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The New English Teacher 12.2 Institute for English Language Education Assumption University

An Analysis of Factors Affecting the

English Reading Comprehension of
Mattayomsuksa 5 Students in Amphur
Mueang, Lampang Province
Sajeerat Wutthisingchai
English Department
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Lampang Rajabhat University, Thailand
Email: swutthis@gmail.com

Peter James Stopps

English Department
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Lampang Rajabhat University, Thailand
Email: pjsteacher@hush.com

Abstract
This research analyses the factors affecting the English reading ability of 1,827
Mattayomsuksa 5 students attending both government and private schools in city and
noncity areas of Amphur Mueang, Lampang province in the 2015 academic year.
Purposive sampling of 78 students was utilized, and data were collected through a
questionnaire, a reading comprehension test and interviews. Multiple factors affecting
reading ability were determined and divided into the three internal factors of learning
preferences, motivation, and attitude, and the three external factors of teaching
techniques, texts and environment. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive
statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and the reliability
coefficient of Cronbach’s alpha was also deployed.
The results reveal that all respondents believed that the selection of the texts that
they read was the most important factor affecting their English reading ability. Moreover,
respondents scored ‘attitude’ as a highly important factor, while ‘environment’,
‘motivation’, ‘learning preferences’ and ‘teaching technique’ were seen as moderately
important factors. A discussion of the findings, and conclusions for the development of
teaching and studying are also presented.

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The New English Teacher 12.2 Institute for English Language Education Assumption University

Keywords: Factors affecting English reading ability, Reading for comprehension,

Mattayomsuksa 5 students, L1, L2

บทคดั ย่อ
งานวจิยชิั ้นนี้วเิ คราะห์ปัจจยั ที่มีอิทธิพลต่อความสามารถในการอ่านภาษาองั กฤษเพื่อความเขา้ ใจของนกเรี ยนระดบั มั ธยมศึกษาปี ั ที่ 5
ในปี การศึกษา 2558 จาํ นวนท้งสิั น้ 1,827 คน ทั้งจากโรงเรี ยนรัฐบาลและเอกชนในเขตตวั เมืองและเขตทอ้ งถิ่น อ.เมือง จ.ลาํ ปาง นอกจากจะมีการสาํ
รวจความคิดเห็นของนกั เรี ยนระดบั มธยมศึกษาปี ทีั ่ 5 จากแบบสอบถาม ยงั มีการเกบขอ้ ม็ ูลเชิงลึกโดยการสุ ่ มกลุ่มตวั อยาง่ ในการทาํ แบบทดสอบ
และการตอบแบบสมภาษณ์ของนกั เรั ียนทั้งสิ้ น 78 คน การวเิ คราะห์ปัจจยั ที่มีอิทธพลต่อความสามารถในการอ่านแบ่ง ออกเป็ นปัจจยั ภายใน 3 ดา้ นที่
มาจากความพึงพอใจในการเรี ยนรู ้ แรงจูงใจ และทศั นคติ และปัจจยั ภายนอกอีก 3 ดา้ นนนคือ ั่ กลยทุ ธ์ในการ สอน เนื้ อหาบทอ่าน และสภาพแวดลอ้ ม
ในการเรี ยนรู ้ อีกทั้งมีการวิเคราะห์ค่าสถิติจากขอ้ มูลเชิงปริ มาณโดยการหาค่าความถี่ ค่าร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย และค่าส่ วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน นอกจากนี้ ยงั มี
การหาค่าความเชื่อมันแบบสอบถามทั่ ง้ ฉบบั โดยใชวิธีสัมประสิ ทธิ้ ์แอลฟาของครอ นบาค
ผลของการวจิยพบวั าผตู้ อบแบบสอบถามเช่ ื่อวาการเลือกเนื่ ้อหาบทอ่านเป็ นปัจจยั สาคญั ทํ ี่สุดที่มีอิทธิพลต่อความสามารถในการ
อ่านภาษาองั กฤษ ยิง่ ไปกว่านั้น ผูต้ อบแบบสอบถามไดใ้ ห้คะแนนทศั นคติในการเรี ยนรู ้วา่ เป็ นอีกหน่ึงปัจจยั ที่สาํ คญัอย่างมากไม่แพก้นั ในขณะที่
สภาพแวดลอ้ ม แรงจูงใจ ความพึงพอใจในการเรี ยนรู ้ และกลยุทธ์ในการสอนถูกมองว่าเป็ นปัจจยั ที่สาํ คญัรองลงมา ซ่ึงขอ้ สรุ ป ดงั กล่าวไดจ้ ากการอภิ
ปรายผลการวจิย ั รวมทั้งขอ้ เสนอแนะในการปรับปรุ งและพฒั นาการเรี ยนการสอนอีกดว้ ย คําสําคัญ ปัจจยั ที่มีอิทธิพล ความสามารถในการอ่าน
ภาษาองั กฤษ การอ่านเพื่อความเขา้ ใจ นกั เรี ยนระดบั มธยมศึกษาปี ทีั ่ 5 ภาษาแม่ ภาษาที่สอง

Background of the Study

Reading is a skill that is necessary for those who are seeking knowledge. More
specifically, the integration of the ASEAN Community in 2016 also points to the great
importance of English language ability in all sectors of life in Thailand but beyond this,
reading is a skill necessary for learning; Aksaranugraha (1989) observes that the language
learner who has studied English in Thailand (thus as a foreign language) has the
opportunity to use the skill of reading more than the other skills and thus of all four skills,
reading is the skill on which teachers focus the most. However, among much other
research, Seelor (1978) and Nilagupta (1982) show that most Thai students have only a
low proficiency in English reading and they conclude that the English reading ability of
many Thai students was not sufficiently high for them to make use of English-language
resources such as textbooks, magazines and newspapers. (Cited in Tarahorm Kongkeaw,
2014) Mingsakoon (2003) states that the four language skills are tools to achieve English
language proficiency but that reading is more important than the other three skills as it is
an important means of acquiring knowledge. Indeed, a wide variety of English-language
printed materials are available for Thai people to read, while opportunities to speak, listen
and write are not as easy to come by in daily life.
In 2014, Mattayomsuksa 6 students sitting the O-NET exam achieved an average
score of 23.12% but it was found that scores were related to school size, with extra-large
schools having the highest average scores in English and large, mid-sized, and small
schools having progressively lower scores (The Educational Testing Center, 2014).
Furthermore, regional differences were observed, with the northern region having the
second highest average scores (19.25%) after the central region and it is therefore possible
that the environment in which students live and study may affect their performance and
ability in English. Similarly, when considering the literacy rates of different groups of

