DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION INTERNALS

1. Explain the concept of development.

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition
of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. The
purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and
the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities,
without damaging the resources of the environment. Development is visible and useful,
not necessarily immediately, and includes an aspect of quality change and the creation
of conditions for a continuation of that change.
2. What do you mean by the term paradigm?
The collection of beliefs and concepts is what is known as a paradigm, which is a set of
theories, assumptions, and ideas that contribute to your worldview or create the
framework from which you operate every day. For example, you've probably heard the
phrase 'the American way of life,' which is a paradigm because it refers to a collection of
beliefs and ideas about what it means to be American. For people who find this
paradigm very important, it may serve as the foundation of how they view or interact
with the world around them. This emphasizes one of the most important purposes of a
paradigm, which is that it is comprised of beliefs and ideas that form a framework to
approach and engage with other things or people.
3. Mention 6 UN Millennium Development goals.
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education3.
Promote gender equality and empower women4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve
maternal health6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure
environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development
4. What is the basic difference between the Gandhiyan model and the Nehruvian
model?
5. What do you understand by the concept of Magic Multiplier?
Mass Media is called the magic multiplier as it can multiply the messages and reach a
number of people very fast. Wilbur Schramm (1964), in his book Mass Media and
National Development, argued that each person would have a requirement of
information about the work he would undertake. And there be millions of workers
would require information of various types.
The conventional channel of communication would never be able to meet this demand.
Therefore, modern communication technologies would be of great use to meet this
demand by multiplying the messages and reaching each and every worker
simultaneously.
6. What is sustainable development?
Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Examples of
Sustainable Development
Wind energy Solar energy Crop rotation Sustainable construction Efficient water fixtures
Green space Sustainable forestry
7. Explain the S curve with reference to the diffusion of innovation.
Rogers has extensively investigated since the 1950s how innovations diffuse in society,
and has introduced the notion of the S-curve, an S-shaped curve that shows how the
usage of innovation evolves in a population over time. The rate of spread starts off
slowly, accelerates through the mid range of the graph, and then slows down and levels
off, forming an S-shaped curve.
The S-shape is caused by the fact that the innovation – whether it’s a technology or a
pathogen – has first to come in from outside the social system, and that means
relatively few people are susceptible to begin with. Once the innovation is established
within the system, more and more people come into contact with it, and the rate of
spread increases. Eventually, so many members of the community have been affected
(adopted the innovation or caught the infection) that the system runs out of unaffected
members, and the rate of spread slows and eventually stops.
S-shaped curves have a critical ‘take off point’, at between 10% and 20% of the system,
where a sufficiently large number of people in the community have adopted (or been
infected) to make the rate of growth turn upward and continue climbing until the
system begins to run out of unaffected members.

8. What is Woods Triangle?

John L. Woods (1976) conceived a triangular nexus with three points: Knowledge
generators, political leaders, and development knowledge users, called Wood’s Triangle.
According to Woods, the role of Development Support Communication (DSC) is to link
all three elements in the development linkage triangle along with all the intermediate
user groups.
His emphasis is not only on pushing the information towards the target group but also
on taking into account the information-seeking pattern of the target audience and
integrating them into the development planning process.
9. What is participatory development?
Participatory development, or what is sometimes referred to as popular participation
may be defined as a process by which people take an active and influential hand in
shaping decisions that affect their lives. Popular participation may involve difficult and
long processes but brings many benefits: the contribution of local knowledge to; an
increased chance of objectives and outputs being relevant to perceived needs; greater
efficiency and honesty of officials and contractors because they are under public
scrutiny; “ownership” of the activity by community-based organizations. Through
empowerment, participation can also lead to changes in knowledge, skills and the
distribution of power across individuals and communities thus improving social equity. It
is introduced within the predetermined project framework. It is top-down participation
in the sense that the management of the project defines where, when, and how much
the people can participate.

