Developed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a textbook according

to the National Curriculum 2022 for Class Nine from the academic year 2024

English
Class Nine

(Experimental Version)

Writers & Editors

Rubaiyat Jahan
Bijoy Lal Basu
Md. Abdul Karim
Azran Azmee Kafia
Md Shahnawaz Khan Chandan
Shakina Akter
Atia Naz
Mohammad Kamal Hossain
Md. Nasir Uddin

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh

 Published by
National Curriculum and Textbook Board
69-70 Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka-1000

[All rights reserved by National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh]

Published: December 2023

Art direction
Monjur Ahmed

Illustration & Cover

Najmun Nahar Keya

Graphic Design
Noor-E-Elahi
K.M. Yusuf Ali

For Free Distribution by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

Printed by:
 PREFACE
In this ever-changing world, the concept of life and livelihood is changing every moment. This
process of change has been accelerated due to the advancement of technology. There is no
alternative to adapting to this fast changing world as technology is changing rapidly ever than
before. In the era of fourth industrial revolution, the advancement of artificial intelligence has
brought about drastic changes in our employment and lifestyles that will make the relationship
among people more and more intimate. Various employment opportunities will be created in near
future which we cannot even predict at this moment. We need to take preparation right now so
that we can adapt ourselves to that coming future.
Although a huge economic development has taken place throughout the world, problems like
climate change, air pollution, migrations and ethnic violence have become much more intense
nowadays. The breakouts of pandemics like COVID 19 have crippled the normal lifestyle and
economic growth of the world. Thus, different challenges as well as opportunities, have been
added to our daily life.
Standing amid the array of challenges and potentials, sustainable and effective solutions are
required to transform our large population into a resource. It entails global citizens with knowledge,
skill, values, vision, positive attitude, sensitivity, adaptability, humanism and patriotism. Amidst
all these, Bangladesh has graduated into a developing nation from the underdeveloped periphery
and is continuously trying to achieve the desired goals in order to become a developed country
by 2041. Education is one of the most crucial instruments to attain the goals. Hence, there is no
alternative to the transformation of our education system. This transformation calls for developing
an effective and updated curriculum.
Developing and updating the curriculum is a routine and important activity of National Curriculum
and Textbook Board. The curriculum was last revised in 2012. Since then, more than a decade
has elapsed. Therefore, there was a need for curriculum revision and development. With this
view, various research and technical studies were conducted under NCTB from 2017 to 2019 to
analyze the current state of education and identify the learning needs. Based on the researches and
technical studies, a competency-based and seamless curriculum from K−12 has been developed
to create a competent generation capable of surviving in the new world situation.
Under the framework of this competency based curriculum, the textbooks have been prepared for all
streams (General, Madrasah and Vocational) of learners for Class Nine. The authentic experience-
driven contents of this textbook were developed with a view to making learning comprehensible
and enjoyable. This will connect the textbooks with various life related phenomenon and events
that are constantly taking place around us. It is expected that, through this, learning will be much
more insightful and lifelong.
In developing the textbooks, due importance has been given to all − irrespective of gender,
ethnicity, religion and caste while the needs of the disadvantaged and special children are taken
into special considerations.
I would like to thank all who have put their best efforts in writing, editing, revising, illustrating
and publishing the textbook.
If any errors or inconsistencies in this experimental version are found or if there is any suggestions
for further improvement of this textbook, you are requested to let us know.
Professor Md. Farhadul Islam
Chairman
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh
Dear Student,
Welcome to your new class! As you have started a fresh journey in this
class, you must be excited to have a new English textbook. This book
has been developed to facilitate your English language learning. The
book offers ample opportunities to engage in fun and interesting activities
while practising your English. It contains activities such as playing games,
reading/telling stories, listening to/reciting poems, talking with friends and
peers, writing posters, and drawing pictures to give you an engaging and
enjoyable learning experience.
The book aims to ensure your personalised learning. Almost all the
language learning tasks and experiences provided in the book are intended
as classroom-based activities. Therefore, if you use this textbook regularly
in classrooms during school time, you won’t be required to do additional
tasks at home.
Finally, the book provides enough opportunities to work with your friends/
peers while engaging in your classroom activities. Moreover, you will also
get opportunities to monitor your progress as well as the progress made by
your peers.
Wishing you a joyous and productive year ahead.
 Contents
Serial Experience Page
no.
1 Opinion Matters 1 - 17

2 Nature’s Tapestry 18 - 26

3 The Sense of Beauty 27 - 47

4 Tones in Statements 48 - 60
Expressing a Solution to a
5 Problem 61 - 77
The Art of Expressing
6 Comparisons 78 - 96
The Power of Inclusive
7 Language 97 - 108

8 Imaginations 109 - 117

A Journey through Explanatory
9 Texts 118 - 127
Understanding a Cause and
10 Exploring its Effects 128 - 139

11 The Last Leaf 140 - 160

12 Macbeth 161 - 191

13 Appendix 192 - 211

 Opinion Matters
1.1.1 Look at the following images, and in pairs/groups, discuss what they
depict (facts). Afterwards, discuss what you would have done if you
were present in those special moments. Later, share your responses
with the class. (One is done for you.)
নিচের ছনিগুচ�ো দেচ�ো এিং এই ছনিগুচ�োচে কী দে�োচিো হচেচছ েো দ�োড়োে িো েচ� আচ�োেিো
কচরো। দেই নিচেষ মুহুেগুগুচ�োচে তুনি উপনথিে থোকচ� কী করচে েো আচ�োেিো কচরো। দেোিোর
উত্তর দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো। (একটি উত্তর দেোিোর �ন্য কচর দেওেো হচ�ো।)

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Image: 1

1
 Opinion Matters

Image: 2
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Image: 3

2
 English

Image: 4
Image: 1
The fact: This illustration depicts the mangrove forests. These mangrove forests are
usually grown in saline, muddy and partially waterlogged areas. Due to the saline
soil, the roots of these forest trees are quite scattered and cannot go deep into the soil.
Indonesia, Brazil, Australia, and Niger account for 43% of the world’s mangrove
forests. Located in Bangladesh, the Sundarbans is the single largest mangrove forest
in the world and is recognized by the world as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

My thoughts on the mangrove forest: Personally, I find these different and unique
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forests a rare creation of nature. It protects us from many natural disasters. We need to
protect our Sundarbans by any means. Also, the mangrove forest inspires me to fight
against all odds and make my own place in the world.

3
 Opinion Matters

Image: 2
The fact:

My thoughts on it:

Image: 3
The fact:
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4
 English

My thoughts on it:

Image: 4
The fact:

My thoughts on it:

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5
 Opinion Matters
1.2.1 Now, read the following texts. Then, in pairs/ groups, list the facts
described in the texts and the writers’ opinions on the topic . Then,
write about how the writers’ opinions influence your thoughts.
Finally, share it with the class.
নিচের text গুচ�ো পচড়ো েোরপচর দ�োড়োে িো েচ� text-এ িনি গুে ঘটিো (facts) এিং দ��চকর
িেোিচের (opinions) একটি েোন�কো তেনর কচরো। দ��চকর িেোিে নকভোচি দেোিোর ভোিিোচক
প্রভোনিে করচছ েো দ�চ�ো। েিচেচষ দেোিোর দ��োটি দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

Text-1

As Bangalees Bangabandhu’s speech at the United Nations Assembly is a matter

of great pride for us. On September 25th 1974, Bangabandhu delivered his historic
speech during the 29th session of the United Nations General Assembly, just a week
after, Bangladesh became a member of the UN. The president of the UN welcomed
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to address the General Assembly. He started
his speech by saying, “Today as I stand before this Assembly, I share with you
profound satisfaction that the 75 million people of Bangladesh are now represented
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in this Parliament of Man…” This speech is remarkable in the history of Bangladesh

for primarily two reasons. Firstly, it marked the first time a speech was delivered in
Bangla at the UN. Secondly, it introduced fresh ideas and policies aimed at building a
brave new world, free of economic inequalities, social injustice, military aggression and
threats of nuclear war.

