NAME:………………………………..CLASS:…………………………….

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

THIRD TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES
JSS1 (BASIC 7)
SUBJECT: HISTORY
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: (a) Meaning of Centralised

States (b) Characteristics of Centralised States (c) Examples of Centralised

States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (d) Categorization of Centralised States in Pre-

Colonial Nigeria: (i) Northern Nigeria (ii) Southern Nigeria.

2 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Northern Nigeria): (a) Hausa

States: (i) Meaning and Tradition of Origin (ii) Factors Responsible the Growth

and Development of Hausa States (iii) Factors Responsible for the Fall/Collapse

of Hausa States.

3 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Northern Nigeria): (b) Kanem-

Borno (i) Meaning and Tradition of Origin (ii) Factors Responsible for the Rise

of the Empire (iii) Factors Responsible for the Fall (iv) Political Structure of

Borno Empire.

4 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Northern Nigeria): (c) Nupe

(i) Meaning and Tradition of Origin (ii) Socio and Political Organization of

Nupe Kingdom (iii) Economic Organization of Nupe Kingdom

5 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Northern Nigeria): (c) Igala (i)

Meaning and Tradition of Origin (ii) Socio/Political Organization of Igala

 Kingdom (iii) Decline of Igala Kingdom (d) Jukun (i) Tradition of Origin (ii)

Rise of Jukun Kingdom (iii) Decline of Jukun Kingdom

6 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Southern Nigeria): (a) Oyo

Empire (i) Tradition of Origin (ii) Factors Responsible for the Growth and

Development of Oyo Empire (iii) Political/Economic Organization of Oyo

Empire (iv) Factors Responsible for the Fall/Decline of Oyo Empire

7 MID-TERM BREAK

8 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Southern Nigeria): (c) Benin

Empire (i) Tradition of Origin (ii) Factors Responsible for the Growth and

Development of Benin Empire (iii) Political/Economic Activities of Benin

Empire (iv) Factors Responsible for the Decline and Fall of Benin Kingdom

9 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Southern Nigeria): (c) Niger

Delta City States (i) Concept of City States (ii) Tradition of Origin (iii) Political

Structure of Itsekiri (iv) Factors Responsible for the Decline

10 Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (Southern Nigeria): (c) Calabar

(i) Emergence of Calabar Kingdom (ii) Political Structure of Calabar Kingdom

(iii) States and Towns in Calabar Kingdom (iv) Occupation of Calabar People

11 Revision

12 Examination

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. O.F. Owhofasa and S.S. Ogbonaya (2018): Comprehensive History for Nigerian Junior
Secondary School (1). Peak Global Publications Ltd. Iju-Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
2. J.M. Itsekure, et al (2018): Living History for Junior Secondary Schools (1).
Rasmed publications Ltd. Old Gbagi, Ibadan.
 3. Udechukwu MarkAnthony, et.al, (2018): Meybiks History for Junior Secondary School.
Meybiks Nig. Publishers, Owerri, Imo.
4. Babajide S. Amao (2018): Mind Exploits History Studies For Junior Secondary School
Schools, Book 1. Mind Exploits Publishers, Oyun Area, Ilorin.

WEEK 1

TOPIC: Major Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: hfkrb4o

Content: Meaning of Centralised States (4)

Characteristics of Centralised States (8)
Examples of Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria (8) t
Categorization of Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: Northern Nigeria, and
Southern Nigeria. (2)

The Meaning of Centralized States:- (Under this aspect we fill focus on five points)

The term “centralised state” refers to states in which authority was centred on an individual or

group of individuals1, which were made up of large political units covering large towns and in

some cases thousands of square kilometres2. These political units were controlled by a large

number of rulers3, led by a king variously referred to as in local languages , for example, Sarki in

Hausaland, Mai in Bornu, Alaafin in Oyo, Oba in Benin, etc. In a centralised state, the king

structured out a tax4 and tribute system in order to generate resources from the people to manage

and to finance the running of the state.

1
See, History textbook, p.69, structure of a typical school as an example of Centralised state.
2
Some of this political units covered large towns and long distance, e.g. the Sokoto Caliphate stretched from far
away to virtually all the northern part of Nigeria, it was already spreading its political unit and authority to
southern part of Nigeria.
3
It must be noted that while we emphasis that this system has authority on one person does not mean that it is
only the king or ruler that does all the activities. Rather, the king is supported by a host of other lesser authorities,
e.g. chiefs, village heads, etc
4
In order to governing and control a territory there is need for money. This money is usually derived through
paying of tax and tribute by people.
In addition, the Pre-colonial societies were organized mainly in two types: Acephalous (without

a head or a leader e.g Igbo societies) and Cephalous (with centralized head, leadership or

administration eg. Northern states, Oyo Empire Etc.

