FALLACIES
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
defend a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by
properly
cited factual evidences
● determine different kinds of logical fallacy
● identify factors on authenticity and validity of evidences/information
● present reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand
II. VOCABULARY LIST
Let’s enrich your vocabulary with these terms that you will encounter throughout this
lesson.
● Stand - viewpoint
● Claims - these are statements that support the author’s stand; ARGUMENT
● Evidences - these are proofs or evidences to strengthen the author’s claim
● Fallacy - an error in reasoning which weakens an argument
● Counterclaims – arguments opposing a stand
LEARNING CONCEPTS
Take a glance on the picture below. Then, answer the question:
“Which would you follow, the decision that your mind is saying or the choice that
your heart is dictating?”

In this case whichever your choice, you have to

defend it with reasonable arguments and factual
evidences.

http://www.pinterest.at/pin/211880357453253
536/
Retrieved: July 15, 2020 1:34 P.M
Every now and then, we find the need to take a stand on an issue. How do we
defend this stand? How do we convince others about the soundness of our
position?
Study the picture below.

CLAIM
ARGUMENT
STAND CREDIBLE
SOURCES

A. LOGICAL FALLACIES
What are these logical fallacies? Why is there a need for you to be familiar with it?
LOGICAL FALLACIES are ERRORS IN REASONING that INVALIDATE AN
ARGUMENT. As a critical thinker you have to identify and examine fallacies and
manipulative language. It is therefore important that you know some of the common
fallacies.

Study the types of fallacy and its example:

 Fallacy Description Example

False Dilemma Occurs when an arguer Either you fully devote

presents his/her argument as yourself to company or
one of only two options despite you quit.
the
presence of multiple
possibilities
Appeal to Ignorance Occurs when something is The writer does not talk
instantly concluded to be true about the connection
just because it is not proven to between the victim’s
be false, and vice versa killer and his sister, so
there
must be none.
Slippery Slope Occurs when a series of If we ban computer shops,
increasingly superficial and then students will not be
unacceptable consequences is able to do research. And
drawn if they do not have tools
for research, these
students
will fail their subjects.
Complex Question Occurs when two or more “Have you stopped
points are rolled into one and cheating on exams?”
the reader is expected to accept
or reject both at the same time,
when one point may be
satisfactory while the other is
not
Appeal to Force Occurs when a threat, instead of If you do not admit that
reasoning is used to argue evolution is not real, we
will isolate you from the
group.
Appeal to Pity Occurs when the element of Please do not fire me for
pity is used instead of logical being absent all month; I
reasoning have a sick mother and a
special child to support.
Appeal to Occurs when unpleasant You can’t believe that
Consequences consequences of believing colonialism is bad,
something are pointed out to because if it were, then
show that the belief is false we would not be
civilized.
Bandwagon Occurs when an argument is Most Filipinas want to have
considered to be valid because it is fair skin because they think
what the majority thinks they look beautiful. Therefore,
having fair skin must be the
real standard of
beauty.

Attacking the Person Occurs when someone tries to refute I cannot accept your argument
an argument by attacking the because, unlike me, you were
character of a person instead of not educated at Harvard
attacking the ideas of the argument University.

Appeal to Authority Occurs when the argument quotes Bill Gates, the co-founder of
an expert who’s not qualified in the Microsoft, recommends the
particular subject matter effective fabric
softening properties of Downy
fabric softener.
Anonymous The authority in question is not Experts claim that eating
mentioned or named peanuts causes pimples.
Authority

Hasty Generalization Occurs when a sample is not Martha, the foreigner from
significant enough to support a France is very impolite.
generalization about a French people are mean
population and rude.
False Analogy Occurs when a writer assumes that Drugs are like massages: they
two concepts that are similar in make you feel good.
some ways are also
similar in other ways
Accident Occurs when a general rule is Jaywalking is not allowed, so
applied to a situation, even when it you should not have done that
should be an exception even when you were being
chased by
terrorists.
Post Hoc It is an informal fallacy that states: Dina saw cat when they went
“Since event A followed event B, home. Along the way, they
event A must have been caused by crashed into a tree. The black
event B.” cat must be the reason why
they met an accident.

Wrong Direction Occurs when the direction Liver damage leads to

between cause and effect is reversed alcoholism.

Complex Cause Occurs when the explanation for an We were not able to solve the
event is reduced to one thing when problem because of limited
there are other factors which also time, even if all the other
contributed to the event groups were able to do so.

Irrelevant Conclusion Occurs when an argument We must support the fight

which is supposed to prove for gender equality
 Something concludes something else between men and women.
instead Women have suffered enough
violence at home. Violence
against women
must be stopped.
Straw Man Occurs when the position of the Opponent: We should relax
opposition is twisted so that it is the law governing the allowed
easier to refute smoking areas in the city.
Fallacy: We should not do so,
because the number of
smokers might increase.