6
 English

Text 2

Wonders of Egypt!

How the Pyramids at Giza were built is one of Egypt’s biggest mysteries. These
monumental tombs are relics of Egypt’s Old Kingdom era and were constructed
approximately 4,500 years ago. The Pyramids were constructed throughout Ancient
Egyptian history as a means for Pharaohs to display their power. It was believed that a
Pharaoh was a semi-divine being who ruled on Earth during life and then transitioned into
an afterlife amongst the gods.
In the picture above, all three of Giza’s renowned pyramids and their intricate burial
complexes were constructed from around 2550 to 2490 B.C. These pyramids were
built by Pharaohs Khufu (tallest), Khafre (in the background), and Menkaure (in the
front). The pyramid of Khufu is the largest among the three pyramids at Giza and
holds the record for the world’s largest stone structure, standing over 480 feet high.
It was constructed during the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu, the second Pharaoh of the
fourth dynasty. The second largest pyramid at Giza is that of Khufu’s son, Khafra. The
renowned Sphinx statue is believed to have been constructed to honour and resemble
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the Pharaoh Khafra, and it stands beside his pyramid. The third and smallest of the
main pyramids at Giza belongs to another Pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, Menkaure. It
stands at just over 200 feet height. Each of these pyramids forms the centre of its own
complex of structures, including smaller tombs, chambers, work camps and cemeteries
for lesser elites.

7
 Opinion Matters

Text 3

Endangered Animals of Bangladesh

Wildlife in Bangladesh is the major attraction for the tourism sector in the country.
This has led to many government initiatives aimed at protecting these populations from
further decline. The banteng, hispid hare, and Asian elephant are mainly threatened by
poaching and hunting. If their populations are not monitored and guarded, they may
soon become extinct.

Asian Elephant
The trunk of the Asian elephant is believed to contain up to 60,000 muscles. It is used
by the elephant for dusting, breathing, feeding, washing, and grasping among other
functions. The elephant has smooth skin, is grey in colour, and has an average weight
of 2.7 tons for females and 4 tons for males. Asian elephants are mainly found in
Chattogram Hills of Bangladesh, an area less accessible to humans. As a result, human-
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elephant conflicts are few in this region. The primary threat to the Asian elephant’s
existence is habitat loss due to the increasing human population. Additionally, elephants
face poaching threats as they are hunted for ivory, food, and leather.

8
 English
You can list your responses in the following grid.

How writers’ opinions

Writers’ opinions
Fact influenced me to develop my
regarding the text
opinion about the text
Text-1 As Bangalees, Here, the writer’s opinions
It was 25th September Bangabandhu’s make my understanding
1974, Bangabandhu speech at the that the speech is extremely
gave his historic United Nations important in the history of
speech in the 29th Assembly is a Bangladesh. Most importantly,
session of the United matter of great the writer’s opinions
Nations General pride for us. regarding the speech help me
Assembly just after to understand the positive tone
a week Bangladesh of the text.
became a member of
the UN.

Text-2

Text-3

1.3.1 Let’s read the following note to know more about ‘Facts and
Opinions’.
নিচের note-টি পনড় এিং ‘facts এিং opinions’-েম্পচকগু আচরো নকছু �োনি।
Note
Facts and Opinions
An important part of reading comprehension is determining a fact and an opinion in a
text. The difference between facts and opinions is essential, especially when working
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to support an argument in an essay. Facts are statements that can be objectively proven,
while opinions reflect personal and subjective feelings. For instance, when writing
about a story someone might write something like: “The author did an awesome job
writing about the main character.” However, this statement would be an opinion because
the idea that the author’s job was “awesome” is subjective and may vary depending on
9
 Opinion Matters
the reader.

Instead, the same person might write something like: “The author used several
metaphors to describe the main character effectively.” This would be a fact because the
writer would be able to point out metaphors in the text that prove this.

When we read a text, it is not always easy to distinguish between facts and opinions. To
identify them, we need to read the passage sentence by sentence and ask two questions:
1. Can the statement be proven to be true or false?
2. Does the statement express the author’s personal beliefs, ideas, or emotions
about the topic?
If the answer to the first question is “it cannot be proven,” and the answer to the second
is “it does,” then the statement is an opinion. On the other hand, if the answer to the
first question is “it can be proven,” and the answer to the second is “it doesn’t,” then
the statement is a fact.
You can also look for certain cues to distinguish between facts and opinions in a text:
Authors often use the following ways to write a fact:
• The research confirms…
• It is recently discovered that/ Recent findings reveal that…
• “According to [source]”
are usually followed by a fact. However, it can also introduce an opinion. It is important
to know that the source of the fact should be credible and trustworthy.
Conversely, authors use the following clues to give their opinions:
• I think, I believe, I feel, In my opinion, Some people think, My friends think, My
parents think, Some people claim/argue, He/she claims/argues
• Adjectives like always/never, awful/wonderful, beautiful/ugly, better/best/worst,
delicious/disgusting, enjoyable/favorite, for/against, good/bad, inferior/superior,
oppose/support, terrible/unfair, worthwhile
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Learning to tell facts and opinions is one of the most important skills. It not only helps
us to analyse information and distinguish between facts and opinions, but it also assists
us in choosing reliable sources and making our independent decisions. This skill reflects
your critical thinking ability and makes you more reading capable.

10
 English
In our daily lives, not everything that we hear or read is always true. We need to learn
how to identify what is true and what is not. Therefore, it is important to be able to
tell the differences between facts and opinions and decide what to believe and what
is simply someone’s viewpoint. This helps us resist attempts to influence, persuade,
or pressure us. Ultimately, separating fact from opinion is central to understanding
information thoughtfully.

1.3.2 Now, read the note on ‘Facts and Opinions’ again and choose the
suitable characteristics from the following list and arrange them in
the two columns below. Afterwards, share your ideas.
এ�ি, ঘটিো (facts) এিং িেোিে (opinions) নিষেক note-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং নিচের
েোন�কো দথচক এচের যথোযথ তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো িোছোই কচর নিচের েোরনিচে েো�োও। এরপর facts
and opinions েম্পচকগু দেোিোর ধোরিো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

Characteristics
• Always true and can be proven
• An expression of belief about something
• Rely on observation or research
• Based on assumptions
• Has credible sources like research, newspaper etc.
• The source of the information may be the teacher, mother etc.
• To me, walking is the best way to visit a new place
• My mother has a driving licence
• Universal
• Varies from one person to the next
• Debateable
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• Has the power to influence or persuade others

• According to ‘The New Nation’ the literacy rate…….
• Supported by evidence
11
 Opinion Matters
• Involves our physical senses, like hearing, seeing, smelling, touching,
or tasting
Add numbers as many as you need.

Fact Opinion

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5… 5...