Examples of centralized states: There are Eight (8) examples of Centralised State. In addition,

centralised states in the pre-colonial Nigeria were those states or territories that were each

controlled by a King and his chiefs. Also, we must take note of the concepts used such as

‘Empire5’, ‘Kingdom’6, and ‘States’7. These all signify political organised community or

territories. They are as follows:

i. Hausa states

ii. Kanem /Bornu empire

iii. Nupe Kingdom

iv. Igala Kingdom

v. Oyo Empire

vi. Benin Empire

vii. Niger Delta states

viii. Old Calabar

Categorization of Centralised States in Pre-Colonial Nigeria

5
This can be defined as A major political unit having a territory of great extent or a number of territories of people
under a single sovereign authority. E.g. British Empire, Britain is a small place through colonial rule it was able to
control more than half of the people of the earth. Some territories in Nigeria were also extending their influence to
control people in other areas both far and near.
6
This is a political organised community or major territorial unit having a monarchical form of government headed
by a King or Queen.
7
A politically organised body of people usu. Occupying a definite territory.
The above listed centralised states in pre-colonial Nigeria can be divided into two groups based

on Northern and Southern Nigeria. The categorization is as follows:

(i) Northern Nigeria (4 examples): Hausa States, Kanem Borno, Nupe kingdom, and Igala

Kingdom

(ii) Southern Nigeria (4 examples): Oyo Empire, Benin Empire, Niger Delta city states, and

Calabar

Characteristics of Centralized States: There are Eight (8) natures of Centralised State

1 Power is concentrated in an individual or group of individual

2 Authority comes by consent or it is enforced

3 There were powerful traditional rulers e,g. Obas, Emirs, Sultan, Chiefs etc.

4 Everybody is expected to obey the law with certain sanctions to those who disobeyed

5 A standing police and military were usually kept to maintain security and protection of the

territory.

6 Large geographical areas. They usually had elaborate land areas.

7 There was a laid down procedures for leadership succession. This may be through consent,

oracle, votes or by law of primogenitor (leadership by the eldest son)

8 There was usually a common economic system, state religion culture or tradition that unifies

everybody.

EVALUATION
1. What do you understand by centralized state
2. State five characteristics of centralized state
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Nupe Kingdom
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)
WEEK 2
Content: (a) Hausa States: (i) Meaning and Tradition of Origin
(ii) Factors Responsible the Growth and Development of Hausa States
(iii) Factors Responsible for the Fall/Collapse of Hausa States.

Hausa State:- Three (3) points will be discussed.

Hausa states are one of the centralized states in Nigeria. It is consist of about fourteen states

which came to existence between 800 A.D. and 1800 A.D. The known origin of the Hausa state

is based on oral tradition and dug-out materials which historians and archaeologists relied on.

One of the origins was traced to Bayayajida Abuyasidu. His identity was full of myths. He was

said to be a prince from Bagdad in Far East. Other legend said he was from Bornu who had a

quarrel with his father for not ascending the throne. He left Bornu and arrived at Daura during a

crisis period, caused by the mysterious snake called ‘‘Sarkin’’ that prevented people from

fetching water from the well. His ability to kill the snake earned him honour and respect in the

land. He subsequently married the queen of Daura – Magajiya Daurama. The marriage was

blessed with a son called, Bawo who later had seven sons namely: Biram, Kano, Rano, Katsina,

Zaria,(zauzau) and Gobir. These seven sons were the founders of the seven prominent city states

called ‘Hausa Bakwai’- original Hausa state.

Bawo also had another set of seven sons from another Gwari woman ‘Karbagari’. The union was

said to be illegitimate. These seven sons were the founders of the ‘Hausa Banza’ (illegitimate)

states namely: Zamfara, Kebbi, Gwari, Yauri, Nupe, Ilorin and Jukun (Kwararafa)

Factors responsible for the growth and development of Hausa States:- 6 points of discussion
 1. Geographical location: Hausa states were located in the trade routes. West Sudan and

North Africa passed through Hausa States. Merchants and visitors paid fees, this serves

as a source of revenue

2. Soil fertility: Hausa states have fertile land located in savannah region good for the

cultivation of crops such as millet, groundnut guinea corn etc. Some states were also

blessed with some solid minerals such as stones, iron, iron-ore that attracted foreigners

3. Defence: Most Hausa states are surrounded with long, huge and mud walls like Kano

,Rano Zaria etc. Hausa land also had a well-organized military outfit. This contributed to

the security of life and properties. (like Great Wall of China)

4. Traditional Industries: The cultivation of cotton in Hausa states promoted materials for

clothing, weaving materials. Dyeing materials were provided by indigo which promoted

textile industries

5. Administrative competence: The Hausa states had a good administrative and political

organization. This leadership factor enhanced their growth.

6. Payment of taxes: Taxes were also collected from various economic activities. Taxes

such as jangali (cattle tax)

Factors responsible for the fall/ collapse of Hausa States

1. Constant attacks by Enemies: The prosperity of Hausa state attracted envy and jealousy of

North African states, who constantly invaded Hausa states between 15 th and 18th century.

This factor affected the wealth and trade of Hausa states as all their efforts were diverted to

the defence of their states.

2. Geographical Environment: The savannah belt and zone in which Hausa States were

located could not provide any shelter for them during attack and invasion (because of where
 they were located, they were vulnerable, easy prey for attack). There were no forest and

mountain which could be used for security.

3. Constant War and Economic Breakdown: Hausa states which were reputable as the

southern terminal of the Trans-Sahara caravan trade diminished due to constant wars.

4. Fulani Jihadist: The organised attacks by Fulani jihadist in 1804 under Usman Danfodio

could be seen, as the ‘last straw that broke the camels back’. Under the guise of religious

purification, Hausa states were invaded.