Affirming the Any argument of the form: If A is If you are drinking wine, you
Consequent true then B is true; If B is true have a problem. Therefore, if
therefore A is true you have a
problem, you are drinking
wine.
Denying the Any argument of the form: If A is If you are drinking wine, you
Antecedent true then B id true; If A is not true have a problem. Therefore, if
then B is not true you are not drinking wine,
you do not
have a problem.
Inconsistency Occurs when arguments Frank is older than Jake, Jake
contradict one another is older than Noli and
Noli is older than Frank.
Source: Barrot, J. T. (2016). Academic Reading & Writing for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc.

Warning: Do not use these kinds of logical fallacies when you defend your stand. It
weakens your arguments.
So, what are the things that you have to do in order to refrain from these fallacies?
Study the next topic.

FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY OF

EVIDENCES/INFORMATION

While there is a wealth of information found in various sources

electronically or non- electronically, you should also keep in mind that not all
of these pieces of information are accurate, relevant, valid or credible.
Hence, it is important to evaluate sources of information that you plan to
include in your academic writing venture.

Note: There is always a risk that the sources taken from the Internet or
anywhere else have biased or incorrect information, so you have to evaluate
and filter your sources before using them.

The following are some of the criteria assessing whether the source is
suitable to use for academic purposes. The criteria include relevance, authority,
currency, contents and location of sources.
 1. Relevance of the Source
● How well does the source support your stand?
● You can check the title, table of contents, summary,
introduction or headings of the text to have a sense of its
content.

2. Authority/Author’s Qualifications
● Is the author’s name identified?
● Is the author’s background, education or training related to the
topic?
● If the source does not have an author, think twice before using
it.
● Legitimate academic texts must include citations. Citations
demonstrate that the writer has thoroughly researched the
topic and is not plagiarizing the material.

3. Currency/Date of Publication
● What is the date of the publication?
● In most fields, the data from the older publications may no
longer be valid. As much as possible, the date pf publication
should be at most five years earlier.

4. Contents/Accuracy of Information
● Does the author have a lot of citations in his or her text and/or
bibliography or works cited section?
● You do not want to use source that is disputable, so make
sure to verify your findings with multiple sources.

5. Location of Sources
● Where was the source published? Was it published digitally or
in print?
● Is it a book, an academic journal or a reputable news source
as www.nytimes.com or www.economist.com?
● Does it provide complete publication information such as
author/s, editor/s, title, date of publication and publisher?
● What is the URL of the website?
● Avoid using blogs or personal homepage and wiki sites
(Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquotes)
● If the URL includes the top-level domain .edu, then that means
that it has been published by an academic institution such as
university
● Common URLs include .gov (government), .org
(organizations), .com (commercial sites) and .net (network
infrastructures). In academic writing, reputable sites are those
with .edu, .gov, .net and .org in URL.
Source: Barrot, J, T. & Sipacio P.J (2016). Communicative Today English for
Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High School. C&E Publishing,
Inc.
 PRESENTATION OF REASONABLE ARGUMENTS AND FACTUAL
EVIDENCES TO DEFEND A STAND

Guidelines in presentation of reasonable arguments and factual evidences to

defend a stand:

● C - ontains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended

● A - ssesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue
● T - akes a firm stand on the issue
● L - ists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand
● C -onsider your audience/reader
Source: English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide

Reminder: If nurses have T.L.C for Tender Love and Care then, you have
C.A.T.L.C for guidelines in presentation of your arguments.

Study the example using the guide questions:

Guide Questions:

1. What is the topic?

2. What is the stand of
the writer?
3. Look at the
explanation and
evidence. Are there
any connections?
4. How did the
writer show the
conclusion?

9
NAME: _____________________________________________
GRADE & SECTION: __________________________________

LET’S PRACTICE!
TASK 2
Instructions: Read each statement below and identify what it
describes by choosing the word in the word pool. Write your
answersbefore the number.

Wrong Irrelevant
Complex
False Post Hoc Cause Direction
Conclusion
Analogy

False Irrelevant
Logical Attacking Bandwagon Conclusion
the Person Dilemma
Fallacies

1. These are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument.

2. It occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed.
3. It occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options
despite the presence of multiple possibilities.
4. We must support the clean and green program of the government.
Mountaineers have suffered climbing on the mountains.
5. I cannot accept your argument because unlike me, you were not educated at
Harvard University.
6. We were not able to solve the problem because of limited time even if all the
other groups were able to do so.
7. It occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the
majority thinks.
8. It occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways
are also similar in other ways.
9. Juan saw a black cat when they went home. Along the way, they crashed into a
tree. The black cat must be the reason why they met an accident.

10
10. It occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization
about a population.

11
NAME: _____________________________________________
GRADE & SECTION: __________________________________

LET’S APPLY WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED!