1.3.3 Read the following texts. Then, discuss in pairs/groups to identify the
facts and opinions in the texts. Afterwards, write down the strategies
you used to distinguish between facts and opinions. Finally, express
how the writer’s opinions influence your thoughts and opinions
about the topics.
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নিচের text গুচ�ো পচড়ো। েোরপর দ�োড়োে িো েচ� আচ�োেিো কচর ঘটিো (fact) এিং িেোিে
(opinion) নেননিে কচরো। এরপর fact এিং opinion আ�োেো কচর দেিোর দকৌে�গুচ�ো দ�চ�ো।
েিচেচষ আচ�োেট্য নিষে (topic) েম্পচকগু দেোিোর িেোিেচক দ��চকর িেোিে কীভোচি প্রভোনিে
কচরচছ েো প্রকোে কচরো।

12
 English

Text 1

The 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature was

awarded to the American author Ernest
Hemingway (1899–1961) for his mastery
of the art of narrative, demonstrated in
‘The Old Man and the Sea’, and for
the influence that he has exerted on
contemporary style. Unwilling to travel
to Stockholm, after two nearly fatal plane
crashes, Hemingway asked John C. Cabot,
the United States Ambassador to Sweden
at the time, to read his acceptance speech.
This acceptance speech is considered one of
the best ever. This is what he wrote-

“Having no facility for speech-making and no command of oratory nor any domination
of rhetoric, I wish to thank the administrators of the generosity of Alfred Nobel for this
Prize.
No writer who knows the great writers who did not receive the Prize can accept it other
than with humility. There is no need to list these writers. Everyone here may make his
own list according to his knowledge and his conscience.
It would be impossible for me to ask the Ambassador of my country to read a speech
in which a writer said all of the things which are in his heart. Things may not be
immediately discernible in what a man writes, and in this sometimes he is fortunate,
but eventually, they are quite clear and by these and the degree of alchemy that he
possesses he will endure or be forgotten.
Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer’s
loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he
sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if
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he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day.
For a true writer, each book should be a new beginning where he tries again for
something that is beyond attainment. He should always try for something that has
never been done or that others have tried and failed. Then sometimes, with great luck,
he will succeed.
13
 Opinion Matters
How simple the writing of literature would be if it were only necessary to write in
another way what has been well written. It is because we have had such great writers
in the past that a writer is driven far out past where he can go, out to where no one can
help him.
I have spoken too long for a writer. A writer should write what he has to say and not
speak it. Again, I thank you.”

Text 2

Theodore Roosevelt is best known as the twenty-

sixth President of the United States, but this dynamic,
multi-talented, charismatic man became a hero to
millions of Americans for many other reasons.
Theodore Roosevelt gave his “Citizenship in
a Republic Speech” on April 23, 1910, at the
Sorbonne in Paris. The speech is famous for
Roosevelt’s thoughts about the duties and
responsibilities of both the state to citizens and
citizens to the state. The speech emphasizes
the importance of action and striving towards
worthy goals in life over idle criticism, laziness
and inaction. A country’s success, Roosevelt
stated, depends on disciplined work and character,
and democracies require leaders of the best character
to hold all citizens to the highest standards. This is what
he said:

“It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles,
or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man
who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who
strives valiantly; who errs, and comes short again and again because there is no effort
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without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who
knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy
cause; who at the best knows, in the end, the triumph of high achievement, and who at
the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be
with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat.”

14
 English
You can list your responses in the following grid. (One is done for you.)

নিচের েোরনিচে দেোিোর িেোিেগুচ�ো েোন�চে ন��চে পোচরো।

How the writer’s

The strategies
opinions
you have used
Fact Opinion influence your
to separate facts
feelings/opinions/
and opinions
thoughts etc.

1. The 1954 Organizations for The writer used- The writer’s

Nobel Prize in writers palliate I doubt which opinion has
Literature was the writer’s means the writer positively
awarded to loneliness but has shared his influenced my
the American I doubt if they own opinion. thoughts.
author Ernest improve his
Hemingway writing.
(1899–1961).

2.

3.

4.

5.
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6.

15
 Opinion Matters
1.4.1 Read the following story of Farid. Then, in pairs/groups, identify
the underlined sentences as facts or opinions. Also, discuss why you
think they are facts or opinions. Later, share your responses with
the class.
ফনরে েম্পচকগু নিচের গল্পটি পচড়ো। েোরপর দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের িোকট্যগুচ�োচক facts অথিো
opinions নহচেচি নেননিে কচরো। দেোিোর িচে দকচিো দেগুচ�ো facts অথিো opinions েোও
আচ�োেিো কচরো। পচর দরেনিচে েো দেেোর কচরো।
Touch a New Height
Courage is the ability to take action even in the face of fear. We all need courage
to start pursuing our goals. Being courageous in our life empowers us to chase our
dreams and strengthen our belief in our capabilities despite fear. One example is Farid.
Farid and his friends used to climb mountains whenever they get opportunities. This
time they decided to climb Keokradong. Following the plan, one day they reached the
famous mountain spot in the Keokradong and were surprised to see many people
climbing the mountains. Like others, Farid and his friends started putting on mountain
climbing gear and began climbing. In no time, they reached the hilltop. After reaching
there, his friends chose to camp, but Farid was drawn to climb another mountain. He
thought that climbing to the next hill will be fun and challenging instead of camping
here. So, he proposed to his friends to climb, but they refused because they found the
path difficult. Farid took this as a challenge and went alone towards climbing the
peak. Two hours later, he reached the top of the hill. People who were already there
greeted him with applause.
Farid was thrilled to have climbed the peak. He admired the beautiful views of nature
from the top. He thought about his friends and had a conversation with a boy his age.
He asked him, “While climbing this peak, I felt it was not so difficult. Then why only
a handful of people here? If people could climb the below peak, they can climb here
also if they put in some effort.” He replied, “Most people in the crowd right there
are happy with what they find easy. They never think that they have the potential
to achieve more. Even people who are not happy there do not want to take any risk.
They think if they take risks, they will lose what they already have. But to reach a new
peak, we need to put in our effort. Many of them do not show any courage, and they
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remain part of the crowd the whole life. And keep complaining about the handful of
courageous people and call them lucky.”
Farid agreed that it’s the courage and effort that make someone out of the crowd.

16
 English
1.4.2 Let’s write our own passage!
Take a look at the following
topics and choose one for you.
Then, write two passages on
the same topic – one has to be
fact-based and another one
has to be opinion-based. You
can search online sources,
newspapers, magazines and
news for the facts related to your
chosen topic. Later, share your
writings with your group and
make necessary edits. Finally,
present your writing in the class
and invite teachers and students
to read the passages and add their
opinions.

েচ�ো আিরো নিচ� একটি অনুচছেে ন�ন�!

নিচের আচ�োেট্য নিষেগুচ�ো দেচ�ো এিং এগুচ�ো
দথচক দযচকোচিো একটি দিচছ িোও। েোরপর এই
একই topic এর উপর দুটি অনুচছেে (passage)
দ�চ�ো যোর একটি হচি fact based অন্যটি opinion
based। দেোিোর দিচছ দিেো নিষে (topic) েংনলিষ্ট fact
েংগ্রচহর �ন্য তুনি online উৎে, পনরিকো, ম্োগোন�ি, অথিো
অন্য দকোচিো উৎে দিচছ নিচে পোচরো। পচর দ��োটি দেোিোর েচ�র
েোচথ দেেোর কচরো এিং প্রচেো�িীে েম্পোেিো কচর িোও। েিচেচষ দ��োটি
দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো। নেক্ষক ও ছোরিচেরচক েো পড়চে িচ�ো এিং েোচের িেোিে
দেোিোর দ��োে যুক্ত কচরো।
Topics
• Impacts of Technology on Students
• Online or Offline Class
• Students’ Responsibility towards Community
• Human Activities that Affect the Environment
•
Academic Year 2024

Your Relationship with Your Parents

• The Influence of Women In your Community

New Words: procession, profound, initiatives, poaching, additionally, intricate,

inaugurate, immense, distinguish, demonstrate, contemporary.