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schools in Thailand, the results of testing for reading proficiency in the PISA tests between
2000 to 2012 (OECD, 2013) reveal that more satit (or demonstration) schools had scores
at level 5 or above than scores below level 2. On the other hand, fewer students at schools
under the jurisdiction of the Department of General Education or in private schools,
Bangkok Metropolitan Area schools, government vocational colleges and private
vocational colleges scored at level 5 or above. Although PISA tested reading proficiency
in the native language, there is some relationship between L1 and L2 reading, as discussed
in much of the research. Cummins (2000, cited in Brevik, Olsen and Hellekjær, 2016)
observes that “academic proficiency transfers across languages such that students who
have developed literacy in their L1 will tend to make stronger progress in acquiring
literacy in their second language” (p.173). Koda (2005, 2007) shows that a significant
difference between reading in a native language (L1) and in a foreign language (L2) is that
readers undertake L2 reading with a dual-language practice. Moreover, as cited in Brevik,
Olsen and Hellekjær (2016), Bernhardt’s (2011) compensatory model of L2 reading asserts
that reading variance affects other factors and that a weakness in one area might be
compensated for by knowledge from another. Bernhardt also tried to rate the significance
of ‘L1 literacy’ and estimates that this accounts for up to 20% of variance, ‘L2 linguistic
knowledge’ accounts for another 30% and ‘undescribed variance’ describes the remaining
50%. Similarly, Jeon and Yamashita (2014) use Koda’s (2007) work on linguistic distance
to explain how reading comprehension in L1 and L2 may differ in proportion to the
distance between the two languages.
The work described above accords with the researcher’s own experiences in
teaching English to tertiary students; very few students have advanced abilities in reading
English and this affects the management of their English learning and teaching. Indeed,
even students majoring in English regularly show significant problems with their reading
in the language and so the researcher was interested in analyzing the factors affecting
English reading ability. In the case of this research, this was with regard to Mattayomsuksa
5 students and the outcome will, it is hoped, be useful for the development of teaching and
studying in this field.

Methodology
Research Subjects
Population and purposive sampling were used in this study. The subjects comprised
1,827 Mattayomsuksa 5 students (enrolled in the 2015 academic year) attending both
government and private schools in Amphur Mueang, Lampang province. The sampling
group consisted of 78 students from those 1,827.

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Instruments
Three instruments were used in the research: a questionnaire, a reading
comprehension test, and interview questions. The questionnaire had three parts: (1) general
information; (2) an assessment of factors affecting English reading ability based on a study
of variability in reading comprehension by RAND reading study group (2002), Horiba and
Fukaya’s study (2015), and an investigation of multiple factors affecting English-language
learners’ reading abilities by Woo (2009); and (3) opinions related to other factors
affecting English reading ability. In total, the questionnaire included 45 items covering the
six proposed factors affecting reading ability, with the importance of each item rated by
respondents on a five-point Likert scale. These factors can be divided into two main areas:
those which are internal (learning preferences, motivation and attitudes) and those which
are external (teaching techniques, reading texts and environments). The reading
comprehension test consisted of 25 questions on five different texts, each of a different
type. These text genres were: a cartoon, an academic research article, a magazine article, a
post from a social network, and text from a website describing Thai customs, traditions,
environment, and culture. The difficulty of the language and the structures used in the
passages were selected from materials aimed at high school level and above. Thirdly, six
interview questions were used to explore students’ reading strategies, comprehension and
the factors affecting these.

The Reliability and Validity of Instruments

To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, the test and the interview questions, a
group of three native-speaking English teachers who have been teaching at Lampang
Rajabhat University in the English language program for between five and ten years and
another teacher who also teaches English reading were consulted. In addition, SPSS was
used to check the reliability of the questionnaire and the test through the application of
Cronbach’s alpha.
In addition to this, the literature review also helped to underscore the validity of the
questionnaire, the test, and the interview questions. To avoid mistakes and to establish
further the accuracy of the instruments, 21 Mattayomsuksa 5 pupils enrolled at Kho Kha
Wittayakom School were invited to participate in a pilot study. The questions were all
multiple choice so these respondents were able to answer all of them but the scores on
some test items were low and following discussion with the native speaking English
teachers who helped with this research, it was decided that a number-should be deleted due
to their difficulty. Thus, following the pilot, 15 questions were actually used in the
research.

Distribution, Collection, and Analysis of Data

The questionnaire was sent to all Mattayomsuksa 5 students in Amphur Mueang,
Lampang province. This was accomplished as follows.

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1. The researchers telephoned each school and then sent each a description of
the purposes and aims of the research, along with details about how it was to be
conducted.
2. At each school, the researchers gave the questionnaires to a designated
teacher, who was to arrange for students to complete the forms and then to collect them.
3. The researchers tested and interviewed a sample drawn from three schools.
This was to collect in-depth data.
4. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard
deviation) were used to analyze the data and the test scores. Following this, the interviews
were analyzed and compared, and the opinions of the respondents were correlated with the
outcomes.

Results and Discussion

Factors Affecting English Reading Comprehension
Table 1: Factors affecting English reading comprehension
All factors x
Text 3.66
Attitude 3.57
Environment 3.50
Motivation 3.36
Learning preferences 3.29
Teaching techniques 3.29
N=1,827
Overall, students rated texts and attitude as the factors that highly affected their
English reading ability. The remaining factors (environment, motivation, learning
preferences, and teaching techniques) were considered to be moderately important.

Internal and External Factors Affecting English Reading Comprehension

Table 2: Internal and external factors affecting English reading comprehension
Internal factors x External factors x
Learning preferences, 3.41 Teaching 3.49
motivation, and attitude techniques, texts,

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and environments
N=1,827
With a rating of 3.49 compared to 3.41, students rated external factors as slightly
more important than internal factors.