10. What is inclusive development?

Inclusive development consists of ensuring that all marginalized and excluded
groups are stakeholders in development processes.
UNDP maintains that many groups are excluded from development because of
their gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, disability, or poverty. The
effects of such exclusion are rising levels of inequality around the world.
Development cannot effectively reduce poverty unless all groups contribute to
the creation of opportunities, share the benefits of development and
participate in decision-making1. The goal of inclusive development is to
achieve an inclusive society, able to accommodate differences and to value
diversity.
11. Explain the role of the media in development.
Media plays an important role in the development of communication through
the circulation of knowledge, providing a forum for discussion of issues,
teaching ideas, and skills for a better life, and creating a base of consensus for
stability of the state. From the early stages of the introduction of the media in
India, various attempts were made to exploit their potential for development
purposes. The history of development communication in India can be traced to
1940s when radio broadcast was done in different languages to promote
development communication through various programmes, like—Programs for
Rural Audience, Educational Programs and Family Welfare Programs. Today
television in our country is also used as a medium for social education, weapon
against ignorance and awareness among the people, through is difference
programs like Educational Television (ETV), Countrywide Classroom (CWC),
Teleconferencing etc. Experiments in Satellite technology has been conducted
in recent years to bring about Social change and development. This has been
done in the form of the SITE Program and Kheda Communication Projects.
New Technologies have also been put to serious use for development
communication. New technologies like mobile, website and internet are
interactive in nature. Interactivity, instant feedback, and persuasion capability
are used to rope in common person into the process of development. Today
government has different websites and call centers that provide instant
information or answers queries to questions of development.
Right from its inception, development communication has been pursued by all
kinds of media, both traditional and new.
12. Explain the role of NGOs in development communication.
13. What is ICT?
ICT (information communication technology or technologies) is an umbrella
term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing:
radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and
software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and
application associated with them, such as video conferencing and distance
learning.

ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICTs in education,

health care, or libraries. The term is somewhat more common outside of the
United States. According to the European Commission, the importance of ICTs
lies less in the technology itself than its ability to create greater access to
information and communication in undeserved populations. Many countries
around the world have established organizations for the promotion of ICTs,
because it is feared that unless less technologically advanced areas have a
chance to catch up, the increasing technological advances in developed nations
will only serve to exacerbate the already existing economic gap between
technological “have” and “have not” areas. Internationally, the United Nations
actively promotes ICTs for Development (ICTD4) as a means of bridging the
digital divide.

14. Explain the concept of e-governance.

It is established that E-governance is the application of information and
communication technologies to transform the efficiency, effectiveness,
transparency and accountability of informational and transactional exchanges
with in government, between government & govt. agencies of National, State,
Municipal and Local levels, citizen & businesses, and to empower citizens
through access & use of information (Mahapatra, 2006). Electronic governance
or E-governance is application of information and communication technology
(ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information,
communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems
between government to citizen (G2C), government-to-business
(G2B),government-to-government (G2G), government-to-employees (G2E) as
well as back-office processes and interactions within the entire government
framework. World Bank explained the E governance as the use by government
agencies of information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the
Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability to transform relations
with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. These technologies
can serve a variety of different ends better delivery of government services to
citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen
empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government
management. The resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased
transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and or cost reductions."
According to international organization, UNESCO, "Governance refers to the
exercise of political, economic and administrative authority in the
management of a country's affairs, including citizens' articulation of their
interests and exercise of their legal rights and obligations. E-Governance may
be understood as the performance of this governance via the electronic
medium in order to facilitate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of
disseminating information to the public, and other agencies, and for
performing government administration activities".
15.Write short notes on the following;
Site
Krishi Darshan
Kheda
Mnrega
16. What is development support communication? .
17. What is alternative development communication?
18. Explain the concept of empathy in Development communication.
19. What is a human development index?
20. How are gender and development connected?