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 Nature’s Tapestry
2.1.1 Look at the following illustrations and describe them in your own
words. Also, write how you feel on those situations.
নিচের ছনিগুচ�ো দেচ�ো এিং নিচ�র ভোষোে িি গুিো কচরো। এেি পনরনথিনেচে তুনি দকিি দিোধ কচরো
েোও দ�চ�ো।

1. A rainy day
Academic Year 2024

18
 English
2. A foggy winter morning

3. A stormy night

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 Nature’s Tapestry

Your Description Your Feelings

2.1.2 Ask and answer the following questions in pairs. Then, share your
responses with the class.
দ�োড়োে নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো। দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

a) Do you love nature?

b) Have you read any poem on nature?

c) How does the poet depict nature in the poem?

d) Does he use any literary elements like rhyming scheme, images or

metaphor to describe nature?

e) Do you think the use of literary elements make the poem interesting?
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 English
2.2.1 Let’s imagine a nature walk. It’s a group work and it can be done
beyond the school time. To do that let’s follow the steps given below:
েচ�ো কল্পিোে প্রকৃনেচে একটু হাঁটি। এটি ে�ীে কো�, এটো স্কু� েিচের িোইচর করো দযচে পোচর।
কো�টি করোর �ন্য েচ�ো নিচের ধোপগুচ�ো অনুেরি কনর।

Step 1: Imagine that you are taking a nature walk in a big green park with your
friends.
Step 2: Open your mind’s eye and observe everything around you. Try to feel the
open sky, big trees, sounds of the nature and the blue crystal water of the lake.
Step 3: Now, open your eyes and write down your feelings and experience that you
have gained during the nature walk.
Step 4: Each group will sit in a circle and discuss the notes they took by observing
the nature. Then, they prepare the first draft of a composition on their
experience of that nature walk. You can further discuss the following question
before you start writing:
i) How did the environment around you make you feel?
ii) Did it evoke any specific emotions or memories?
iii) Were there any moments during the walk when you felt a strong
connection to nature? Describe those moments.
iv) How do you think spending time in nature can influence our well-being
and perspective on life?
Share your feelings in groups and compile all the feelings on a notebook.

Step 5: Finally, share it with other groups.

2.3.1 Read the poem. Before that read the note on the poet.
কনিেোটি পচড়ো। পড়োর পূচি গু কনি েম্পচকগু note-টি পচড়ো।
Academic Year 2024

Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809–1892) was a renowned British poet. He became famous
for writing about love, nature and emotions. Now, let’s read one of his famous poems
on nature ‘Crossing the Bar’.

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 Nature’s Tapestry

Crossing the Bar

Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,

But such a tide as moving seems asleep,

Too full for sound and foam,
When that which drew from out the boundless deep
Turns again home.

Twilight and evening bell,

And after that the dark!
And may there be no sadness of farewell,
When I embark;
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For tho› from out our bourne of Time and Place

The flood may bear me far,
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have cross’d the bar.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
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 English
2.3.2 Now, Read the following summary of the poem for your better
understanding and answer the following questions.
‘Crossing the Bar’ কনিেোটি ভোচ�ো কচর বুঝোর �ন্য নিচের েোরিিগুটি পচড়ো এিং প্রশ্নগুচ�োর
উত্তর েোও।
In the poem, the poet talks about death and the journey into the afterlife. Here,
he uses symbols from nature like sunset, evening star, sea, tide, foam, twilight,
evening bell, and flood to explain his feelings and ideas. Besides, if you read
carefully, you can understand that like others, the poet also expresses his desire
to cross the bar between life and death without sorrowful farewells. The poem
accepts the truth that we have to leave this world, and he wishes to be calm and
peaceful in the face of mortality.
a) What is the poem about?
b) Have you found any symbols in the poem? If yes, what are those?
c) What do the symbols ‘sunset and evening’ and ‘clear call’ mean in the
poem?
d) Do you think symbol helps the poet express his ideas in a better way? If
yes, explain with an example.

2.3.3 Read the poem. Before that read the note on the poet.
কনিেোটি পচড়ো। পড়োর পূচি গু কনি েম্পচকগু note টি পচড়ো।

John Keats (1795–1821) was a celebrated English Romantic poet

known for his poetry and tragic life. His poems are renowned for
their sensual imagery and exploration of beauty and mortality. Due to
tuberculosis, this celebrated poet died at the age of 25. His untimely
death robbed literature of a gifted poet whose work continues to
captivate readers worldwide.
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 Nature’s Tapestry

On the Grasshopper and Cricket

The Poetry of earth is never dead:
When all the birds are faint with the hot sun,
And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run
From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;
That is the Grasshopper’s—he takes the lead
In summer luxury,—he has never done
With his delights; for when tired out with fun
He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.
The poetry of earth is ceasing never:
On a lone winter evening, when the frost
Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills
The Cricket’s song, in warmth increasing ever,
And seems to one in drowsiness half lost,
The Grasshopper’s among some grassy hills.
by John Keats
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24
 English
2.3.4 Now, in groups, read the poem again and match the sound images
(auditory imagery) in column A with their descriptions in column B.
কনিেোটি েচ� আিোর পচড়ো এিং A ক�োচি দেেো ধ্বনিকল্প (sound images) গুচ�োর েচগে B
ক�োচি দেেো িি গুিোগুচ�ো নি� কচরো।।
Column A Column B

a) a voice will run / From hedge to i) Creates a visual image of birds seeking
hedge about the new-mown mead refuge from the hot sun in the shade of trees.

b) there shrills / The Cricket’s song, ii) Creates a sense of heat and warmth from
in warmth increasing ever the sun’s intensity.

iii) This line suggests the sound of a voice

traveling from one hedge to another. The lines
c) hide in cooling trees
have created an auditory image of movement
and communication.

iv) Suggests the cold and frosty atmosphere of

d) faint with the hot sun
winter.

v) The word “shrills” and the mention of the

e) lonely winter evening, when the Cricket’s song evoke the auditory experience
frost of the sound the Cricket makes, which adds to
the imagery of warmth and increasing sound.

2.4.1 Now, select a poem (in Bangla or English) from your textbook or
any other book that displays the beauty of nature. Then in groups,
identify the images that can be visualized, heard and sensed in
the poem. Then, describe how the images contribute to making a
connection between you and nature. Finally, share your responses
with the class.
দেোিোর পোঠ্যিই (িোং�ো অথিো ইংচরন�) অথিো অন্য দকোচিো িই দথচক প্রকৃনের দেৌন্দর্যগু তুচ� ধচর
Academic Year 2024

এিি একটি কনিেো দিচছ িোও। েচ�, কনিেোে থোকো দেই েক� image নেননিে কচরো দযগুচ�ো তুনি
দে�চে, শুিচে এিং অনূভি করচে দপচরচছো। েোরপর image গুচ�ো নকভোচি দেোিোচক প্রকৃনের
েোচথ েম্পকগু থিোপি করচে ভূনিকো রো�চছ েো িি গুিো কচরো। দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে
দেেোর কচরো।

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 Nature’s Tapestry
To support you for this, here is an example:
এই ব্োপোচর দেোিোচক েোহোর্য করোর �ন্য এ�োচি একটি উেোহরি দেওেো হচ�ো:

আিোচের দছোট িেী

– রিীন্দ্রিোথ ঠোকুর

আিোচের দছোট িেী েচ� িাঁচক িাঁচক,

তিেো� িোচে েোর হাঁটু�� থোচক।
পোর হচে যোে গরু, পোর হে গোনড়,
দুই ধোর উঁচু েোর, ঢোলু েোর পোনড়।
নেকনেক কচর িোন�, দকোথো িোই কোেো,
এক ধোচর কোেিি ফুচ� ফুচ� েোেো।
নকনেনিনে কচর দেথো েোন�চকর ঝাঁক,
রোচে ওচঠ দথচক দথচক দেেোচ�র হাঁক।
েীচর েীচর দছচ�চিচে িোনহিোর কোচ�
গোিছোে �� ভনর গোচে েোরো ঢোচ�।
েকোচ� নিকোচ� কভু িোওেো হচ� পচর
আঁেচ� ছাঁনকেো েোরো দছোট িোছ ধচর।
আষোচে িোে� িোচি, িেী ভচরো ভচরো,
িোনেেো ছুটিেো েচ� ধোরো �রের।
দুই কূচ� িচি িচি পচড় যোে েোড়ো,
Academic Year 2024

িরষোর উৎেচি দ�চগ ওচঠ পোড়ো।

New words: anticipation, symbolize, gesture, transition, serenity, mortality, evocative, abandoned,
captivate, explanation, distract, impression, progression, collapse, professional, fundamental, compassion.

26
 English

The Sense of Beauty

3.1.1 Look at the advertisements for the package tours given below. In
groups, make a choice of a package tour that you are going to take if
you are asked to. Then, ask and answer the following questions.
নিচে দেওেো প্োচক� টুট্যচরর নিজ্োপিগুচ�ো দেচ�ো। যনে দেোিোচক দযচে ি�ো হে, েচ� আচ�োেিো
কচর তুনি যোচছেো এিি একটি প্োচক� টুট্যর দিচছ িোও। এরপর নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো।

Sajek Valley Tour Package

Travel cost- 6000 Taka (per person)
Tour Highlights
• 3 Nights & 2 Days
• Stay at Eco Resort on top of Sajek Valley
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• 4×4 Land Cruiser for hilly road journey

• Alutila Cave, Hazachora & Risang Waterfall expedition
• All transportation & meals included

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 The Sense of Beauty
Travel Itinerary
• Trip will start from Dhaka by Non-A/C Hino chair coach bus at 9 PM.
• Arrival at Khagrachori town by 6 AM.

Day 1: Valley of Clouds

• 7 AM: Breakfast will be served at a local restaurant in Khagrachori town.
After breakfast, our guide will pick you up with a 4x4 Land Cruiser or
Chander Gari.
• 7:30 AM: Journey to Sajek Valley by Chander Gari. It’ll take 2 hours to
reach Bhagaichori from where Army will escort the vehicle to Sajek Valley.
From Bhagaichori, it’ll take another 2 hours to reach the final destination,
Sajek Valley.
• 10 AM: On the way, Hazachora waterfall will be visited.
• 1 PM: Arrival at Sajek Valley and check into the eco-resort.
• 2 PM: Lunch will be served at a local restaurant with a standard Bengali
menu at Sajek Valley.
• 4 PM: Visiting Konglok Para. It is the highest point of Sajek Valley. There’s
a small village on the top of Konglok Para. So, you’ll experience the tribal
lifestyle.
• 6 PM: Enjoying mesmerizing sunset from the Helipad of Sajek. The view
from the helipad is something unique & amazing.
• 9 PM: Dinner, served with Chicken BBQ, Paratha & Soft drinks.
• Night will be spent at the resort in a shared room.

Day 2: Explore the Sajek Valley

• Enjoying the early morning view of the cloud of the valley from the resort.
• 8 AM: Breakfast will be served with Khichuri & Egg / Paratha, Egg,
Vegetable & Tea.
• 1 PM: Lunch at a local restaurant with a standard Bengali menu at Sajek
Valley.
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• 5 PM: Enjoying mesmerizing sunset from the Helipad of Sajek. The view
from the helipad is something unique & amazing.
• Night, spent at the resort in a shared room.

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 English
Day 3: Alutila Cave & Risang Waterfall
• Enjoying the early morning view of cloud over the valley sitting in the resort.
• 8 AM: Breakfast, served with Khichuri & Egg.
• 9 AM: Starting for Khagrachori town by Chander Gari.
• 1 PM: Arrival at Khagrachoi town & lunch with standard Bengali menu.
• 3 PM: Visiting Alutila cave & Risang waterfall. You’ll definitely love the
Alutila Cave expedition with a fire torch which will make you feel old stone
age.
• 8 PM: Dinner, served at a local restaurant in Khagrachori town.
• 9 PM: Leaving khagrachori for Dhaka by Non-A/C Hino chair coach.

Cox’s Bazar Tour Package (03-Days/03-Nights)

Travel cost- 6500 Taka (per person)
Academic Year 2024

Tour Highlights
• Travel by reserved car/coach - Overnight journey
• Stay at Pearl Beach Resort

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 The Sense of Beauty
• Complimentary entry to Radiant Fish World
• 20% Discount on Fun Fest Parasailing & Beach Activities
• Daily buffet breakfast
• Meet & greet at the hotel

Day 1
• Arrival at Cox’s Bazar at 8 am
• Breakfast and a short beach tour
• After lunch, visit to Inani Beach and Himchhari Falls
• Return to Cox’s Bazar sea beach and enjoy the sunset and night beach
• Overnight stay at Cox’s Bazar Hotel

Day 2
• Breakfast at Cox’s Bazar Hotel Restaurant
• Enjoying the morning beach
• After lunch, visit to Moheshkhali Island by boat
• Return to Cox’s Bazar and visit the Barmiz market
• Overnight stay at Cox’s Bazar Hotel

Day 3
• Breakfast at Hotel Restaurant
• Check out from Cox’s Bazar Hotel
• Start for Dhaka by reserved coach
Questions

a) Do you like to travel?

b) What tourist places do you like to visit?
Academic Year 2024

c) What are the reasons for choosing those places?

d) How do you decide where to go? Are you inspired by other people’s travel
stories, photos or advertising, or what else?
e) How have you made your choices from the above two tourist attractions?

30
 English
3.2.1 Now, in the same groups reflect on the steps that you have followed
to make your choice. Later, write a short text describing all the steps
you have used in your choice-making process. Finally, share your
text with the class.
এ�ি, দেোিোর পছন্দ নিধ গুোরচির �ন্য তুনি দয ধোপগুন� অনুেরি কচরচছো, একই েচ� দেই ধোপগুচ�ো
পয গুোচ�োেিো কচরো। দেোিোর পছন্দ নিধ গুোরি প্রনরিেোে দয ধোপগুন� অনুেরি কচরচছো েো িি গুিো কচর
একটি েংনক্ষপ্ত text দ�চ�ো। েিচেচষ দেোিোর দ��ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।
The following steps are to help your writing.

Read the advertisements carefully to make the right choice

Discuss in groups the interesting and the uninteresting parts of the tour packages.

Make your own choices and share your opinions with the group.

In making our choice, we mostly consider our thoughts, not feelings.

We convince the opposing opinions with logic and evidence.

While addressing the counterarguments, we acknowledge the opposing view and

explain why it will not be the best option for us.
Academic Year 2024

Finally, after a long argument, we came to a consensus and chose the best option for us.