Table 2.1: Correlations

Internal
Factors External Factors
Internal Pearson **
1 .849
Factors Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 1681 1612
External Pearson **
.849 1
Factors Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 1612 1737
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

There was a very strong positive correlation (0.849) between the two groups of
factors and this was significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Thus, as one group tended to be
rated higher or lower, there was a strong tendency for the other to be rated in the same
direction.

Data Analysis of Textual Factors

Table 3: Text types affecting English reading comprehension
Texts (Reading passages) x S.D.
Illustrated texts 3.80 .936
Texts of a suitable length 3.74 .936
Texts on an interesting topic 3.73 .898
Texts which are well 3.69 .921
organized and designed
Texts which are in accord with 3.57 .892
the student’s schemata or
background knowledge
Texts (Reading passages) x S.D.
Texts with simple grammar 3.56 .914
and structure
Texts which are connected 3.54 .849
with the student’s life or
previous life, environment,
culture, tradition or lifestyle

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Overall 3.66
N=1,827
Overall, students rated the texts themselves as the most important of all the factors
(3.66). When considering each type of text, the students rated all of the seven items as very
important.

Table 4: Attitudes affecting English reading ability

Attitude x S.D.
Desire to know about other cultures, traditions and 3.73 .892
lifestyles from reading
Pride in oneself for being able to read in another language 3.68 .966

A desire to know about the text being read 3.66 .870

Enjoyment of reading 3.64 .878
A preference for a teaching technique 3.47 .888
Confidence in reading greater than other skills 3.25 .908
Overall 3.57
N=1,827
As can be seen from Table 4, when each attitude was considered, the students rated
four as being highly important and the other two as moderately important factors.

Table 5: Environment affecting English reading ability

Environment (surroundings, society and cultures x S.D.
where the reader lives)
Being encouraged to read in English by one’s school 3.70 .898
The importance which society places on reading in 3.62 .897
English
Being in an environment which encourages a student to be 3.61 .907
able to read in English
Being encouraged to read in English by one’s family 3.49 .963
Living in the same environment as native speakers 3.45 .998
Living in an environment which resembles that of native 3.36 .990
speakers
Environment (surroundings, society and cultures x S.D.
where the reader lives)
Living in an environment which is different to that of 3.29 .993
native speakers

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Overall 3.50
N=1,827
Table 5 shows that overall, students rated environments as a moderately important
factor (3.50). Regarding the individual items, the students rated three as highly important
and the remainder as moderately important.

Table 6: Motivations affecting English reading ability

Motivation x S.D.
A requirement to succeed in a future career 3.96 1.024
An interest in reading the text 3.54 .887
A desire to gain more knowledge 3.47 .858
A requirement to relate to or be involved with native 3.41 1.079
speakers
A love of reading 3.32 .887
Gaining better scores on a test 3.24 .905
Being praised or winning an award 3.00 1.000
Planning to study abroad 2.94 1.316
Overall 3.36
N=1,827
In line with Table 6, it was expected that being able to read English for use in a future
career (3.96) was going to be a greater motivation than an interest in reading texts or a
desire to gain more knowledge.

Table 7: Learning preferences affecting English reading ability

Learning Preferences x S.D.
Using pictures 3.62 .865
Finding keywords 3.49 .887
Reading frequently 3.35 .890
Finding the main ideas 3.20 .855
Questioning to review a schema 3.18 .888
Using knowledge of grammar and structure 3.11 .896
Using speed reading techniques 3.10 .823
Overall 3.29
N=1,827
Table 7 shows that respondents rated learning preferences (3.29) together with
teaching technique as the least important factors. Using pictures was rated as important,
while the remaining six items were rated as moderately important.

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Table 8: Teaching techniques affecting English reading ability

Teaching Techniques (Applying teachers’ techniques x S.D.
to students’ own reading)
Guessing words from the context 3.55 .838
Identifying the major and minor details in a text 3.36 .863
Guessing words from roots and affixes 3.36 .902
Identifying facts and opinions in a text 3.29 .834
Summarizing a text and producing an outline of it 3.29 .856
Skimming the text before reading it 3.28 .885
Identifying a purpose for reading 3.26 .791
Analyzing the grammar and structure to predict the tone 3.24 .862
of the text
Building student awareness of reading strategies 3.24 .828
Asking questions before, during and after reading 3.08 .879
Overall 3.29
N=1,827

It can be seen that overall, students rated teaching techniques the joint least
important factor (3.29) alongside learning preferences.

Scores for the Reading Comprehension Test

Table 9 Test scores of sampled students
Types of reading passage Min Max x S.D. Percent
Website related to Thai 0 3 1.58 0.987 52.56
environment, lifestyle and
culture
Social media post 0 3 1.33 .989 44.44

Academic text 0 3 1.31 .842 43.59

Magazine article 0 3 1.13 .917 37.61

Cartoon 0 3 1.06 .795 35.47

Total 1 13 6.41 2.756 42.74

n=78
The reading test was based on five different types of texts and understanding of each text
was tested on five questions. For each text, students were asked about the author’s

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purposes and attitudes, and about supporting details. They also had to summarize, draw
inferences, provide references, and demonstrate understanding of vocabulary. Each
question was in the form of a four-way multiple choice. Initially, there were 25 items on
the test; questions 1 to 5 were on the cartoon, 6 to 10 were on the academic text, 11 to 15
were on the magazine article, 16 to 20 were on the social media post, and 21 to 25 were on
the website article about the Thai environment, lifestyle and culture.
After piloting the test, only 15 items were found to be suitable because 10
questions had to be removed because their difficulty led to low scores. Two questions were
excluded for each text, these being questions 1, 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 23 and 24.
Questions 1 and 2 asked students to draw an inference, 3, 4 and 5 asked for summaries and
details, 6, 7 and 9 tested for main ideas and details, 8 and 10 assessed ability to identify
details and to show critical thinking skills, 11 and 12 asked about main ideas and the
vocabulary used for general or proper nouns, 13 to 15 asked about vocabulary, details and
summaries, 16, 17, and 19 tested understanding of the author’s purpose, inferences and
details (using logical thinking), 18 and 20 (both excluded) asked about vocabulary and the
author’s attitude, 21, 22 and 25 posed questions about details and using context clues and
background knowledge to understand vocabulary, and 23 and 24 (both also excluded)
assessed understanding of details and references.