EVALUATION
1. Write a brief note on the tradition of origin of Hausa States
2. Discuss five factors responsible for growth and development of Hausa kingdom.
3. Explain four factors responsible for the fall/collapse of Hausa kingdom.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Nupe Kingdom
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)
WEEK THREE

Content:- Kanem-Borno; Meaning and Tradition of Origin

Factors Responsible for the Rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire
Factors Responsible for the Fall of Kanem-Borno Empire
Political Structure of Kanem-Borno Empire

Kanem-Borno; Tradition of Origin

The Kanuri Empire at its peak spread over an area which is today located between four countries

namely: Niger, Chad, Cameroon and Nigeria. It was probably the largest centralised state in the

Niger area before 1800. The seat of the first Kanem-Borno Empire was in Chad Republic and

stretched to Borno and Yobe states in Nigeria. The Kanem Borno empire was a crossroad for

African trade and culture because of its strategic location linking North Africa to West Africa
and Central Africa. The people of Kanem Borno are known as Kanuris. Their king took the title

‘Mai’ meaning (Origin of life and death).

Factors Responsible for the Rise of the Empire Kanem-Borno Empire

Many factors are responsible for the rise of the empire. They include the following:

i. Geographic location of Borno: The area was attractive to the peoples of the Sahara due

to the presences of water body. This led to movement of people in the area. The

environment also made it possible for the production of grains and the grazing of

animals, that provided a sure source of food for its ever expanding population.

ii. Strategic position in trade: The empire’s important location was that it lay on the Eastern

trade route cutting across the Mediterranean through Bilma and Murzuk to Kanem were

goods were sold in exchange for Sudanese ivory, ebony slaves and kolanuts.

iii. Powerful Mai: The Mais were powerful using effective leadership to achieve their goals.

The cavalry men were used to expand the empire both from the East and West.

iv. Islam: Islamic religion played a significant role in the rise of the empire. The Mais made

Islam to become state religion. They establish diplomatic relations with Tunisia, and

Kanem became known in the Islamic world.

Factors Responsible for the Fall Kanem-Borno Empire

The empire reached its peak during the reign of Mai Idris Alooma. As from the 18 th century, the

empire began to decrease and ended up falling during the 19 th century. The reasons for the fall

include:
 i. Weak leadership: The rulers later became very weak, and the administration of the

empire became ineffective. Islam was given more attention than the running of the

empire.

ii. The Army: The army became inactive and inefficient due to the weakness in the

central government.

iii. Famine: Frequent famines (scarcity of food) which occurred caused many people to

starve and some died. The people’s confidence was low and they looked for other

means of survival.

iv. Succession Disputes: The quest for ascending the throne caused civil war. No

concentration was given to the running of the empire.

v. Rebel of Vassal States: Due to weak administration the vassal states or conquered

states began to rebel and declare their own independence. E.g. the Bulalas, Zamfara,

Kano, Mandara all broke away and gained independence.

vi. The Fulani Jihad: The Seifawa dynasty came to an end with the death of Mai Ibrahim.

Shehu Umar instituted the Shehu dynasty. The 19 th century jihadist attacked Borno,

captured it and brought it under the Sokoto Caliphate.

vii. The Trans-Sahara trade: The Tuaregs hijacked the salt trade of the desert region from

Borno. The empire was denied access and gains of the trans-Saharan trade. Also,

Jukun attacked Borno.

Political Structure of Borno Empire

Between the 9th and 13th centuries, the Kanuri state had developed institutions and political

practice which subsequently came to characterise Borno Empire.

 i. The kingdom was headed by a hereditary king called Mai. He was prohibited from

appearing in public except on two annual religious festivals.

ii. He appointed a council of twelve officials who controlled almost all his decisions.

iii. The councillors were chosen from among the Maina or members of the royal family.

These councillors were appointed for life and had specific duties.

iv. The kingdom was divided into four namely: East, West, North and South. They had

governors called Yerima, Kaigama, Mestrema and Galadima.

v. Women: Women played important role in the political organization. For example,

Magira, the Queen mother; Magara, King’s official eldest sister; Mairam, the

Princess; Gumsu, the Mai’s head wife who was in charge of administering the palace.

EVALUATION
4. Identify the political structure of Borno Empire.
5. What are the factors responsible for the fall of Borno Empire.
6. Describe factors responsible for the rise of Borno Empire.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Nupe Kingdom
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)
WEEK FOUR

Content: Nupe (i) Tradition of Origin

(ii) Socio and Political Organization of Nupe Kingdom
(iii) Economic Organization of Nupe Kingdom
(iv) Decline of Nupe Kingdom

Land Area: Location, Nupe pelo

Gen Ibrahim B. Babangida and Gen. Abdulsalami Abubakar

Nupe (i) Tradition of Origin: 5 points for discussions.

The Nupe people established a kingdom in the valley of the River Niger and Kaduna river which

covered the towns of Bida, Mokwa, Jebba and other enclaves in Niger state of Nigeria. Presently,

they are mainly found in Niger state, parts of Kwara and Kogi states of Nigeria. The proximity of

the people to major rivers made them skilled boatmen, fishermen, craftsmen and fabricators of

brass and bronze objects.

Most of the tradition of Nupe origin were oral tradition. The Kingdom existed around 15 th

century. One of the origins was traced to Tseode an Igala prince from Idah whose mother was

Aku from Nupe. But before this, Nupe had twelve (12) chiefdom or autonomous villages

namely; Eda, Egbe, Yesa, Bida, Nupeko, Gaba, Doko, Tafia, Ewu, Panjunu, Esa and Towagi.