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 The Sense of Beauty
3.3.1 In everyday life, often, you make arguments and use examples,
quotes, or evidence to say that someone or something is the best
among the alternatives. Sometimes, you also write texts where you
explain which is the best option using evidence. This type of text is
known as an Argumentative Essay. Now, read the following note to
learn about the steps to write an Argumentative Essay.
দেোিোর প্রোেট্যনহক �ীিচি, প্রোেই তুনি দকোচিো ব্নক্ত িো দকোচিো নকছুচক নিকল্পগুচ�োর িচযে দরেষ্ঠ
ি�োর �ন্য নিেকগু কচরো, উেোহরি েোও, উদ্ধৃনে িো প্রিোি উচলে� কচরো। িোচঝ িোচঝ, তুনি প্রিোি
উচলে� কচর দেরো নিকল্পটির ব্োখ্োেহ অনুচছেেও দ�চ�ো। এই ধরচির দ��োগুন�ই যুনক্তমূ�ক প্রিন্ধ
নহচেচি পনরনেে। এ�ি, যুনক্তমূ�ক প্রিন্ধ দ��োর ধোপগুন� �োিচে নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো।
Note
What is an Argumentative Essay?
An argumentative essay is a genre of writing in which you will argue for a reason or
case. It requires you to investigate a topic or an issue from different angles to know
about the strengths and weaknesses of that issue. And based on the strengths and
weaknesses of the issue, you have to take a position on it. In an argumentative essay,
you either argue in favour or against an issue. An argumentative essay aims to convince
the readers to agree with your point of view.
An argumentative essay demands logical explanations of your position rather than your
thoughts and feelings about it. Suppose you are trying to get your parents to buy a
bicycle for you, and you can offer one of two arguments in your favour. You may tell
your parents:
You should buy me a Bicycle because I just want you to!
You should buy me a Bicycle because cycling is good exercise, and it saves some time
to get home from school.
The first argument is based entirely on feelings without any factual backup, whereas
the second one seems logical. Your parents are more likely to respond positively to
the second argument because it demonstrates that you have reason to have a bicycle.
Similarly, a logically explained argumentative essay will show the readers that your
point has a basis in facts, not just feelings and emotions.
Academic Year 2024

Now, let’s find out the steps to write an argumentative essay!

Step 1: Find an issue or a topic.
To write an argumentative essay, first of all, you need to look for a topic that
you can better argue on.
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 English
Step 2:Choose your position.
To decide your position, brainstorm and think critically about the issue or topic.
Whatever the position you decide to take of an issue, you have to come up with
points that cover both sides (argument for and against) of the issue. To do that,
note down some points with examples or analogies in favour of your position
and similarly note down some points that usually goes against your position.

Step 3: Plan your essay

This is the most important step that you cannot skip it. If you putyour best
effort at this stage, your writing will be much easier. Remember, if you start the
essay well, the rest will follow.
Here, we are following a common method for writing an argumentative essay, the five-
paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such
essays.
So, let’s plan an argumentative essay!
The topic of our argumentative essay - Online learning can replace face-to-face
learning.
1. The plan of writing the essay
The introduction
· Introduce the issue or topic
· Background and connecting information about the topic
· Thesis statement: Take your position about the issue. Here, you have to
write it clearly whether you are arguing in favour of online learning or
face to face learning.
The body paragraph-1
· Topic sentence (statements to establish your position)
· Explain and support your argument with evidence
· Conclusion
The body paragraph-2 (statements to establish your position)
· Topic sentence
Academic Year 2024

· Explain and support your argument with evidence

· Conclusion
The body paragraph-3
· Counter argument (statements that usually go against your position)

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 The Sense of Beauty
· Examples of the counter arguments
· Conclusion
The conclusion
· Summary of the main points
· Restatement of your position
2. Write the essay
3. Edit the essay
4. Write the final draft of the essay
So, let’s start writing the essay!
The introduction:
• An attention grabber- This is something to grab the reader’s attention to make
them want to continue reading. It doesn’t give the writer’s point of view but
rather gets the attention of the readers. For our topic, we may write-
Can you imagine a world without schools and classrooms?
• Background and connecting information about the topic- This part will set a
context of your topic and tell the readers why the topic is important or why the
readers should care about the issue. Here, we may write-
The concept of traditional education has changed radically within the last couple
of years. Some educational institutions tend to shift to online classes due to their
flexibility and opportunities. It becomes a significant concern for all related to this
sector, especially after the covid situation.
• The thesis statement- This is your opinion. It is the core of your argument on
which your essay will be built. So, it needs to be strong and well-reasoned.
You will expand on it with facts and sources, not just feelings. You may use the
following template to write your thesis statement.
Template: Although/even though/in spite of/despite/while/whereas + opposing point of
view + your argument + because + the reasons your argument is right.
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The thesis statement for the topic may be

Though online learning creates opportunities for the students to enhance learning, it
can’t replace face-to-face learning because learning is a two-way process and we learn
through interaction.

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 English
If we put together all three parts, our introduction will look like the following-
Can you imagine a world without schools and classrooms? The concept of traditional
education has changed radically within the last couple of years. Some educational
institutions tend to shift to online classes due to their flexibility and opportunities. It
becomes a significant concern for all related to this sector, especially after the covid
situation. Though online learning creates opportunities for students to enhance
learning, it can’t replace face-to-face learning because learning is a two-way process
and we learn through interaction. Besides, many students get distracted when they do
online classes.

The Body Paragraph:

You can use more body paragraphs but this essay it includes three paragraphs. These
are-Body-1, Body-2, and Body-3. Remember that each paragraph should focus on either
showcasing one piece of supporting evidence or disproving one contradictory opinion.
This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. Now, you have to move
your three decided arguments to each of the body paragraphs. Then, add evidence and
examples. You can use the following template to write all your body paragraphs.

Body Paragraph 1
• Topic Sentence: This is the first reason for your argument listed in the thesis.
Suppose, for the body paragraph-1 of our argumentative essay, the first argument
is - learning mostly happens through communication and interaction between
the teacher-student and student-student.
•

Template: One of the primary reasons why _______is because _______.

We may write- One of the reasons why online learning can’t replace face-to-face learning
is that learning is a two-way process and people learn better through interaction.
• Support your point of view with at least one quote or paraphrase.
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Template: According to (name of the author/ speaker), “............................................”

(page number).
We may write- According to my friend, “ When I read at home I can’t understand. I
can’t even understand all of it when the teacher gives a speech. In fact, I learn when
we share our understanding with each other and complete the following activities.”

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 The Sense of Beauty
• Explain how this quote or paraphrase proves your point.
Template: What this means is that/in other words/clearly. …………………..
We may write- Clearly, it shows that interaction is a must for effective learning.
• Here, you may conclude your first body paragraph by restating the topic sentence
in different words. But, it is not always necessary. Our first body paragraph
conclusion may be
So, we can say online classes may help us to learn but can’t replace face-to-face
learning.
Now, if we put together all the parts of the template, our first body paragraph will be
One of the reasons why online learning can’t replace face-to-face learning is because
learning is a two-way process and people learn better through interaction. According
to my friend, “ When I read at home I can’t understand. I can’t even understand all of it
when the teacher gives a speech. In fact, I learn when we share our understanding with
each other and complete the following activities.” Clearly, it shows that interaction is a
must for learning. So, we can say online classes may help us to learn but can’t replace
face-to-face learning.

Body paragraph 2
Now, it’s your turn to write body paragraph 2 following the same template of body
paragraph 1.
Start from here ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..
It’s time to write body paragraph 3!