Interview Questions
Table 10: The figures of passage selection affect reading performance and comprehension
in the perception of sampled students
1. Which 2. Which 5. If students 6. If students
passage did passage did could choose to could choose to
students students answer question read one of the
understand the understand on any of the five passages
most and why the least and five passages in without being
Types of reading passages Total
was this? why was this? the test, which tested on it,
passage would which passage
they choose and would they
why? choose and
why?
1. Website related to
Thai environment, 53 2 39 17 111
lifestyle and culture
2. Social Media post 26 2 31 37 96
3. Academic text 1 40 3 6 50
4. Cartoon 5 22 5 14 46
5. Magazine article 0 13 0 5 18
Total 85* 79* 78 79* 321

n=78
*The respondents answered more than one type of passages for some questions and some
respondents did not give any specific passage to the questions.

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Following table 10, most respondents answered the first question that they
understood the passage the most from the website related to the Thai environment, lifestyle
and culture because the text discussed a Thai tradition that they had studied and so they
were able to use a pre-existing schemata to help understand the meaning of the text. The
text also described an annual Thai tradition and so students had experienced this in person.
Many students also agreed that the passage from social media was the second
easiest passage to read and that it was understandable because it contained no difficult
vocabulary or grammar. It was also printed in big, clear letters which made it easy to read.
Moreover, much of the content was predictable from context clues and pre-existing
schemata. The cartoon was more active and this made the reading passage more
interesting, especially since it was short and used simple vocabulary.
Most answered the second question that they understood the passage the least from
the academic text. Different reasons were given but these included the fact that the
vocabulary was too difficult, the text was unillustrated, the grammar was complicated, the
text was too long, students were not interested in the content, they lacked background
knowledge, and the text contained too many details which made it too boring and so weak
readers were demotivated. In addition, the questions on the text were complicated and
contained difficult vocabulary.
Most students answered the fifth question that this would be the passage from the
website on the Thai environment, lifestyle and culture if they could choose to answer
question on any of the five passages in the test. Various reasons were given:
- The text was connected to Thailand.
- It was possible to use pre-existing schemata to predict meanings and content.
- The text contained simple vocabulary with a familiar story and this made it easier to
understand.
- The story had been frequently taught and this made comprehension easier and quicker.
- It was possible to find and summarize the main idea.
- The text described a Thai tradition so it was easy to translate and to understand.
Many students answered that the passage taken from social media would also be
preferred on a test. They also provide many logical reasons as follows:
- It was possible to guess the vocabulary from pictures.
-Some vocabulary was familiar from multiple media sources.
- The text was short and the content was easy to understand. Students were also attracted
by the inclusion of a well-known cartoon character.
- Pictures made the text more interesting and helped to convey meaning.
- The text contained no complicated grammar or vocabulary.

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For the sixth question, most students reported that they would read the passage from the
social media post if they could choose to read one of the five passages without being tested
on it. There are a range of descriptions.
- It was a short text and the illustrations made it more enjoyable to read.
- It contained easy and familiar vocabulary, which made it more understandable.
- The fact that it was illustrated with a popular cartoon character made it more appealing.
- This text was easier to read and to summarize because respondents have their own
preexisting schemata.
- It was possible to read the text rapidly and to see the meaning clearly.
- It was a short text so it was easy to grasp the main idea.

In addition, a large number of students chose to read the passage from the website
related to Thai environment, lifestyle and culture if they could choose without being tested
on it. Students reported that they already had a schema that they could bring to this text
and thought that this text was more understandable than the rest. Moreover, the content
was enjoyable and was related to Thai people. Also, the vocabulary that was used was
familiar and this made it easy to understand.

Table 11: The amount of interviewees responded to comprehension question of yes and no
with reasons included
(Yes) Better (No) Not
Interview question no. 3 understanding understanding
Did test questions to better reading 62 students 16 students
lead comprehension and if so
how?
n=78
The third question asked whether and how test questions lead to comprehension.
Not surprisingly the majority of students (62 out of 78) answered ‘yes’ to this, giving an
interesting range of explanations for their answers. These included: having been asked a
question, they could then grasp the main idea of the passage; they found it easier to review
the contents of the text after reading the questions; the questions gave clues which helped
students answer more easily; because the test was in the form of multiple choice, the
questions contained the correct answer; the respondents were able better to analyze and
reframe the contents by processing their prior knowledge while reading the questions; and
questions helped respondents to better understand the writer’s purpose, the texts main idea
and the meaning of the vocabulary.

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 An Analysis of Factors Affecting the English Reading Comprehension of Mattayomsuksa 5 Students in Amphur Mueang, Lampang Province

Table 12: The interview results of strategies use before, during and after reading in
question no.4.1, 4.2 and 4.3
Q4.1 The strategy uses No. of Q4.2 The strategy uses No. of Q4.3 The strategy uses No. of
before reading items during reading items after reading items
chosen chosen chosen
1. Using one’s prior 56 1. Guessing the meaning 46 1. Identifying major and 37
knowledge to predict the of words from context minor details in the text
text

2. Summarizing the text 15 2. Identifying the major 29 2. Summarizing the text 27

and minor details of the
text
3. Setting a purpose for 9 3. Guessing the meanings 15 3. Verifying the 17
reading of words from roots and strategies used after
affixes reading
4. Setting questions 8 4. Skimming the text 8 4. Identifying facts and 7
before reading the text opinions

5. Analyzing the text’s 7 5. A strategy of 6

grammar and structure to questioning after reading
predict its tone passage
6. Questioning oneself 6
when reading the
passage
7. Summarizing the text 6

8. Identifying facts and 2

opinions in the text
Total of strategy uses 88** Total of strategy uses 119** Total of strategy uses 94**
before reading during reading after reading
n=78
**Some respondents used more than one strategy before, during and after reading
The fourth question asked whether students knew what they should do to help them
understand the passage before, during, and after reading it. Four strategies were reported
for use before reading. Eight strategies to use during reading were described in the table
and finally four post-reading comprehension strategies were identified. It was found that
predicting the text from prior knowledge was the most commonly chosen strategy for use
before reading. While reading, guessing the meaning of words from context clues was the
most common strategy, although identifying the major and minor details in the text was
also popular, as was guessing word meanings from roots and affixes. Other strategies were
less popular. After reading, identifying the major and minor details of the text was also the
most popular strategy.