Each chiefdom had a chief as a leader.

Socio and Political Organization of Nupe Kingdom: 4 points for discussion

The system of government and administration in Nupe was centred around the Etsu (king). The

kingdom was divided into zones for social, economic and political purposes. Bida town was the

capital city of Nupe where the Etsu resides. There were appointed chiefs who controlled the " in

the city centres and give feedback to the Etsu. Another administrative zone of administration was

the vassal State. These were people conquered and annexed to the Nupe kingdom. They were

also called “Outsiders” or Zazi kati. They pay regular tributes in the form of slaves to the

messengers of the Etsu.

The Economy of Nupe: 6 points for consideration

Nupe survived due to the following:

i. Agriculture: Nupe’s land was fertile for agriculture. Farmlands were owned by

individuals called “Buca” and family groups called “Efako”. Food crops and cash
 crops were provided by Nupe farmers. The crops include yams, rice, cassava, maize,

vegetable, shea-butter, kola-nut, fish etc

ii. Industries: The Nupe craftsmen were highly talented in industrial works like weaving,

dyeing, beadworks, tailoring, carpentry, embroidery, silver and blacksmithing, hat-

making, leather-works and canoe/boat making etc. They also mine iron-ore.

iii. Trade: Both internal and external trade were carried out within and outside Nupeland.

The Bida market was strategically located which attracted Nupe’s neighbours from

Onitsha and Oyo; and also traders from North Africa and Arab nations. Most of the

articles of trade were ivory, skin, leather works, slaves, horses, millet, yam etc.

iv. Tributes/War Booties: The tributes paid to the Etsu were in form of homeage to help

the economy grow. Most of the conquered or vassal states paid tribute in the form of

slaves. War booties (prize) were also source of revenue.

v. Tax and Levies: These were imposed on the people. They were paid into Nupe

treasury for the development of the kingdom. Other sources of revenue included court

fines, extortion fees (forced levies) and proceed from enemies territories.

vi. Slave Trade: This was one of the major revenues to Nupe. As a warrior nation, slaves

were captured and some became prisoners of war. The slaves sold from the vassal

states were used to generate revenue for the kingdom.

DECLINE OF NUPE KINGDOM: 4 points for consideration.

Nupe kingdom started to decline after the death of Etsu Ma’azu in 1818. The reasons for this

include:

i. Jihad: The influence of Jihad war from Sokoto caliphate weakened the power of the

Etsu Nupe. The Fulani penetration (entry) created huge problems for the Etsu of
 Nupe. By 1867, Nupe, which had reached its zenith (highest height) of power in

history lost out due to the Fulani attack in Yorubaland.

ii. Dynasty Struggle: Nupe witnessed many dynastic struggles to the throne. For

example internal struggle between Etsu Ma’azu’s successors.

iii. Geographical Location: The plain and open grassland of Nupe kingdom made them

prone to regular attacks from neighbouring kingdoms such as Zaria, Oyo, Igala, and

Jukun Empire.

iv. Vastness of the Kingdom: The kingdom was too large and diversity. For example, the

establishment of different autonomous villages within Nupe kingdom because of

diversity in their culture made it difficult for all the autonomous villages to work

together.

EVALUATION
7. Discuss the economic activities of Nupe kingdom.
8. What are the factors that led the decline of Nupe kingdom
9. Describe socio-political organization of Nupe kingdom
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Igala Kingdom
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)

WEEK FIVE

Content:- (c) Igala: Tradition of Origin

Socio/Political Organization of Igala Kingdom
Decline of Igala Kingdom

Igala: Tradition of Origin

Igala kingdom is also known as the kingdom of Idah. This is the headquarters of Igala people. It

is located in the Eastern bank of the Niger River in Kogi state in middle belt of Nigeria. The

kingdom of Idah was established round the 7th century by Igala people. Igala people lived and

had link to the kingdom of Benin, Yoruba and Jukun.

Atta is the ruler of Igala kingdom. The first Attah of Igala kingdom was a woman by the name

Ebule-Jonu. After her reign, Agana-Poje became the second Attah of Igala land. Agana-Poje

gave birth to Idoko who became the third Attah of Igala kingdom. Idoko gave birth to two sons

(Atiyele and Ayegba) who seceded him. Idoko’s first son Atiyele migrated eastward to establish

the Ankpa kingdom while his younger brother Ayegba succeeded their father in Idah as the

fourth Attah of Igala. There are nine high officials called the Igala mela who ruled Igala kingdom

alongside the Attah.

Socio/Political Organization of Igala Kingdom

Attah:- The “Attah” remain the political and religious leader of the Igala people. The Attah

directs the affairs of the kingdom along with the councils of rulers.

Igala-Mela:-. This refers to a council of nine (9) high officials (chief) who ruled Igala kingdom.

They were the custodians of the sacred earth shrine of Igala.

Royal lineage:-. Five prominent lineage groups provided the candidate for the prominent

position of Attah of Igaland, in succession. The lineages are: Amacho, Itodo (Hodo), Aduga,

Akogu and Ocholi. Members of these lineages were given titles and form the core

administration.

Hamlet:- The hamlet was a community of kingship of members who are related by birth or

marriage. These group of communities of small farm-houses were separated by farmland or

woodland. Each hamlet had a self-contained unit covered with judgement on land disputes,

criminals cases and divorce.