Body paragraph 3
In this paragraph, you will acknowledge the opposing point of view and discuss the
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conflicting opinions on the topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions
are wrong outright, you should note how opinions that do not align with your thesis
might not be well-informed or how they might be out of date. So, let’s start writing. You
may use the following template to write the body paragraph 3.

36
 English

• Counterargument: Point out what other people say that opposes your argument.
Template: Some may argue that _________________.

We may write-
Some may argue that with the advancement of technology, online classes will be the
best option for learning as they are flexible and less expensive.
• Concede and refute: It shows that you respect the opposing point of view by
acknowledging it but then prove that it is wrong and that you are right.
Template: Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that/ Although/Even though/Though
+ “opposing point of view,” + “your argument”

We may write-
In spite of the fact that technology is gradually knocking at every door gradually, it
can’t ensure learning but rather distracts the students from learning.
• Argue your point to prove that you are right and the opposing point of view is
wrong. Integrate at least one quote or paraphrase to support your point of view.
Template: In fact/As can be seen in (studies, research, etc.), _________.
According to the name of the author, “...........................” (page number).

We can write-
In fact, from recent research of People’s University, we can see, in online
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classes, students learn 40% less than in face-to-face classes.

• Explain the quote or paraphrase using the following transitional expressions.
Template: What this means is that/In other words/Clearly, . . .

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 The Sense of Beauty

We can write-
In other words, we can say online classes may give flexibility and save money but it
will distract students’ attention. Because when students are in front of a computer, the
attractions are just a click away. Very often, the students join the class and play games,
watch movies etc. Again, learning depends on the relationship between teacher and
student which can’t be achieved on the same level over the computer. So, it’s obvious
that online classes can’t replace face-to-face learning.
• Here, you may conclude your third body paragraph by restating the topic
sentence in different words. But, it is not always necessary.
So, we may conclude by writing that
It’s true that online classes are flexible and less expensive but all will be meaningless if
it doesn’t ensure student’s learning.
So, if we put together all the parts of the paragraph, our third body paragraph will be
Some may argue that with the advancement of technology, online classes will be the
best option for learning as they are flexible and less expensive. In spite of the fact that
technology is gradually knocking at every door, it can’t ensure learning but rather
distracts the students from learning. In other words, we can say online classes may
give flexibility and save money but it will distract students’ attention. Because when
students are in front of a computer, their attractions are just a click away. Very often, the
students join the class and play games, watch movies etc. Again, learning depends on
the relationship between teacher and student which can’t be achieved on the same level
over the computer. So, it’s obvious that online classes can’t replace face-to-face classes.
It’s true that online classes are flexible and less expensive but all will be meaningless if
it doesn’t ensure student learning.

The conclusion
Now, we are just at the end of our essay writing. This is the portion of the essay that
will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must
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be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion;
rather, synthesise the information presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the
topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. So, let’s write the
conclusion of the essay

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 English

We may write-
We may conclude by saying that online classes may enhance learning but can’t replace
face-to-face learning because students mostly learn through interactions with the
teacher and their peers and learning depends on the relationship between teacher
and student. Besides, in online classes, there is a high chance for the students to be
distracted. So, considering all these issues, we may say online classes can’t replace
face-to-face classes. If by any means laptops, computers, and smartphones will be the
classrooms of the students, in future there is a possibility to have a future generation
who are skilled with theories but be ignorant of applying those.
Note that transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion are the mortar
that holds the foundation of the essay together. Without logical progression of thought,
the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument, and the structure will collapse.
Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea
that is to follow in the next section.

3. Edit your writing

Read the essay once again from the start and change it to make it sound better and
more professional. For example:
• Add linking words: However/ Moreover/ Although/ Despite... etc
• Look for better vocabulary - use more specific words where possible eg.
“good” - “accurate” or “caring”
• Check you have both long and short sentences
• Check you don’t repeat yourself
• And, your argument is clear

4. Write your final draft

This is the final edit so focus on the details! Read it once for punctuation, once for
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spelling and then once finally for clarity - because clarity is the most important.

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 The Sense of Beauty

3.3.2 Now, let’s check our understanding!

Read the note on ‘Argumentative Writing’ again and tick the best
one from the alternatives given below.
এ�ি আিরো কেটুকু বুচঝনছ েো যোেোই কনর। নিেকগুমূ�ক দ��ো নিষেক দিোটটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং
নিচে দেওেো নিকল্পগুন� দথচক েঠিক উত্তচর টিক নেনি েোও।
a. What is the first part of an argumentative essay?
i) Greetings
ii) Conclusion
iii) Topic presentation
iv) Introduction
b. Which of these describes the topic of an argumentative essay?
i) Theoretical statement
ii) Thesis statement
iii) Expository statement
iv) Introductory statement
c. How many parts is the argumentative essay made up of?
i) 2
ii) 3
iii) 4
iv) 5
d. Which of these is required to be chosen before working on an argumentative
essay?
i) Topic
ii) Type of essay
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iii) Age of the readers

iv) Number of the readers
e. Which of these supports the writer’s claim?
i) Introduction

40
 English
ii) Conclusion
iii) Reasoning
iv) Explanation
f. What is the main argument of an essay?
i) Introduction
ii) Explanation
iii) Claim
iv) Conclusion
g. What is the information that supports the writer’s reasoning?
i) Conclusion
ii) Topic
iii) Claim
iv) Evidence
h. What is the purpose of a refute?
i) To introduce what the essay will be about
ii) To prove that the opposing opinion is wrong
iii) To summarise all the ideas
iv) To provide background information
i. Facts and data that support reasons in an argumentative essay are called_______.
i) reason
ii) position
iii) evidence
iv) counterargument
j. The purpose of the conclusion is to ________.
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i) give new information

ii) restate the argument and the reasons
iii) restate the attention grabber and background
iv) give evidence and details

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 The Sense of Beauty
3.3.3 Read the text ‘The Sense of Beauty:
Balancing our Inner and Outer Focus’ and
match the words with their meanings in the
column next to it. Then, make a sentence
with each word in the third column. Finally,
check your responses in pairs/groups.
The Sense of Beauty: Balancing our Inner and
Outer Focus-নেচরোিোচির text-টি পচড়ো এিং পোচের
ক�োচি দেওেো অচথ গুর েোচথ েব্দগুচ�োর নি� কচরো। প্রনেটি েব্দ
নেচে একটি কচর িোকট্য তেনর কচর তৃেীে ক�োচি দ�চ�ো।
দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো েচ� িো দ�োড়োে যোেোই কচরো।

The Sense of Beauty: Balancing our

Inner and Outer Focus

The sense of beauty is a fundamental aspect of human existence that transcends cultural,
temporal, and individual boundaries. It is a complex and multifaceted aspect of the
human experience. The sense is an innate and deeply ingrained ability to appreciate
and recognize aesthetic qualities in various forms, such as art, nature, and even human
creations. While beauty may be subjective to some extent, there are objective elements
that universally evoke a sense of awe, pleasure, and inspiration in individuals. It
encompasses the appreciation of both inner qualities and external aesthetics. Some
argue that the focus of beauty should primarily be on the inner virtues of a human
being, others contend that the external world holds immense beauty that deserves equal
attention.

Beauty is not only something we see, it is rather something with a pretty soul, beautiful
thoughts and beautiful literature. It can be found in everything like nature, figurative
language, and in one’s behaviour and attitude. Inner beauty emanates from the soul,
which appears in personality and feeling. When you are beautiful from the inside, it
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will reflect on your face. The beautiful person is the one who leaves a smile on your
face when you remember him. Patience, humbleness and wisdom are some qualities of
a beautiful person inside. Beauty is not necessarily being felt and appreciated by other
people, it emerges within oneself.
Inner beauty encompasses qualities like kindness, compassion, wisdom, and integrity.