TASK 3

Instruction: Complete the mind map below.

13.

12.
14.

Guidelines in
presentation of
reasonable
11. arguments and 15.
factual
evidences to
defend a stand
 Lesson WRITE VARIOUS KINDS
3 OF POSITION PAPER

I. OBJECTIVE
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to;
 Write various kinds of position papers.

II. VOCABULARY LIST

Below are the words you will encounter in the discussion in the next following
pages. This section will help you unlock those words to better understand its
context.

Position Paper: A formal, usually detailed written statement, especially

regarding a single issue, that articulates a position, view point, or policy,
as of government, organization, or political candidate.
Argument: A process of reasoning; series of reasons; a statement,
reason, or facts for or against a point.
Opinion: A view or judgment formed about something, not
necessarily based on fact or knowledge.
Logical Appeal: Refers to a reasonable approach in developing an
argument.
Ethical Appeal: Refers to your credibility or believability and
competence as a writer.
Emotional Appeal: Uses arguments in a way that evokes or
uncovers feelings.
Fallacies: Errors in reasoning; a false or mistaken idea
Definition and Purpose of Position Paper

A position paper presents the writer’s stand or viewpoint on a particular issue. Writing
a position paper entails outlining arguments and proposing the course of action; by doing so,
you are already taking part in a large debate. It is a more complex version of a persuasive
essay, however, a position paper is not an essay, but it has a various parts just like the concept
paper. It can be likened with a debate but the presentation of the arguments is in a written
form. Presenting an argument implies that you are favoring one side of the issue.

The primary goal of a position paper is to declare a “position” on a certain matter or

an issue. Its secondary goal is to convince or persuade others to take that side of an issue or
matter.

Aside from this, you also have the power to change the opinions and attitude of others
when you write a position paper. Because of this, a position paper can be essential tool in
bringing about societal change. For example, if you do not agree with a certain issue or rule,
you can write a position paper to reflect your point of view.

Like a debate, a position paper presents one side of an arguable opinion about an
issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and
defensible. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic,
developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you
are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your
audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your
audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented. It is important
to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to
refute the counterclaims to show that you are well informed about both sides.

Issue Criteria

To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the arguability of a topic that interests
you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong
argument:

 Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?

 Can you identify at least two distinctive positions?

 Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?

 Is the scope of the issue narrow enough to be manageable?

INTRODUCTION
a) Analyze the source/quote: pull it apart sentence by sentence and
explain the meaning of the source both in general terms and more
specifically
b)Identify the perspective the source/quote reflects:
c) Explain your understanding of that ideology (discuss key
underlying beliefs or political principles or economic principles)
d)State your position. Do you agree with the ideological
perspective or not? NOTE:
If taking a qualified position, state it clearly and precisely.

BODY

a)Explain your first reason to support your position

b)Factual, relevant and accurate evidence to prove your first argument
c)Explain your second argument/reason
d)Factual, relevant and accurate evidence to prove your second argument
e)Explain your third argument/reason
f)Factual
,
relevan
t and
accurat
e
evidenc
e to
prove
your
last
argume
nt

II. CONCLUSION
(Summarize, restate in a forceful manner your position)
NOTE:
Please remember that the conclusion should not merely be a brief
repetition of your results – in that case your discussion would seem
fairly pointless. Focus instead on what your results may imply after
careful consideration (consideration that you have outlined in your
discussion).

Sample Outline

I. Introduction
A. Introduce the topic
B. Provide background on the topic to explain why it is important
__ C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue). More on thesis statements
can be found below.

Your introduction has a dual purpose: to indicate both the topic and your
approach to it (your thesis statement), and to arouse your reader’s interest in
what you have to say. One effective way of introducing a topic is to place it in
context – to supply a kind of backdrop that will put it in perspective. You
should discuss the area into which your topic fits, and then gradually lead into
your specific field of discussion (re: your thesis statement).

II. Counter Argument

A. Summarize the counterclaims
B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims
C. Refute the counterclaims
__ D. Give evidence for argument

You can generate counterarguments by asking yourself what someone who

disagrees with you might say about each of the points you've made or about
 your position as a whole. Once you have thought up some counterarguments,
consider how you will respond to them--will you concede that your opponent
has a point but explain why your audience should nonetheless accept your
argument? Will you reject the counterargument and explain why it is mistaken?
Either way, you will want to leave your reader with a sense that your argument
is stronger than opposing arguments.

When you are summarizing opposing arguments, be charitable. Present each

argument fairly and objectively, rather than trying to make it look foolish. You
want to show that you have seriously considered the many sides of the issue,
and that you are not simply attacking or mocking your opponents.

It is usually better to consider one or two serious counterarguments in some

depth, rather than to give a long but superficial list of many different
counterarguments and replies.

Be sure that your reply is consistent with your original argument. If considering
a counterargument changes your position, you will need to go back and revise
your original argument accordingly.