Decline of Igala Kingdom

i. Administration: The separated life of the Attah which was guided by traditional

religion and customs did not allow him to participate actively in the administration of

his kingdom.

ii. The Breaking up of Igla Mela: In the 13th century the Atta Amocheje broke the Igala

Mela, who were the king makers. This affected the kingdom because the royal

servants and eunuch became over-ambitious.

iii. The Military: The military became weak because the Attah’s leadership was

disorganised. They were attacked with sophisticated weapons by their neighbours and

the Fulanis.

iv. The Vassal (Dependent) States: The dependent states used the weakness of the

leadership and military to break away. They refused to pay their tributes. They chose

to do river piracy, organised attacks and robberies. Thus, the independent states

asserted their independence.

 v. The Royal Niger Company. The situation in Igala kingdom to interfere in their

problem. The activities of the vassal states and the weakness of the leadership brought

disciplinary problems in the kingdom. This gave room for the British easy entry into

the kingdom that quickened the fall.

(d) Jukun (i) Tradition of Origin

(ii) Rise of Jukun Kingdom

(iii) Decline of Jukun Kingdom

JUKUN: TRADITION OF ORIGIN: 5 points for discussion.

The Jukun are located South of Borno in the Gongola and Benue River Basin. They have existed

in this area from about the 14 th century to the 18th century. Like other Nigerian ethnic groups,

account of their early history is obscured. It is claimed by one tradition that the Jukun were of the

same origin as the Kanuri and had migrated from Yemen, arrived at Borno and continued their

journey southwards settling in the Gongola and Benue Basins.

The Jukun founded many states; some of these were small but the notable were Kwararafa,

Wukari, Kona and Pindiga. These were large, powerful and highly centralised.

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE OF THE JUKUN STATE: 5 points for discussion.

1. Geographical Location: The Jukun were located in a geographically favourable which

was blessed with fertile agricultural land suitable for the production of root, grain and

industrial crops. In addition, there was adequate water supply and pasture which

encouraged the production of livestock.

 2. Precious Minerals: The presence of a variety of precious minerals like salt, iron ore,

antimony and wild animals like elephants. These products attracted traders from all parts

of Nigeria. The Jukun were known to have engaged in both internal and external trade

from which they derived a lot of wealth.

3. Position of Kwararafa:- Although the Jukun established several states, all of them

recognised the superior position of the Kwararafa. Kwararafa is claimed to have come

into existence in the 13th century. By the 16th Century Kwararafa attacked Kano for

refusing to pay tributes. This indicated that the state of Kwararafa had become very

powerful.

4. System of Taxation: The Jukun developed an elaborate system of taxation. The aim was

to pull as much as possible, surpluses of the peasants in the form of food stuffs and

materials.

5. Judicial system: The judicial system was organised in such a way as to take away as

much as possible from the peasants; sanctions on offenders were mainly heavy fines

Decline of Jukun Kingdom

COLLAPSE:
1. The great jukun empire that brought death and conquest to other ethnic groups collapsed and
were defeated.
2. Records of the fall of Kwarafara Empire indicate that when the Jukun marched against
Bornu’s capital Gazargamo in 1684, they were roundly defeated by the Bornu Empire.
3. In 1860, Buba Yaro of Gombe attacked them. Other people that carried out attacks on them
include: Abubakar, Alkalin Dagara and Burba of Bakundi.
4. Dynastic tussle which probably was even compounded by the ascendance of Jukun unto the
corridors of power of the already confused political situation in the federation which ultimately
climaxed to the internal disintegration of the empire and necessitated the establishment of the
Wukari confederacy by the Jukun.
5. In more recent times, the Tivs have increased in dominance and influence in the Benue valley
region. This rapid expansion of the Tiv people was partly due to their agricultural prowess; the
older generation Tivs were always migrating in search of better and more fertile lands for their
farming.
6. Another reason was the massive influx of the Tivs into Jukun territories which was
encouraged and assisted by the colonial masters for their economic gain. This change in
dominance has been a constant source of conflict within the region as the Tivs believe they
deserve a significant stake in the political scheme of things having the numbers and resources.
The Jukuns, on the other hand, feel threatened and believe their lands and heritage are gradually
being ceded to the migrants Tivs.

EVALUATION
10. Discuss the tradition of origin of Igala kingdom.
11. What are the factors that led the decline of Igala kingdom
12. Discuss factors responsible for the rise of Jukun kingdom
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about the Old Oyo Empire.
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)

WEEK SIX

Content: (a) Oyo Empire (i) Tradition of Origin

Factors Responsible for the Growth and Development of Oyo Empire
Political/Economic Organization of Oyo Empire
Factors Responsible for the Fall/Decline of Oyo Empire

TRADITION OF ORIGIN: OYO EMPIRE

Oyo kingdom was one of the kingdoms founded by the sons of Oduduwa when they left Ile-Ife

to establish their own kingdom. It was Oranmiyan the youngest son of Oduduwa who founded

Oyo kingdom. This kingdom was the largest political entity established in the forest belt of West

Africa. Oyo Empire came into prominence in the 15th century.

Oranmiyan became the first Oba meaning king or ruler with the title “Alaafin of Oyo” which

means ‘owner of the palace’ in Yoruba language. He left all his treasures in Ife and allowed

another king to rule there. The heart of metropolitan Oyo was its capital at Oyo-Ile (also known

as Oyo Katunga or Old Oyo.