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Many students also summarized the text and verified their own strategies after
reading. Some students reported the use of other strategies including: finding keywords;
rereading if the text was not understood; looking at any accompanying pictures; trying to
understand the topic before reading; finding an interesting text to read or skim; studying
new vocabulary to build one’s own fluency; using one’s own prior-knowledge (or
schemata); predicting what the text would contain; answering the questions that had been
posed before reading; finding vocabulary that related to and clarified the text; and finding
unclear points and then translating them.

Discussion
This study attempts to answer which factors affect English reading ability for
comprehension of Mattayomsuksa 5 students from Amphur Mueang, Lampang Province.
Therefore, the results, discussion and recommendation are provided to give the research
more empirical evidence.
Results Discussion Recommendation
Texts and attitudes were Students regard these as having Research on the
rated by respondents as affected their understanding of English factors affecting English
important factors. reading in general. Indeed, if a reader reading comprehension will
finds a text boring, this will clearly help teachers to be better
affect his or her attitude. able to adapt their teaching
techniques or text selection
to students’ understanding
of their own reasons for
improving their reading.
The results of the survey The mean scores of each factor The results reflect
of students’ perceptions might influence the sequence of only the reported beliefs of
activities in the classroom and this these students and so these
would be to the advantage of the factors should be further
learner. tested in real classes and
then evaluated since this
would help to make the
results more concrete and
the follow-up research to
this might then be to put
these findings into practice.
A teacher might select illustrated
texts of a suitable length on an
interesting topic that will be useful in
students’ future careers and then
encourage students to combine
techniques for guessing word
meanings, and identifying major and
minor details and facts and opinions.
This might increase students’
interest and enjoyment in finding out
about other cultures, traditions and
lifestyles through reading. In addition,
finding keywords and reading

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 An Analysis of Factors Affecting the English Reading Comprehension of Mattayomsuksa 5 Students in Amphur Mueang, Lampang Province

frequently may also be techniques that

better match students’ preferences as
regards the encouragement they
receive and the expectations of their
family, school and society.
The passage on the Teachers can utilize the
website that was on the background knowledge of students by

Results Discussion Recommendation

topic of the Thai using authentic materials written by
environment, lifestyle foreigners about the history, customs
and culture was the and culture of Thailand.
most preferred In this case, students may have
prior knowledge of the topic (which
they may have read about or studied in
Thai before reading about it in
English) and so the students should
more easily understand vocabulary in
the text. Given this familiarity with the
topic, they may more easily understand
the entire text.
Students achieved their
the The cartoon used in the test was Based on a
lowest test scores on one which had been taken from a daily comparison of the
questions about cartoon. English-language (but not questionnaires, the test
Thailandbased) newspaper. The target results and the interviews,
audience for this was thus both older the category of texts with
and of a different nationality to the pictures needs to be further
students and so the cartoon contained investigated by testing with
many references which required the a different cartoon. Instead
reader to draw inferences. This was of a cartoon from a
chosen because there was no newspaper, the cartoon
alternative cartoon available that was could be taken from an
suitable for the level of the students elementary or primary
taking the test. school children’s book.
In the case of this research, the To further research
second interview question asked this, a comparison of
students which passage they responses to these two
understood the least, and some sources could be analyzed
answered that this was the cartoon and the impact of this
change on learners’
because, among other reasons, they
comprehension assessed.
said that they lacked the necessary
This study could investigate
background knowledge and that the extent to which the
cartoons may contain unknown, cartoon/text was
difficult and complicated vocabulary, appropriate to the students’
and this made the writer’s purpose level and how far the
unclear. content should be related to
students’ background
knowledge.

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Texts related to In their interviews, the first

students’ current or question asked which passage students
previous living understood the most and they
environment, culture, answered that it was that which related
tradition, and lifestyle to their background knowledge.
The students gave many reasons
were rated the least
for the ease they had in answering,
important of the factors,
including the fact that the texts related
but students also scored
to Thai annual traditions so this was all
highest on these
familiar material which had been
passages in the test.
taught and studied previously.
Students could also guess the
meanings of
Results Discussion Recommendation
words and make predictions based on
their prior knowledge and experience.
The statistical analysis In comparison to other factors,
shows that all text types texts with pictures received the highest
were regarded as being score and when interviewed, students
highly important factors reported that they thought that pictures
in determining reading accompanying a text made them feel at
ease and that illustrated texts should
comprehension and that
have less serious content; this would
this was statistically
motivate students and improve their
significant. attitude toward reading.
Thus, it can be inferred that
students chose texts with these attitudes
in mind. From this, attitude plays a
significant role in influencing reading
performance and this is consistent with
the students’ selfreported points of view,
since attitude was rated by them as an
important factor affecting their reading
comprehension in English.

Conclusions
This research analyzed the self-reported factors affecting the English reading
abilities of Mattayomsuksa 5 students in Amphur Mueang, Lampang province. The results
showed that all respondents believed that the nature of the text being read was the most
important factor. Moreover, the respondents scored texts and attitude as highly important
factors while environment, motivation, learning preferences and teaching techniques were
thought to be moderately important factors. The study shows that the texts selected were
regarded as the most significant variable in influencing students’ ability to read in English
and therefore the teacher should select texts that are appropriate for the students’ levels
and interests. However, these latter vary within a class and so the teacher should use a
range of techniques to maintain students’ attention and should also provide sufficient
background knowledge. This is because English reading texts are mostly written from a

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native speaker’s point of view since they are targeted at the global market of EFL students
around the world. On the other hand, there are few reading texts written specifically for
Thai students who are learning English and this means that students may feel that the
material is not relevant to their daily lives, with a consequent effect on students’ attitudes.
Perhaps as a result of this, students rated the two factors of text and attitude as being
important and if a teacher decides to use texts written by native speakers, the teacher must
also help students bring to mind their prior knowledge before assigning reading tasks. This
is to develop students’ reading skills and build awareness of student’s reading strategies so
that they can develop their own competency in reading comprehension. However, the
teacher also needs to consider how much time this will take and which activities will be
suitable for eliciting students’ knowledge because otherwise, these activities may eat into
reading time. These are techniques that are typically used by teachers but after being
repeatedly introduced to them in class, learners may feel ownership of them and in that
case, it will be natural for them to use these techniques to help carry out reading tasks
successfully. Nevertheless, there are likely to be many other factors that help or hinder
students’ comprehension of texts and therefore a study of these should be undertaken; it is
clearly very unlikely that only one or a few factors will increase students’ reading abilities
but rather, there will likely be many interconnected factors affecting reading
comprehension.