III.Your Argument
A. Assert point #1 of your claims
1. Give your educated and informed opinion
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three)
B. Assert point #2 of your claims
1. Give your educated and informed opinion
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three)
C. Assert point #3 of your claims
1. Give your educated and informed opinion
____ 2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three)

You may have more than 3 overall points to your argument, but you
should not have fewer.

IV.Conclusion
A. Restate your argument
B. Provide a plan of action but do not introduce new information

The simplest and most basic conclusion is one that restates the thesis in different words
and then discusses its implications.

Guidelines on Writing a Position Paper

1. Choose an issue. When choosing one, keep the following guidelines in mind.
  The issue should be debatable because you won’t be able to make a
stand if the topic is not debatable.
 The issue should be current or relevant.
 The issue should be written in a question from and answerable by yes or no.
 The issue should be narrow and manageable.

2. Begin the writing process by conducting an in-depth research on the issue.

3. Make sure to define unfamiliar terms when you first mention them.
4.Be aware of the various positions about the issue and explain and analyze them
objectively.
5. Reflect on your position and identify its weaknesses.
6. Cite valid and reliable sources (3 or more) to establish the credibility of your
arguments.
7. View the issue in a different perspective so you can present unique approach.
8. Limit your position paper in two pages.
9.Analyze your target readers and align your arguments to their beliefs,
needs, interests, and motivations.
10. Summarize the other side’s counterarguments and use various
evidence and data to refute them.
11.Use an active voice as much as possible to achieve dynamic and firm one.
12.Arrange your evidence logically using an inductive or deductive approach.
13. Check your argument for fallacies and eliminate them. Fallacies, or errors
in reasoning weaken your argument.
14.Use ethical, logical, and emotional appeal. An ethical appeal relates to your
credibility and competence as a writer; a logical appeal refers to a rational
approach in developing an argument; while an emotional appeal uses
arguments in a way that evokes feelings.

Writing with style and clarity

Many students make the mistake of thinking that the content of their
paper is all that matters. Although the content is important, it will not mean
much if the reader can’t understand what you are trying to say. You may have
some great ideas in your paper but if you cannot effectively communicate
them, you will not receive a very good mark. Keep the following in mind when
writing your paper:

Diction

Diction refers to the choice of words for the expression of ideas; the
construction, disposition, and application of words in your essay, with regard
to clearness, accuracy, variety, etc.; mode of expression; and language. There
is often a tendency for students to use fancy words and extravagant images in
hopes that it will make them sound more intelligent when in fact the result is a
confusing mess. Although this approach can sometimes be effective, it is
advisable that you choose clear words and be as precise in the expression of
your ideas as possible.
Paragraphs

Creating clear paragraphs is essential. Paragraphs come in so many sizes

and patterns that no single formula could possibly cover them all. The two
basic principles to remember are these:

1) A paragraph is a means of developing and framing an idea or

impression. As a general rule, you should address only one major idea
per paragraph.

2) The divisions between paragraphs aren’t random, but indicate a shift in

focus. In other words you must carefully and clearly organize the order
of your paragraphs so that they are logically positioned throughout your
paper. Transitions will help you with this.

Transitions

In academic writing your goal is to convey information clearly and

concisely, if not to convert the reader to your way of thinking. Transitions help
you to achieve these goals by establishing logical connections between
sentences, paragraphs, and sections of your papers. In other words,
transitions tell readers what to do with the information you present them.
Whether single words, quick phrases or full sentences, they function as signs
for readers that tell them how to think about, organize, and react to old and
new ideas as they read through what you have written.

Transitions signal relationships between ideas. Basically, transitions

provide the reader with directions for how to piece together your ideas into a
logically coherent argument. They are words with particular meanings that tell
the reader to think and react in a particular way to your ideas. In providing the
reader with these important cues, transitions help readers understand the
logic of how your ideas fit together.

LOGICAL TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION

RELATIONSHIP
Similarity also, in the same way, just as ... so too, likewise,
similarly
Exception/Contrast but, however, in spite of, on the one hand ... on
the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless,
notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still,
yet
Sequence/Order first, second, third, ... next, then, finally
 Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during,
earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now,
recently, simultaneously, subsequently, then
Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to
illustrate
Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly
Place/Position above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in
back, nearby, there
Cause and Effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore,
thus
Additional Support or additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides,
Evidence equally important, further, furthermore, in addition,
moreover, then
Conclusion/Summary finally, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in the end,
in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to
conclude, to summarize, in sum, in summary

Grammar and Spelling

You must make certain that your paper is free from grammar and
spelling mistakes. Mechanical errors are usually the main reason for lack of
clarity in essays, so be sure to thoroughly proofread your paper before
handing it in. For help with common errors in grammar and usage consult the
following websites:

Plagiarism and academic honesty

Plagiarism is a form of stealing; as with other offences against the law,

ignorance is no excuse. The way to avoid plagiarism is to give credit where
credit is due. If you are using someone else’s idea, acknowledge it, even if
you have changed the wording or just summarized the main points.