Factors Responsible for the Growth and Development of Oyo Empire

i. Centralised Government:-The monarchical system of government in Oyo Empire was

formed around powerful Obas with the title of Alaafin. Great rulers emerged in Oyo

Empire with powerful political will and state craft e.g. Oranmiyan, Ajaka, Sango etc.

ii. Powerful Army: Oyo Empire operated a multi-purpose dimensional army. This was

meant for offensive, expansive and security purposes. They had soldiers who were

trained to fight on foot infantry.

iii. Soil Fertility: The strategic location of Oyo Empire in the forest zone accounted for

the production of a variety of food products. These factors accounted for heavy

population in the empire due to the availability of food stuff e.g. yams, plantain,

maize, vegetables, etc.

iv. Geographical Location: The location of Oyo Empire greatly favoured its growth and

emergence. The existence of Oyo Empire along major trade routes to Borgu in the

West, Hausa States in the North, Ports of Badagri and Porto Norvo in the South

western part. All these and many others made the empire blessed with revenues.
 v. Economic Activities:- The inhabitants of Oyo Empire were great artisans, artists and

iron smith technologists. A lot of revenues were derived from the sales of iron and

metal tools and weapons by Oyo Empire. Also, other commercial activities generated

revenues into the treasures of Oyo Empire.

Political/Economic Organization of Oyo Empire

The Old Oyo Empire was structurally organised, that helped the empire to reach its height of

power in the 18th century. The empire had the following political structure.

i. The Alaafin (king):- The Alaafin was the head, divine and supreme overload of the

empire. He performed judicial, religious, legislative and executive functions.

ii. The Oyomesi (Kingmakers):- The Oyomesi were the seven highest principal

councillors of the Empire. They acted as the legislative arm of the government and

protected the empire. The Oyomesi through the leadership of the Bashorun could

remove a stubborn Alaafin from power by presenting to him an empty calabash.

iii. The Ogboni Cult:- The Ogboni was a secret society made up of prominent religious

leaders and juju priests. They were led by Oluwo (Ifa priest). The Ogboni was the

judiciary arm of the Oyo government who acted as checks and balances on the

powers of the Alaafin and Oyomesi.

iv. The Eso (Army):- The Eso or army was very strong and defended the empire. The

Are-Onakakanfo (the Commander-in-chief) was the head of the Eso. The army was

about seventy in number who were experienced military men.

v. Provincial Administration:- The vassal or conquered states paid homage to the

Alaafin. The vassal states had represented from the Alaafin and headed by military

leaders.
Economic Activities of Oyo Empire

i. Farming: The inhabitants of Oyo were great farmers whose produces attracted traders

from neighbouring states and kingdoms.

ii. Location: Oyo Empire was a major rally point from where surrounding states,

empires and kingdoms derived their foodstuffs.

iii. Skilled Workers: The people were great artisans, artists, sculptures and iron age

technologist.

iv. Industries: Local industries flourished in Oyo Empire and revenues were generated

through their produce e.g. indigo, cotton, kolanuts, etc.

v. Slave trade: Oyo Empire equally received great revenues from slave trade, as well as

payment of tribute by vassals states e.g. Dahomey.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FALL OF OYO EMPIRE

i. The Size of the Empire:- In the middle of the 18th century, Oyo Empire had reached

its zenith of expansion. The vast size of the empire made it difficult for contact and

communication between the capital and the vassal state.

ii. The Loss of Egbado:- In the years of crises when civil war raged over the Oyo

Empire, Egbado under the leadership of Lisabi, attacked the Ilari stationed in their

area and killed them. They also sent off an Oyo army stationed in the area.

iii. Intrigues and Palace Coups:- The prime minister of Oyo Empire, Bashorun Gaha

around 1754 in quest for absolute power, conspired with the Oyo Mesi and some co-

opted Ogboni Soceity diginitaries to force four successive Alaafins (Obas) to commit

ritual suicide.
 iv. Rebellion by Vassal States:- Many vassal states/conquered territories under Oyo

Empire revolted due to the weakness of the Central authority and the army of Oyo

Empire.

v. The Fulani Jihad:- After the rejection of Awole, Afonja, master of Ilorin, invited the

Fulani and prominent scholar Alim al-Salih into his ranks. Yoruba muslims,

volunteers and loyalists were organised in order to keep Ilorin independent of Oyo

Empire.

EVALUATION
13. Describe the political structure in Old Oyo Empire.
14. Describe the economic activities of the Old Oyo Empire.
15. Discuss factors responsible for the fall/decline of the Old Oyo Empire.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Benin Kingdom.
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)
WEEK SEVEN MID-TERM BREAK
WEEK EIGHT
(c) Benin Empire: Tradition of Origin
Factors Responsible for the Growth and Development of Benin Empire
Political/Economic Activities of Benin Empire
Factors Responsible for the Decline and Fall of Benin Kingdom

Benin Empire: Tradition of Origin

The Benin Empire was one of the oldest and most highly developed States in the coastal

hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the 11 th century until it was annexed by the British

Empire in 1897. The Benin Empire was a pre-colonial kingdom in the forest zone of Southern

Nigeria. Its capital was Edo, now known as Benin City, in Edo State. It should not be confused

with modern-day Republic of Benin (Dahomey).