References
Aksaranugraha, S. (1989). Teaching English. Bangkok: The Department of
Matthayomsuksa Education. The Faculty of Education. Chulalongkorn
University. Bernhardt, E.B. (2011). Understanding advanced second-language reading.
New York: Routledge.
Brevik, L.M., Olsen, R.V., &Hellekjær, G.O. (2016). The complexity of second language
reading: Investigating the L1-L2 relationship. Reading in a foreign language, 28
(2), 161-182.
Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire.
Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Horiba, Y., &Fukaya, K. (2015). Reading and learning from L2 text: Effects of reading
goal, topic familiarity, and language proficiency. Reading in a Foreign Language,
27(1), pp. 22-46.
Jeon, E. H., & Yamashita, J. (2014). L2 Reading comprehension and its correlates: A
meta-analysis. Language Learning, 64(1), 160-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lang.12034
Koda, K. (2005). Insights into second language reading: A cross-linguistic approach.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Koda, K. (2007). Reading and linguistic learning: Cross linguistic constraints on second
language reading development. Language Learning, 57, 1-44.

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The New English Teacher 12.2 Institute for English Language Education Assumption University

Mingsakoon, P. (2003). A comparative study of vocabulary learning strategies between

Mathayomsuksa 6 students in Science and Arts programs at Hunkhapittayakom
School, Chainat Province. Unpublished master’s thesis, Mahidol University,
Bangkok, Thailand.
Nilagupta, S. (1983). Thai Students and Their Reading Problems.Collection ofAcademic
Papers. Bangkok: Faculty of Education, Kasetsart University.
OECD. (2013). PISA 2015 Draft Reading Literacy Framework. Paris: OECD.
RAND Reading Study Group. (2002). Reading for understanding: Toward a research and
development program in reading comprehension. Retrieved May 10, 2015, from
http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1465.html
Seelor, N. (1978) The Relationship Between the Readability of English Fictions and the
Reading Ability of Teacher Trainees of Higher Certificate Level. Unpublished
master’s thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Tarahorm, K. & Kongkeaw, P (2014). The effect of cultural familiarity on reading
comprehension of non-English major students at Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat
University. A Master thesis. Master of Arts, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat
University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, English Department.
The Educational Testing Center (2014).The Assessment of Ordinary National Education
Test (ONET). Conclusion and Policy Counsel. Office of the Basic Education
Commission. Ministry of Education.
Woo, Hui-Jeong (2009). Investigation on multiple factors affecting English-language
learners’ reading achievement: Hierarchical linear modeling approach.
Dissertation. Doctor of Philosophy. Educational Psychology. The Graduate
College, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign.

Appendix
Research Questionnaire
Analysis of Factors Affecting English Reading Ability for Comprehension of Mattayomsuksa
5 Students from Both City Schools and Local Schools of Amphur Mueang, Lampang
Province
Directions
1. This research aimed to study the analysis of factors affecting English reading ability of
Mattayomsuksa 5 students from both city and local schools of Amphur Mueang, Lampang
Province.
2. The questionnaire composed of three parts:
1. General information
2. The factors affecting English reading ability for comprehension of Mattayomsuksa 5
students from both city schools and local schools of Amphur Mueang, Lampang
Province
3. Mattayomsuksa 5 students’ opinions related to other factors affecting the ability of
English reading comprehension
3. The obtained information is very important and beneficial; therefore, please complete the
questionnaire truthfully. Your answers will not have any effect or damage to you or others.

Thank you for your participation,

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 An Analysis of Factors Affecting the English Reading Comprehension of Mattayomsuksa 5 Students in Amphur Mueang, Lampang Province

Miss Sajeerat Wutthisingchai

The leader of a research team
The Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences
Lampang Rajabhat University

Part I
Directions: Put  in  and write in the space provided.
1. Gender male female
2. School type government private
3. Study program Mathematics-Science English-Social science
English and another foreign language, please specify……………………..
Others, please specify ……………………………………………………..
4. Study curriculum Regular program English Program International
Program
5. How many years have students learned English?
3-6 years 7-10 years 10-14 years over 14 years
6. How many hours per week do students spend reading English?
Less than 1 hour 1-2 hours 2-3 hours 4-6 hours 7 hours up

PART 2 The perception about factors affecting English reading ability for comprehension of
Mattayomsuksa 5 students from both city and local schools of Amphur Mueang, Lampang
Province
Directions Factors affecting English reading ability for comprehension referred to internal
factors in learner’s preferences, motivation, and attitude and external factors in teaching
techniques, texts and environments of Mattayomsuksa 5 students from both city and local schools
of Amphur Mueang, Lampang Province
Put  in  which best describe factors which affect your reading ability for comprehension
PART 2 The identification of factors affecting English reading ability in your
comprehension
the level of ability in reading English comprehensibly
Factors promoting 5 the 4 high 3 2 1 the
highest moderate low lowest

1. Learning Preferences
1.1 Using the pictures
1.2 Using speed reading
1.3 Reading frequently
1.4 Finding the keywords
1.5 Finding the main ideas
1.6 Questioning to review schemata

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1.7 Using grammar and structure knowledge

2. Motivation
2.1 Love in reading
2.2 An interest in the reading text
2.3 Gaining better scores in the test
2.4 Gaining more knowledge
2.5 Gaining the praises/nominations/awards
2.6 Going to study abroad
2.7 A requirement to relate or involve with native speakers
2.8 A requirement to succeed in future career
3. Attitude
3.1 Enjoyment in reading
3.2 Teaching technique preferences
3.3 Confidences in reading skills more than other skills
3.4 Pride in oneself to be able to read other languages
3.5 Excitement of knowing other cultures, tradition and
lifestyle from reading
3.6 A requirement to know more of the reading story
4. Teaching Techniques (Applying from the teachers to one’s own strategies)
4.1 A technique of word-guessing from context clues
4.2 A technique of setting the reading purposes
4.3 A technique of skimming the text before reading
4.4 A technique of asking questions before, during and after
reading
4.5 A technique of word-guessing from root, prefix and suffix