To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit whenever you use

 another person's idea, opinion, or theory;

 any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings--any pieces of information--that are not
common knowledge;
 quotations of another person's actual spoken or written words; or
 paraphrase of another person's spoken or written words.
NAME: _____________________________________________
GRADE & SECTION: __________________________________

LET’S APPLY WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED!

TASK 4

DIRECTIONS. Read and comprehend the

following outline of a position paper. Then,
decide what issue you are going to write. After
that, fill up the parts of a position paper using the
template below. Your reasons or opinions should
be supported by facts. Write your answer after this page.

I. Introduction- One Paragraph

A. Background and relevance of the issue
B. Thesis statement (Use prior knowledge on how
to write thesis statement)
C. Reasons you believe what you do
II. Body- Three paragraphs
A. explanation of reasons you believe what you do
and its opposing viewpoints.
III. Conclusion: One Paragraph
A. Restate your thesis in
different words Provide a
suggestion or a call to action.

Make sure to follow the guidelines discussed above.

 Lesson DETERMINES THE OBJECTIVES
4 AND STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS
KINDS OF REPORTS

I. OBJECTIVE
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to;
 Determines the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports.

II. VOCABULARY LIST

▪ Scholar - a specialist in a particular branch of study, especially the humanities; a
distinguished academic.
▪ Essay - a short piece of writing on a particular subject.
▪ Hard sciences - any of the natural or physical sciences, as chemistry, biology,
physics, or astronomy, in which aspects of the universe are investigated by means of
hypotheses and experiments.

Guide Questions
 What are the different types of report writing?
 What are its purposes?
 Who are its target audience?
 How is a particular type of report being written?
 [1]TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS disciplines with
an applied focus such as Engineering,
Information Technology, Commerce, Accounting
and Finance, will set report writing assignments
that simulate the process of report writing in
industry. Assignments are set in the form of a
problem or a case study. The students research
the problem, and present the results of the
research in a report format.
Technical writing is form of writing technical communication or
documentation in science and technology or applied science that
helps people understand a product or service. The main purpose of
writing is to in
technical form and to trigger the person into action such as
purchasing a product or
service. Its purpose may also be instruct persuade, but never to entertain. The
content is factual and straightforward. It is expressed in formal, standard or
academic language. The write-up uses a specialized vocabulary and follows a
set of rules and conventions. It is also organized in a sequential or systematic
pattern. Often, it is detail-oriented and require advance knowledge in the specific
field. The tone of technical writing output is objective and its audience is specific
uses language to evoke either an emotional or intellectual response from the
audience or reader. Examples of technical writing are end user documentation
like user manuals that accompany cellular phones, personal computers.
[2]FIELD REPORTS are common in disciplines such
as Law, Industrial Relations, Psychology, Nursing, History and
Education. These types of reports require the student to
analyse his or her observations of phenomena or events in the
real world in light of theories studied in the course.
The purpose of a field report in the social sciences is to describe the
observation of people, places, and/or events and to analyze that observation
data in order to identify
and categorize common themes in relation to the research problem underpinning
the study. The content represents the researcher's interpretation of meaning
found in data that has been gathered during one or more observational events.
Field reports are assigned with the intention of improving your
understanding of key theoretical concepts by applying methods of
careful and structured observation of, and reflection about, people,
places, or phenomena existing in their natural settings. Field
reports
facilitate the development of data collection techniques and observation skills
and they help you to understand how theory applies to real world situations. Field
reports are also an opportunity to obtain evidence through methods of observing
professional practice that contribute to or challenge existing theories.
We are all observers of people, their interactions, places, and events;
however, your responsibility when writing a field report is to conduct research
based on data generated by the act of designing a specific study, deliberate
observation, synthesis of key findings, and interpretation of their meaning.

When writing a field report you need to:

● Systematically observe and accurately record the varying aspects of a
situation. Always approach your field study with a detailed protocol about
what you will observe, where you should conduct your observations, and the
method by which you will collect and record your data.
● Continuously analyze your observations. Always look for the meaning
underlying the actions you observe. Ask yourself: What's going on here?
What does this observed activity mean? What else does this relate to? Note
that this is an on-going process of reflection and analysis taking place for the
duration of your field research.
● Keep the report’s aims in mind while you are observing. Recording what you
observe should not be done randomly or haphazardly; you must be focused
and pay attention to details. Enter the observation site [i.e., "field"] with a
clear plan about what you are intending to observe and record in relation to
 the research problem while, at the same time, being prepared to adapt to
changing circumstances as they may arise.
● Consciously observe, record, and analyze what you hear and see in the
context of a theoretical framework. This is what separates data gatherings
from reporting. The theoretical framework guiding your field research should
determine what, when, and
how you observe and act as the foundation from which you interpret your
findings in relation to the underlying assumptions embedded in the
theoretical framework.