There are many traditions documented in written and oral forms about the great Benin Empire. In

one of the sources, Jacob Egharevba narrated that the “Binis migrated from Egypt many years to

find a more secured shelter in this part of the world about 350 BC. The historical foundation of

Benin empire can be divided into two periods. The first period is about 900-1170 AD (Ogiso

period) and the second period about 1200 A.D. (Eweka dynasty) and the reign of great kings.

Factors Responsible for the Growth and Development of Benin Empire

i. Political Stability:- The Ogiso dynasty set up political system which created a

centralised government. This made the kingdom to the organised. Also, the

primogeniture rule (eldest) and salic which allowed only a blood male relation to

succeed a ruler made the Kingdom last longer.

ii. Economic prosperity: Benin enjoyed long period of economic prosperity. This was

possible through the productive activities of farmers, traders, union on leathers and

beads from Nupe, craftmen in ivory, bronzes and brass, clothes makers. Also, there

were collection of taxes from dependent states starting from the reign of Ewuare the

great.

iii. Effective Leadership: Benin Empire survived through the effort of its Oba. The Obas

were determine to lead the people well. They were also strong and wise. Obas like

Ewuare, Ozolua, and Esigie were the best among them.

iv. Military strength: The Obas had strong army that drove back opposition and resisted

internal quarrels. They had had successful military attacks which brought more

economic gains to the empire.

 v. Location of the Kingdom: The kingdom was centrally located. This made it easy for

the empire to trade with the Nupe and Igala in the North. The trading was carried out

through the River Niger.

vi. Presence of Europeans in Benin: With the visit of the Catholic Missionaries from

Portugal in 1846, Benin grew in fame, business and trade. The Portuguese army

fought for Benin during its war with Igala in 1517. Also, the Dutch, British and other

European powers interacted with the Kingdom

Political Organization of Benin Empire

The Oba:- The Oba of Benin Kingdom serves as the divine and political head of government and

administration. The Oba had immense powers with checks and balances to prevent excesses. The

powers of the Oba are held in trust for the entire community and cannot be exercised without

consultation with other levels of authority such as kingmakers.

Prominent Chiefs:- This refers to councils of seven prominent chiefs in Benin kingdom. The

council is led by the Oliha of Benin Kingdom. This council is responsible for the coronation of

Oba. Members are; Oliha, Edohen, Ezomo, Ero, Oloton, Eholo nire.

Palace Chief:- They advice the Oba on important issues and also discuss before important

decision are taken. The council of chief is divided into; Eghaevbo no gbe and Eghaevbo no re.

Factors Responsible for the Decline and Fall of Benin Kingdom

i. Internal Crisis: This was caused by conflict within the Royal family. The situation

degenerated into civil wars which wrecked the solid foundation of the kingdom. In

1804, Obanosa was coronated as Oba of Benin after a civil war.

 ii. Revolt by Vassal: The weakness of the kingdom greatly affected its capability and

capacity to effectively defend the territory it occupied. The weakness made tribute

paying conquered states under Benin Empire to revolt and declare their independence.

E.g. Akure, Lagos, Ekiti, etc.

iii. Abandonment of Benin River Ports: The legitimate trade made the British merchant

develop major ports in the country. The major ports at Badagry and Lagos became

prominent for goods. Consequently, this led to the abandonment of Benin river port at

Ughoton (Gwatto).

iv. Abolition of Slave Trade: The blockade of the slave trade ports was a big blow to the

revenue of Benin kingdom. Although, effort was made to revive the trade of Benin

kingdom, but its revenue were a far cry from those generated from slave trade.

v. British Invasion of 1807: The invasion of Benin under Oba Ovoranmen Nogbaisi led

to the final decline and annexation of Benin kingdom by the British empire.

EVALUATION
16. Describe the tradition of origin of Benin Kingdom
17. What were the factors responsible for the growth and development of Benin Kingdom.
18. Discuss factors responsible for the decline of Benin Kingdom
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Itsekiri Kingdom.
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)

WEEK NINE

Content:

Niger Delta City States (i) Concept of City States

Tradition of Origin
Political Structure of Itsekiri
 Factors Responsible for the Decline

Niger Delta City States (i) Concept of City States

A ‘City State’ is a sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country that

usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories. The Niger Delta City-States came

into existence out of the migration of people from the hinterland to fishing villages. Trade with

the Europeans increased with the importation of slaves from the hinterland to the coastal cities.

Thus, Warri, Sapele towns were inhabited by the Itsekiri and Urhobo. Also, Brass, Nembe,

Akassa were inhabited by the Ijaw; Abonema, Bakenna and Bukuma by the Kalabari; Bonny was

inhabited by the Ibeno while (Creek town, Henshaw Town and Duke Town in Calabar by the

Efiks. So these states grew and had some remarkable changes in their political and economic

activities in the 19th century.

ORIGIN OF ITSEKIRI KINGDOM

Itsekiri is located in present day Delta state in the Western Region of the Niger Delta. The people

of Itsekiri have their homeland in Warri South, Warri North and Warri West. The Itsekiri call

their land the kingdom of Warri (Iwerre). The kingdom of Warri is situated on the Atlantic Coast

of Nigeria and the land eventually turned out to be rich in Crude Oil and in Natural Gas Deposit.

There are Itsekiri communities in Ondo state and in Edo state.