4.6 A technique of grammar and structure analysis for

predicting the tone of the story
4.7 A technique of building awareness of student's reading
strategies
4.8 A technique of summarizing the outline of reading story
the level of ability in reading English comprehensibly
Factors promoting 5 the 4 high 3 2 low 1 the
highest moderate lowest

4.9 A technique of identifying facts and opinion of reading

story
4.10 A technique of finding the major and minor details of
reading story
5. Texts (Reading passages)
5.1 Texts with interesting story
5.2 Texts with pictures
5.3 Texts with one’s own schemata
5.4 Texts with good organization and pattern for eyes comfort

5.5 Texts with suitable amount, neither too short nor too long
5.6 Texts related to a student's own living or previous living

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environment, cultures, tradition and lifestyles

5.7 Texts with simple grammar and structures
6. Environments (surrounding, society and cultures where the reader lives)
6.1 The expectation of surroundings which encourage a
student to be able to read English
6.2 The importance of reading English given by the society
6.3 The encouragement of reading English from the family
6.4 The encouragement of reading English from the school
6.5 Living in the same environment with native speakers
6.6 Living in the resembling environment with native
speakers
6.7 Living in the different environment with native speakers

Part III. Summary of opinions and additional comments related to factors affecting English
reading ability for comprehension of Mattayomsuksa 5 students from both city schools and
local schools of Amphur Mueang, Lampang Province
..............................................................................................................................................................
…………………...................................................................................................................................
............................………………….......................................................................................................
........................................................……………….…..........................................................................
....................................................................................…………………...............................................
 THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION 

APPENDIX
Reading Comprehension Test
Analysis of Factors Affecting English Reading Ability for Comprehension of Mattayomsuksa
5 Students from Both City Schools and Local Schools of Amphur Mueang, Lampang
Province
Directions
1. This research aimed to study the analysis of factors affecting English reading ability of
Mattayomsuksa 5 students from both city and local schools of Amphur Mueang, Lampang
Province.
2. The reading test composed of five different type of texts as follows:
1. Cartoon
2. Academic Text
3. Magazine
4. Social Media
5. Website related to Thai environment, lifestyle and culture
3. The researcher distributes interview questions for students to answers after completing the test
4. The obtained information is very important and beneficial; therefore, please complete the test
with your own ability. Your answers will not have any effect or damage to you or others.

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Thank you for your participation,

Miss Sajeerat Wutthisingchai
The leader of a research team
The Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences
Lampang Rajabhat University

Part I
Directions: Put  in  and write in the space provided.
1. Gender male female
2. School type government private
3. Study program Mathematics-Science English-Social science
English and another foreign language, please specify……………………..
Others, please specify ……………………………………………………..
4. Study curriculum Regular program English Program International
Program
5. How many years have students learned English?
3-6 years 7-10 years 10-14 years over 14 years
6. How many hours per week do students spend reading English?
Less than 1 hour 1-2 hours 2-3 hours 4-6 hours 7 hours up

PART 2 An English Reading Comprehension Test

Directions Please cross X at the most correct
answer. Text Cartoon

**Source: ดวงฤดี กาญจนพนั ธุ์, ผศ. (2537). ทักษะการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษฉบับรวม ม. 4-5-6. กรุ งเทพฯ:สาํ นกพิมพภ์ั
ูมิบณั ฑิต.
1. The girl is ________________.
a. complaining b. asking for advice
c. making an excuse d. explaining
2. What most likely happened before this?
a. Her grandmother told her a story. b. Her grandmother scolded her.

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c. Her mother punished her. d. Her mother gave her a hug.

3. In frame 2, the girl intends to _____________________.
a. forget what happened to her
b. improve her manners when visiting her grandmother
c. be more obedient from now on
d. let her grandmother know how she feels
4. The girl thinks that a grandmother ___________________.
a. has the right to criticize any child
b. should not criticize her own child
c. should not criticize her grandchildren
d. has no right to criticize anyone
5. In the last frame, she is asking if the boy wants to _______________.
a. visit her mother b. watch a different program
c. disagree with her d. talk to her grandmother
Text 2 Academic Text
Researchers have found that male and female alligators go their separate ways following mating.
A month after mating, the female begins building a nest – usually on dry ground – that resembles a
stunted haystack. She patiently rips up plants and other vegetation and piles it in layers until
satisfied, making frequent tours of inspection. She digs a shallow hole on top of the nest, lays
about 40 eggs in it and carefully covers them up. Sixty-five days later the babies crack the shells.
The mother may tear off the top layer of the nest, sometimes even carrying the young to the water
in her mouth.
It has been discovered that temperature during the first two or three weeks of life determines the
hatching’s sex. An average temperature of 86 degrees Fahrenheit or less produces an all-female
clutch; at 93 degrees or above all the young are males. Anything in between produces a mixed
litter. Some mother alligators belligerently defend their nests against intruders, but others do not.
Adult alligators of both sexes will usually respond with a rush to the snuffing “yurk” sound that a
baby emits in distress – a trait that has often been their undoing, since hunters imitate the call.
**Source: เศรษฐวิทย์ (2555). อ่านภาษาอังกฤษอย่างไรให้ได้ผล. (พิมพค์ ร้ังที่ 11). กรุ งเทพฯ: โรงพิมพเ์ มดทราย็ .
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
a. How alligators choose their mates.
b. What happens after alligators mate.
c. How the sex of alligators is determined.
d. What alligators eat.
7. According to the passage, how long does it take for alligator’s eggs to hatch?
a. 3 weeks b. 1 month
c. 40 days d. 65 days