Note taking
This is the most common and easiest method of recording your
observations. Tips for taking notes include: organizing some shorthand symbols
beforehand so that recording basic or repeated actions does not impede your
ability to observe, using many small paragraphs, which reflect changes in
activities, who is talking, etc., and, leaving space on the page so you can write
down additional thoughts and ideas about what’s being observed, any
theoretical insights, and notes to yourself that are set aside for further
investigation.

Photography
With the advent of smart phones, an almost unlimited number of high quality
photographs can be taken of the objects, events, and people observed during a
field study. Photographs can help capture an important moment in time as well
as document details about the space where your observation takes place. Taking
a photograph can save you time in documenting the details of a space that would
otherwise require extensive note taking.

Video & Audio Recordings

Video or audio recording your observations has the positive effect of
giving you an unfiltered record of the observation event. It also facilitates
 repeated analysis of your observations. This can be particularly helpful as
you gather additional information or insights during your research.

Illustrations
This does not refer to an artistic endeavor but, rather, refers to the possible
need, for example, to draw a map of the observation setting or illustrating objects
in relation to people's behavior.

Please note that techniques of deliberate observation and data

gathering are not innate skills; they are skills that must be learned
and practiced in order to achieve proficiency.
[3]SCIENTIFIC REPORTS are another kind of
report. They are common in all the Sciences and
Social Sciences. These reports use a standard
scientific report format describing methods,
results and conclusions to report upon an
empirical investigation.
The purpose of a science report is to
clearly communicate your key message about why your scientific findings are
meaningful. In order to do this, you need to explain why you are testing a
hypothesis, what methodology you used, what you found, and why your findings
are meaningful. This requires a clear link between your introduction and your
analysis/discussion.

The scope and style of reports varies widely. It depends on three

key factors: the report's intended audience, the report's
purpose and the type of information/subject to be
communicated.
 There are a number of different assignments that may require you to write
a report. Selecting a format for the report may be somewhat difficult; however,
using the correct format will make the report structurally sound and help present
information in a more relevant way. The type of report format being used will
depend on the content and context of the report. Reports are a common
academic genre in schools and universities.

Although the exact nature will vary according to the discipline you are studying,
the general structure is broadly similar for all disciplines.
Now, one good example of report that you should know which is commonly
used in the field of hard sciences is referred as Research Report. Here’s why.
Writing report is highly scary to neophytes in the field of
research. This feeling of intimidation in preparing a research report
is widespread.
Overcoming this fear entails practice and application of
certain techniques. There are different parts of research reports and it takes time
to familiarize oneself with the requirement of each part. Hence it necessitates
frequent exposure to and practice on the techniques of research report writing.
The different parts of the research report include the following:
1. Introductory Phase
2. Review of Literature
3. Research Methodology
4. Body of the Report
5. Conclusion
6. Recommendation

Introductory Phase

Introduction is as important as the main parts of a research report. It

contextualizes and sets the tone and direction of research writing. It is like a road
map that guides you in your research journey. According to Reidman (2001), it
answers the following questions:

● What was I was studying?

 ● What did we know about this topic before we study?
● And, how this study advance new knowledge or new ways of
understanding?

Hence, this section indicates not just the context but the significance of
research. Moreover, the introduction encapsulates background information about
the topic as it provides discussion on the purpose of the study, research problem
with hypothesis and research questions and briefly touches on the methods to be
applied in investigating the research problem, and outcomes of the study. It also
covers discussion on how paper is organized.
 As suggested by Silverman (2006), research report starts with four elements
including: title; abstract; list of contents, and introduction. Below is a brief
description of each element.
Research Title
A research title has to get the attention of the readers. In other words, it
must be “catchy.” Being catchy does not mean sacrificing the main message or
idea of your report. Hence, according to Silverman (2006, 339) choose “a title
that catches the reader’s attention while properly informing them about the main
focus on your research.” Siverman (2006, 206) is suggesting a “two-part title”
containing a stimulating title applying a present participle signifying action and a
subtitle which is more descriptive.
Example:
Stimulating title: Have you ever experience being bullied?
Descriptive title: A study on the perception of the victims of
bullying in the primary schools
Research Abstract
A research abstract is a vital component of a report as it provides the
readers with a snap view of what you will expect from it. The abstract gives a
synopsis of the objectives and results of the report to be described in detailed
from in the body of the report. Silverman (2006) identified what an abstract
should contain:

1. research problem
2. significance and value of the problem
3. data and methods utilized
4. main findings
5. implication in the light of other research

A research abstract has a word limit. The most common word limit is 100.
This is a challenging part of writing a report because it is difficult to write the
many things that you want to impart in just a few words.
List of Contents
A list of contents is a useful component of a report as it guides the readers
to find their way through the different parts of the report. Hence, the consistency
of the page numbers with the parts of the report is vital. Inconsistent page
numbering would result to the reader’s confusion.
Introduction
The introduction acquaints the readers with the what, why and how of the
report. According to Murcott (1997, p. 1) as cited in Silverman (2006), answering
the questions below would lead you to the development of the introduction:
1. What is the research all about?
2. Why have you chosen this topic rather than the other topics?
3. Why are you interested in this topic?
4. How will you undertake the research?
5. What kind of research approach will you
utilize? 6. What are your research questions or
problems?