Examples of women empowerment

Women empowerment has become one of the biggest movements in India
nowadays and many Indian women have proven to be the building blocks of
the movement. With their pure passion for their work and their good deeds,
they are very well a true inspiration for everyone. Most of them are known and
respected throughout the world and some of them are historical figures and
most definitely, all of them will be remembered forever. I myself take a lot of
inspiration from these empowering women and want each and every woman
in the world to know about them and be inspired by them. These 7 women are
truly role models for every woman in the world and we can all learn a lot from
them (Yes! Even the men). So, without further delay, let’s get started on the
list:

Mother Teresa
Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu is one of the biggest names in history. She is honored
in the roman catholic church as Saint Teresa. She is known for being one of the
most selfless human beings in the world because of her work in uplifting the
poor and understanding their hardships better by living with them. She even
received a Nobel prize for peace in 1979 for all the good deeds that she did.
She took her vows to become a nun in the year 1937 and sometime after that
she dedicated her life towards the betterment of the poor.
Indira Gandhi
Yet another prominent figure from the history books. Indira Gandhi is the only
female prime minister in the history of India and this says a lot about her. She
was a powerful, enthusiastic, and an empowering woman setting an example
with her run as the prime minister of India. At one time, she was even ousted
by her party [INC (Indian National Congress)], however, that didn’t stop her at
all. She created her own party and led many in her favor. A true example of an
inspirational woman.
Kalpana Chawla
Kalpana Chawla was a true example of bravery as she was the first Indian
woman to go into space. She was from Karnal, Haryana and later moved to
America to work for NASA. Unfortunately, her space shuttle disintegrated
while landing back on earth and she passed away. The story of her excellence
and bravery is still remembered by everyone and inspires every woman in the
world.
Indra Nooyi
Indra Nooyi set an example by becoming the CEO of the second biggest
organization in the world. She was a brilliant student and she graduated from
IIM Kolkata and Yale School Of Management. She stepped away from the
position of the CEO of PepsiCo and joined the board of directors of Amazon,
the biggest company in e-commerce. She has consistently been mentioned in
the list of the most powerful women in the world. 
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
Miss World 1994 Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is one of the most beautiful women
in the world. Most of the other competitors in the Miss World 1994 contest
stepped out and nobody wanted to compete with her mesmerizing beauty.
Then she made her way to Bollywood and won many hearts with her amazing
acting skills. She loves to be a part of many charities such as polio camps and
eye donation. Madame Tussauds in London has a wax statue made in the
honor of her beauty.
Priyanka Chopra
The second Miss World on the list, Priyanka Chopra is one of the biggest names
in the world today. Since the time she won the Miss World contest held in
2000, her success has been non-stop. Recently she has been making waves all
over the world with her success as the lead of the American TV show,
Quantico. She even played the role of the next woman in the list in her biopic
titled 'Mary Kom'. The movie was amazing and the story sure does spell
‘women empowerment’. Priyanka's role in 'Mary Kom' was appreciated by
audience as well as critics.
Mary Kom
One of the strongest women in the world, Mary Kom is a true example of
excellence. The title ‘Magnificent Mary’ has been given to her for a reason. She
went on to become the World Amateur Boxing champion for a record six
times. She was the first female boxer from India to win a gold in the 2014 Asian
Games and another gold in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Mary Kom is an
inspiration for women all over the world. Her biopic titled 'Mary Kom' starring
another woman on this list (Priyanka Chopra) was released in 2014 and
Priyanka's role in that movie perfectly portrayed her as well as Mary Kom's
greatness.
Early majority in development communication or diffusion of innovation
Members of the early majority category will adopt new ideas just before the
average member of a social system.  They interact frequently with peers, but
are not often found holding leadership positions.  As the link between very
early adopters and people late to adopt, early majority adopters play an
important part in the diffusion process.  Their innovation-decision time is
relatively longer than innovators and early adopters, since they deliberate
some time before completely adopting a new idea.  Seldom leading, early
majority adopters willingly follow in adopting innovations (Rogers, 1971). 