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8. When is an alligator’s sex determined?
a. during mating b. one week before birth
c. at birth d. within the first week of life
9. The word “clutch” in line 12 probably refers to what kind of alligators?
a. babies b. mothers
c. adults d. males
10.Which of the following temperatures would most likely produce a mixed litter?
a. 84 degrees Fahrenheit b. 86 degrees Fahrenheit
c. 90 degrees Fahrenheit d. 93 degrees Fahrenheit
Text 3 Magazine
I Did Hot Yoga with 98 Degrees
Plus the secret to boyband biceps.
They say you miss 100% of the shots you don't take, which is why I choose to sign up for five
workout classes a week and attend roughly zero. The intention is there, but when my alarm sounds
in the morning, sleep almost always trumps sweat—except when they go hand-in-hand— and I
snooze on, unbothered. Nothing can get me out of bed to exercise. Except for 98 Degrees.
That's right. Earlier this week Nick and Drew Lachey hosted a steamy, beer-soaked hot yoga class
with Bud Light, and ELLE.com was there. I even wore a go-pro to capture every sweatdripping
plank pose. After class, I caught up with the Lacheys to talk boyband workouts and pushup skills.
**Source: Schott, J. (2015, Jul 30). I did hot yoga with 98 Degrees. Elle magazine. Retrieved July
31, 2015, from http://www.elle.com/beauty/health-fitness/videos/a29584/i-did-hot-yoga-with-
98degrees/
11. What is the main idea of the passage?
a. The writer had very hard time to wake up.
b. The writer chose to sign up for five workout classes a week.
c. The writer thought that she would miss the chance if she won’t take it.
d. The writer did hot yoga with 98 Degrees and talked to them about their exercise.
12. What is 98 Degrees?
a. temperature b. her friends
c. the boyband d. the trainers
13. What does the word “hand-in-hand” in line 4 refer to?
a. touching other people by hands b. shaking hand
c. engaging in arm wrestling d. clapping hands
14. Who is Nick and Drew Lachey?
a. People from Elle.com b. her friends
c. the boyband d. the trainers
15. What is the secret of boyband biceps?
a. workouts and push-up skills
b. sleep almost always trumps sweat
c. a steamy, beer-soaked hot yoga class
d. go-pro to capture every sweat-dripping plank pose

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Text 4 Social Media

**Source: Minion Quotes. (2015, July 30). Facebook. Retrieved July 31, 2015 from
https://www.facebook.com/MinionQuotess?fref=ts
16. What is the real purpose of the message?
a. acriticize b. warn
c. describe d. advise
17. What is truly bad for your health?
a. ice b. alcohols
c. soda d. juices
18. What does “failure” mean?
a. defeat b. injury
c. weakness d. death
19. According to the article, what give you brain problems?
a. Vodka b. ice
c. Whisky d. Gin
20. What is the writer’s attitude toward the message?
a. indifferent b. positive
c. sarcastic d. confused
Text 5 Website related to Thai environment, lifestyle and culture
Songkran is a Thai traditional New Year which starts on April 13th every year and lasts for 3
days. In the Thai tradition, children and young people will pay respect to their elders and
parents. The young pour scented or aromatic water over their elders’ hands, and they in return
wish them good health and happiness. This tradition of paying respect, is called “Rod Nam

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The New English Teacher 12.2 Institute for English Language Education Assumption University
Dam Hua”. In the afternoon, Thai Buddhists sprinkle scented water on Buddha images. After
that, Thais sprinkle scented water on, or splash water over each other. There will also be Miss
Songkran beauty pageant and beautiful parade participated by locals and visitors.
** Source: excerpted from the final test of English for Specific Purposes for the major of
Community Development Students at Lampang Rajabhat University, November 2014.
21. What is not involved in Songkran Festival?
a. pouring scented water b. paying respect
c. sprinkling water d. making candles
22. What is “Rod Nam Dam Hua”?
a. Thai Buddhist sprinkle scented water on Buddha images.
b. Young people pour scented water over their elders’ hands.
c. Thais sprinkle perfumed water on, or throw water over each other.
d. A Miss Pageant will be held and a long and beautiful parade will be organized.
23. When does Songkran Festival end?
a. April 13th
b. April 14th
c. April 15th
d. April 13th to 15th every year 24. What is they (line 3) referred to?
a. elders b. children
c. young people d. parents
25. What is scented water?
a. drinking water b. aromatic water
c. clean water d. bathing water
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION

APPENDIX
Interview Questions
1. Which passage did you understand the most and why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which passage did you understand the least and why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you think doing a comprehension test after reading each passage help you better
understanding of the passage and why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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 An Analysis of Factors Affecting the English Reading Comprehension of Mattayomsuksa 5 Students in Amphur Mueang, Lampang Province

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4. Before your reading, during your reading and after your reading, do you know what you have to
do to understand the most in the passage?
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4.1 Before your reading, which strategies as following do you use to be able to read
for comprehension the most?
A strategy of questioning the reading passage before your reading
A strategy of setting the reading purposes before your reading
A strategy of predicting the reading story from your own schemata before reading
A strategy of summarizing the outline of reading story before your reading
If you haven’t use any, can you state the reason? Are there any other strategies you can use before
your reading?
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4.2 During your reading, which strategies as following do you use to be able to read
for comprehension the most?
A strategy of questioning the reading passage during your reading
A strategy of skimming the text during your reading
A strategy of summarizing the outline of reading story during your reading
A strategy of word-guessing from context clues during your reading
A strategy of word-guessing from root, prefix and suffix during your reading
A strategy of identifying facts and opinion of reading story during your reading
A strategy of finding the major and minor details of reading story during your reading
A strategy of grammar and structure analysis for predicting the tone of the story during your
reading
If you haven’t use any, can you state the reason? Are there any other strategies you can use during
your reading?
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4.3 After reading, which strategies as following do you use to be able to read for
comprehension the most?
A strategy of questioning after reading passage
A strategy of summarizing the outline after reading story
A strategy of identifying facts and opinion after reading story
A strategy of finding the major and minor details of reading story
A strategy of verifying your strategy use after reading comprehension

ISSN: 1905-7725 58 NET

12.2
The New English Teacher 12.2 Institute for English Language Education Assumption University
If you haven’t use any, can you state the reason? Are there any other strategies you can use after
your reading?
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5. If you can choose to do one of the five passages from the test, which passage will you choose
and why?
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6. If you can choose to read one of the five passages without doing the test, which passage will
you choose and why?
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION

ISSN: 1905-7725 59 NET 12.2