Review of Literature
The Review of Related Literature (RRL) provides study background and
environment. The intention of the RRL is to locate the study in its area of
discipline and reveal its relevance and significance in the environment. The RRL
would indicate if your topic is building on previous researchers or if it is a new
area of inquiry. The RRL should make one realize that a study is worth pursuing
or not.
According to Silverman (2006), RRL is not a “litany” of all studies
done related to the topic. It is also not an inventory of the accomplishments of
other authors on the same topic nor it is a map of projects similar to the area of
study. Rather, it is an environmental or disciplinal context that leads one to locate
one’s study. Hence, Silverman (2008) recommends the following points:
●Focus only on studies that are vital and relevant in defining your research
problem.
●Organize what you say in the form of an argument rather than a simple
description of other studies.

Research Methodology
In research, the research process is as important as the research
content. Thus, a research report must also contain a description of the research
strategy. The readers will be interested in finding how you arrived at a particular

6
study result. Siverman (2008) pointed out that the readers would be interested to
know the following:
1. Research topic
2. Case (s) you have studied
3. Research methods you have chosen to use
4. How you have analyzed the data

This part of the research report is sensitive hence must be dealt with
caution. In order for you to answer questions such as: Is your methodology
appropriate for the research problem? How did you reach that conclusion?
Silverman suggested that to be able to answer methodological questions, you
have to be familiar with and knowledgeable about the following:
● Data you have studied
● How you obtained those data
● What claims you are making about the data
● Methods you have used to gather the data
● Why you have chosen this methods
● How you have analyzed your data

Writing Your Data

The most essential part of the report is writing about the data collected
through your research. There are two important areas of consideration in the
writing up of the data, namely, data analysis, and data presentation.
In the data analysis, there is no right or wrong way. Creswell (1994, 153)
only requires the researcher to:

1. “be comfortable with developing categories and making comparisons and

contrast”
2. “be open to possibilities and see contrary or alternative explanations for
the findings”

To assist the researcher in the data analysis, attention must

be given to (a) sorting information into categories, (b) formatting the information
into a story or picture, (c) actual data analysis and write up.
Writing the Conclusion

7
 How do you characterize conclusions? Conclusion are inferences,
deductions, abstraction, implications, interpretations, general statements, and/or
generalizations based on findings. An example of which is: “All the teachers were
qualified to teach in the high school but the majority of them were not qualified to
teach science. ” (Khemer, 2009).
A good conclusion answers the specific questions identified at the
introductory phase of the research. For example, if the question identified is,
“How adequate are the needs and the facilities for teaching science? And then
the findings reveal that the facilities are less than the needs of the students, the
answer and the conclusion should be: The facilities for the teaching of science
are inadequate. (Khreme, 2009).
Writing The Recommendation
The research recommendation is a part of the paper where you
make suggestions about some resolutions as a response to the research
problem. It must be consistent part of the conclusion. It proposes specific
solutions connected with the findings and must be supported by relevant data
and specific data from the findings.

Below are some tips from Teljlingen (2011) on how to write

recommendations:
● “You should not recommend anything that you have not
previously discussed in the discussion. The rule ‘no new
material’ in your conclusion is also applicable to your
‘Recommendations.’”
● “Recommendations are not the same as conclusions.
Consider recommendations go one step further than
conclusions as (s) ‘something’; (b) ‘someone; and (c) ‘needs
to do.’’”
● There may be different levels within your set recommendations:
for

8
 (a) academic (i.e., research is needed into…), (b) for policy-
makers (e,g., data protection act needs to change to
accommodate…); for
(c) practitioners (i.e., managers in local government need to
consider the mental well-being of their staff); or
recommendation for (d) training/education.

Often reports are structured in a way that reflects the information finding process
and the writing up of the findings: that is, summary of the contents, introduction or
background, methods, results, discussion, conclusion and/or recommendations.
The inclusion of recommendations is one reason why reports are a common form of
writing in industry, as the informed recommendations are useful for decision
making.