Itsekiri kingdom started in 1480 when Prince Iginuwa arrived at Itsekiri with a team of seventy

sons of Benin chiefs after his father Oba Olua of Benin sent him away from his kingdom. Some

of the earlier inhabitants that Prince Inginuwa met perhaps were the Ijaws, Urhobos and

Yorubas. They however agreed that Prince Iginuwa should rule over them as king since they

knew that he was Prince from Benin kingdom and they loved his Royal regalia. Also, the fact
that the Itsekiri ruling class came from Benin (that is Iginuwa) helped him to start and build a

centralise city state for the people of Isekiri

Political Structure of Itsekiri Kingdom

i. The Olu: The name ‘Olu’ was adopted for the title of the king of Itsekiri kingdom.

The Olu is the political and spiritual head of his kingdom. He has power to confer

titles on members of the kingdom who deserved it and such titles become hereditary

in the family of such recepent.

ii. The Supreme Council of Ojoye:- The council of Ojoye are seventy (70) in numbers

made up of the seventy sons of Benin chiefs who followed Iginuwa to Itsekiri land.

iii. Prime Minister: Another traditional title holder who helped the king in the day to day

running affairs of the kingdom was the Ologbotsere (Prime Minister). He was also the

chief adviser to the Olu of Itsekiri.

iv. War Commander: The Iyatsere was the war commander or war chief.

v. Other important title holders or officials are as follows. The Olara-aja, is the oldest

person in the family of the person who founded the village; Okpaaran, is the village

priest.

Decline of Itsekiri Kingdom

The kingdom of Itsekiri started to decline when British traders began to bye-pass the Itsekiri as

middle men traders between thes and people of the hinterland. This resulted in a decline of the

wealth and power of the kingdom. An important chief of Itsekiri kingdom was Nana Olomu who

was the Governor of Benin River was captured in 1894 and was deported to Ghana.

EVALUATION
 1. Describe the tradition of origin of Itsekiri Kingdom
2. Write short note on any five political structures of Itsekiri Kingdom.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Calabar Kingdom.
Weekend Evaluation Questions (Objective Questions)

WEEK TEN

Content: (c) Calabar (i) Emergence of Calabar Kingdom

Political Structure of Calabar Kingdom

States and Towns in Calabar Kingdom

Occupation of Calabar People

Calabar (i) Emergence of Calabar Kingdom

The history of Calabar kingdom started in the 13 th century when they left Uruan (now in Akwa

Ibom state); by early 14th century, Efik people had settled in Creek Town and Duke Town. The

ancient Calabar kingdom was established by Efik people who first settled in Creek Tow after

they left Ibibio land. Another batch of Efik people settled in Old Town. The groups that first

settled in Creek Town latter moved to Duke Town because of the difficulties of limited resources

and attacks from their neighbouring Ibibio and Ekoi groups, Mbiakon Pirates and their rival Old

Town. The new settlement of the EFik people in Duke Town or Atakpa eventually became the

base for the formation of the Ancient Calabar kingdom by the Obong.

The Calabar kingdom was originally known as Awa-Akpa. The Efik people of Calabar settled in

the Coastal Area and this gave them early access to European traders. The first set of Portuguese

traders landed in ancient Calabar kingdom in 1472 after crossing the Calabar River. Calabar is
also known as Efik kingdom. The seat of Calabar was the seat of power of Efik (or Calabar)

kingdom ruled by the Obong of Calabar. The kingdom at its peak covered the whole of Cross

River State, Akwa Ibom state, Western Cameroon and some part of Imo and Abia state.

Political Structure of Calabar Kingdom

i. The Obong: The Obong of Calabar is the ruler and grand patriarch of Efik people. In

the 17th century, Nsa Effiong and Ekponsa from Henshaw Town held the title of the

Obong of Calabar.

ii. The Ekpe Secret Society:- Ekpe otherwise known as Egbo is a mysterious spirit who

is expected to live in the forest and preside at any ceremony of the Efik people, also

known as Leopard society.

States and Towns in Calabar Kingdom

There are three important Landlord kingdoms in Calabar. These are:

1. The first was(is) Qua Kingdom of Ejagham (Ekoi)/ Bantu origin ruled by Ndidem who is

the Patriarch of the Qua kingdom

2. The second was(is) the Efut kingdom ruled by Muri Munene who is the Patriarch of the

Efik kingdom.

3. The was(is) Efik kingdom ruled by Obong who is the Patriarch of the Efik kingdom

However, the seven key settlements that constituted the ancient Calabar states were(are):

i. Iboku in the Duke town, Creek town, Cobham town, Eyamba town and Henshaw town.

ii. Obutong in Old town

iii. Adiabo and Ibonda

 iv. Aba, Eyen in Duke town

v. Usuk Akpa

vi. Enwan

vii. Mbiabo in Mbiabo Edere

viii. Ikot Offiong and Ikoneto

Occupation of Calabar People

Effik people live in the riverine area; hence they are fishermen, canoe builders, traders and

farmers. They equally nake salt. They were middlemen between European traders and Igbos who

lived in the hinterland in the 15th and 17th century.

The slave trade also made old Calabar a major trade port. Sales on commodities like palm oil and

kernel were high. The Portuguese trading control in Nigeria was weakened in 1883 due to British

military forces. As a result, Britain made Calabar the capital city from 1883 to 1893. Calabar

continued to enjoy her position until 1893 when Port Harcourt trade port had fast development.

Today, Calabar has an international airport, harbour, international museum, a resort centre at

Tinapa, Standard hotels, amusement parks and so on.