Who develop Dominant paradyme with examples

Paulo Freire (2008) defined four major levels of dominant paradigm: Paulo
Freire (2008) defined four major levels of dominant paradigm: ♦ Cultural level,
Technocratic level, ♦ Political level, ♦ Economic level.
Rogers (1960) called this the “dominant paradigm” of development as it
exercised a dominant influence in the field of development. The emphasis of
this model was that development could be achieved by increased productivity,
economic growth and industrialization, through heavy industries, capital
intensive technologies, urbanization, centralized planning. Development was
measured by gross national product (GNP), total or per capita income. There
was a shift from a static, agricultural, primitive and rigid society to a dynamic,
industrialized, urbanized and socially mobile nation.

Daniel Lerner and Wilbur Schramm (1964) supported the dominant paradigm

and
advocated automation and technology for development and change.  They
made significant contributions in identifying the role of communication for
technological development.  The development community argued that the
case of underdevelopment in the developing countries was not due to external
causes but due to internal causes present within the nation and the individual
as well as within the social structure.

Lerner and Schramm stressed that the individual was to be blamed to the

extent that he was resistant to change and modernization, whereas Rogers,
Bordenave and Beltran (1976) argued that the social structural constraints like
government bureaucracy, top-heavy land tenure system, caste, exploitative
linkages, etc. were to be blamed.

Lerner pointed that since the individual was identified as the cause of
underdevelopment, he was also the starting point to bring about social change.
The
modernization of the individual‟s traditional values became the priority task.
Rogers pointed that no effort was made to change the social structure though
it had been identified as of the causes of underdevelopment.

Lerner identified four indices of development: industrialization, literacy, media

exposure and political participation. People have to be mobile, empathetic,and
participatory for development. Lerner (1958) suggested that media exposure,
political participation and developing psychic empathy are necessary for
development.   Modern society is a participant society and it works by
consensus.
Who first discussed sustainable development?

When Akash Vani & Door Darshan established in India?

Akash Vani had started in the year 1936, Delhi.

Door Darshan has started on 15th Sept, 1959.

National Knowledge Network

National Knowledge Network (NKN) project is aimed at establishing a strong

and robust Indian network which will be capable of providing secure and
reliable connectivity. Globally, frontier research and innovation are shifting
towards multidisciplinary and collaborative paradigm and require substantial
communication and computational power. In India, NKN with its multi-gigabit
capability aims to connect all universities, research institutions, libraries,
laboratories, healthcare and agricultural institutions across the country to
address such paradigm shift. The leading mission-oriented agencies in the
fields of nuclear, space and defence research are also part of NKN. By
facilitating the flow of information and knowledge, the network addresses the
critical issue of access and creates a new paradigm of collaboration to enrich
the research efforts in the country. The network design is based on a proactive
approach that takes into account the future requirements and new possibilities
that this infrastructure may unfold, both in terms of usage and perceived
benefits. This will bring about a knowledge revolution that will be instrumental
in transforming society and promoting inclusive growth.

Diffusion of Innovation

Diffusion research examines how ideas are spread among groups of

people.  Diffusion goes beyond the two-step flow theory, centering on
the conditions that increase or decrease the likelihood that an
innovation, a new idea, product or practice, will be adopted by members
of a given culture.  In multi-step diffusion, the opinion leader still exerts a
large influence on the behavior of individuals, called adopters, but there
are also other intermediaries between the media and the audience's
decision-making.  One intermediary is the change agent, someone who
encourages an opinion leader to adopt or reject an innovation (Infante,
Rancer, & Womack, 1997). 
Example:
Well, it's a model that explains how new ideas and technologies pass through a
culture, but think about what that means. Human history is chock full of
innovation. Around 3500 BCE, people in Mesopotamia developed the first true
systems of writing, and that innovation slowly spread around the
Mediterranean through trade. Around the year 100 CE, the Chinese created
paper, and again the innovation spread across trade routes, being absorbed
into nearly every culture it touched.