Remember that in writing Laboratory Reports, no student should copy data from
anyone who is not his or her lab partner. You may discuss the experiment with your
lab partner and other classmates, but the lab report that you turn in must be your
own work. Lab reports are subject to all the rules governing academic honesty.
Photocopies of any parts of the lab report are not permissible.
how you observe and act as the foundation from which you interpret your findings in
relation to the underlying assumptions embedded in the theoretical framework. how
you observe and act as the foundation from which you interpret your findings in
relation to the underlying assumptions embedded in the theoretical framework.

and categorize common themes in relation to the research problem underpinning the study. The
content represents the researcher's interpretation of meaning found in data that has been gathered
during one or more observational events.
Field reports are assigned with the intention of improving your understanding of
key theoretical concepts by applying methods of careful and structured
observation of, and reflection about, people, places, or phenomena existing in
their natural settings. Field reports
facilitate the development of data collection techniques and observation skills and they help you
to understand how theory applies to real world situations. Field reports are also an opportunity to

9
obtain evidence through methods of observing professional practice that contribute to or
challenge existing theories.
We are all observers of people, their interactions, places, and events; however, your
responsibility when writing a field report is to conduct research based on data generated by the
act of designing a specific study, deliberate observation, synthesis of key findings, and
interpretation of their meaning.

When writing a field report you need to:

● Systematically observe and accurately record the varying aspects of a situation. Always
approach your field study with a detailed protocol about what you will observe, where
you should conduct your observations, and the method by which you will collect and
record your data.
● Continuously analyze your observations. Always look for the meaning underlying the
actions you observe. Ask yourself: What's going on here? What does this observed activity
mean? What else does this relate to? Note that this is an on-going process of reflection
and analysis taking place for the duration of your field research.
● Keep the report’s aims in mind while you are observing. Recording what you observe
should not be done randomly or haphazardly; you must be focused and pay attention to
details. Enter the observation site [i.e., "field"] with a clear plan about what you are
intending to observe and record in relation to the research problem while, at the same
time, being prepared to adapt to changing circumstances as they may arise.
● Consciously observe, record, and analyze what you hear and see in the context of a
theoretical framework. This is what separates data gatherings from reporting. The
theoretical framework guiding your field research should determine what, when, and
how you observe and act as the foundation from which you interpret your findings in
relation to the underlying assumptions embedded in the theoretical framework.

10
NAME: _____________________________________________
GRADE & SECTION: __________________________________

LET’S APPLY WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED!

TASK 5

TRUE OR FALSE
Instructions: Carefully read through the following
statement/s. Write the word TRUE if the
statement is correct, otherwise, FALSE. Write your answer on the
space provided.
_ 1. Report is written in a single narrative style from start to finish,
each section of a report has its own purpose and will need to be
written in an appropriate style to suit.
_ 2. The purpose of a scientific report is to clearly communicate your
key message about why your scientific findings are meaningful.
_ 3. Laboratory reports are assigned with the intention of improving
your understanding of key theoretical concepts by applying
methods of careful and structured observation of and reflection
about, people, places, or phenomena existing in their natural
settings.
_ 4. Technical writing is a form of writing technical communication or
documentation in science and technology or applied science that
helps people understand a product or service.

__5. The main purpose of technical writing is to inform and to trigger

the person into action such as purchasing a product or service.
Its purpose may also be instruct persuade, but never to entertain.
_ 6. The research abstract provides study background and
environment. The intention of the research abstract is to locate
the study in its area of discipline and reveal its relevance and
significance in the environment.
 _ 7. A research abstract is a vital component of a report as it provides
the readers with a snap view of what you will expect from it.
_ 8. Field reports facilitate the development of data collection
techniques and observation skills and they help you to
understand how theory applies to real world situations.
__ 9. Field reports use a standard scientific report format describing
methods, results and conclusions to report upon an empirical
investigation.
__________10. Field reports require the student to analyze his or her
observations of phenomena or events in the real world in light of
theories studied in the course
References:
 Barrot, J., Sipacio, P. (n.d.). English for Academic and Professional Purposes for
Senior High School. Pp 186-187
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Academic & Professional Purposes. Phoenix Publishing House.
 Valdez, P. N. (n.d.). English for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior
High School. Phoenix Publishing House pp. 66-71
 Writing Position Paper. (2015, September 30).
 Mendoza, D. et al (2016). Applied Research: An Introduction to Qualitative
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 Prieto, N. et al (2017). Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon
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 https://www.sfu.ca/cmns/130d1/WritingaPositionPaper.htm
 https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/03/how- to-vote-on-may-9-election-day-
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 https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/teaching-strategies/k-w-l-charts
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 https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/reports/structure/
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orts_LL/report.pdf

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 https://www.google.com/search?q=report&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH875PH875&sour
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com%2Fvideo-
media&psig=AOvVaw3c_KCAeFWIUVMHIEvFovn4&ust=1595016440674000&s
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ABAD
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 www.officialgazette.gov.ph
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/manifesto
 www.FirstPost.com
 www.who.in

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