42
 English
These qualities have the power to transcend physical appearances and create a lasting
impact on others. By recognizing and appreciating inner beauty, we cultivate a sense
of empathy, understanding, and connection with fellow human beings. Inner beauty
serves as a moral compass that guides our interactions and shapes our relationships,
contributing to a more harmonious and compassionate society.

The sense of beauty enriches our lives by stimulating our emotions, sparking our
imagination, and providing a source of inspiration. We find beauty in the composition
of a symphony, the vibrant colours of a painting, or the delicate structure of a flower.
They help awaken our senses and evoke a sense of joy, wonder, and tranquility. By
exposing ourselves to beauty, we cultivate a richer and more meaningful existence.

The sense of beauty is a profound and universal human experience that enriches our
lives, fosters emotional well-being, and promotes cultural understanding. Its impact
extends beyond individual preferences and societal conventions, reaching into the
depths of our humanity. By embracing beauty in its diverse forms, we create a more
holistic understanding of the world, unlocking the potential for personal growth,
emotional healing, and the formation of a more compassionate and interconnected
world. Striking a balance between the inner and outer realms of beauty allows us to
embrace the full spectrum of human experience. As we navigate the complexities of
life, let us recognize and nurture the sense of beauty within us, for it is a powerful force
that brings meaning, joy, and harmony to our existence.
One is done for you.

Word Meaning Your sentence

1. transcend a. surpass The historic 7 March speech

of Bangabandhu transcends
geographical boundaries
and got international
appreciation.
2. innate b. make or become less
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3. evoke c. predetermined (When you

already have an opinion about
something before you’ve given
it much thought)

43
 The Sense of Beauty

Word Meaning Your sentence

4. foster d. comfort or consolation in a

time of distress or sadness.

5. figurative e. the act of making a person

language, feel or look young again

6. emanate f. friendly and peaceful

7. preconceived g. raise

8. harmonious h. calmness

9. tranquility i. inborn, natural

10. solace j. a type of communication

where people use words or
phrases which mean something
different from their realistic
meanings.
11. rejuvenation k. arouse

12. diminish l. to come out from a source

3.3.4 Read the text ‘The Sense of Beauty: Balancing our Inner and Outer
Focus’ again and in pairs/groups discuss the answers of the following
questions given below. Finally, share your answers with the class.
‘The Sense of Beauty: Balancing our Inner and Outer Focus’ ‘দেৌন্দয গুচিোধ:
আিোচের দভের ও িোইচরর নেন্োচক েিন্বে কচর’ নেচরোিোচির দ��োটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং নিচে
দেওেো প্রচশ্নর উত্তরগুচ�ো েচ� িো দ�োড়োে আচ�োেিো কচরো। েিচেচষ দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে
দেেোর কচরো।
a. Have you found the writer’s claim/point of view in the essay?
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b. Where have you found it?

c. How many body paragraphs are there in the essay? Do they have different
arguments? If yes, what are they?

44
 English
d. Are the introduction and conclusion focused on the main point of the essay?
e. Did the writer use any hook/attention grabber in the essay? If yes, what is it?
f. Did the writer use any counterargument? If yes, what is it?
g. What are the transitions you have found in the essay?
h. As a reader, can you easily follow the writer’s flow of ideas? Explain with
examples.

3.3.5 Read the text ‘The Sense of Beauty: Balancing our Inner and Outer
Focus’ again and summarise it in one paragraph. Later, do a pair
check and finally share it with the whole class.
‘The Sense of Beauty: Balancing our Inner and Outer Focus’ দ��োটি আিোর
পচড়ো এিং একটি অনুচছেচে এর েোরোংে ন�চ�ো। দ�োড়োে এটি যোেোই কচরো এিং দরেনিচে
দেেোর কচরো।
The following guidelines are to help you write the summary.
a. First, read the text attentively and identify the main ideas of the text.
b. Then, list all the main ideas you have got in the text.
c. Later, organise all your ideas.
d. Now, write the introductory sentence of the summary.
e. It’s time to turn all of your main ideas into sentences.
f. Here, combine all the sentences into one paragraph. Do not forget to use
connecting words/cohesive devices to make your summary meaningful.
g. Now, check the use of punctuation marks, spelling, grammar, and organisation
of the summary, and make the necessary edits.
h. Finally, write the final draft of your summary.
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3.4.1 Let’s be reasonable!

Read the given topic and follow the instructions to participate in the
debate.

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 The Sense of Beauty
েচ�ো, আিরো দযৌনক্তক হই। নিচে দেওেো নিষেটি পচড়ো এিং নিেচকগু অংেগ্রহচির �ন্য নিচে গুেিোগুচ�ো
অনুেরি কচরো।
Debate topic: Do you think free education opens opportunities for everyone
or limits opportunities?
a. Discuss in pairs/groups to decide your position.
b. Go towards the sign (strongly agree and strongly disagree) in the classroom
where your belief stands.
c. Now, in a group of 5, discuss and brainstorm not only arguments for your
side but also the other side as well to defend your opponent’s arguments when
needed.
d. Take 5-10 minutes to prepare a short opening statement for each team, 3-5
minutes long, and decide who will deliver each speech. Remember to use
evidence to support your claims.
e. Deliver the opening statements from each team without interruptions. Members
of both sides will take notes and prepare rebuttals (to refute by evidence or
argument).
f. After the opening statements, alternate between both sides, students will
raise their hands and address questions or comments to the other team. It will
continue for a set period of time.
g. At the end, declare a winner based on who was more persuasive. You can
consider how many reasons each team came up with for their side and also
how well they answered the concerns of the other team.

3.4.2 It’s time to work!

Let’s see, say and sort the problems around us.
এিোর কোচ�র েিে হচেচছ!
েচ�ো, আিোচের েোরপোচের েিস্োগুচ�োচক �ক্ষট্য কনর, দেগুচ�ো নিচে কথো িন� এিং দিচছ দিই।
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Follow the given instructions and take necessary help from your teachers, family,
friends etc. to complete the work.
a. First, identify some issues around you that need to be addressed and prepare a
list of them.

46
 English
b. Then, think and discuss in pairs/groups to decide on one issue from the list.
Choose one that you can argue on and write your topic and determine your
position.
c. Next, talk to the people around you to know their opinions regarding the topic
and take notes to use further.
d. Now, read all the arguments you have got and plan your argumentative essay.
Write the introduction, and body paragraphs (2-3 your arguments and 1-2
counterarguments you got from your conversation with the people), explain
the arguments and use evidence to support the arguments. Finally, write the
conclusion.
e. Here, edit your writing and write the final draft.
f. Now, share it with the class. Also, you may publish it in your school magazine
or any newspaper to draw the attention of the concerned authority.

New Words: speech, profound, satisfaction, remarkable, inequalities, aggression,

wildlife, initiatives, poaching, monumental, envisioned, encompasses.

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47
 Tones in Statements
4.1.1 Read the following statements and choose one answer from the
alternatives that match your feelings or emotions. Then, explain,
why you think so. Finally, share your responses with the class.
নিম্নন�ন�ে িক্তব্গুচ�ো (statement) পচড়ো এিং দেোিোর অনুভূনে অথিো আচিচগর েোচথ দিচ�
এিি নিকল্পগুচ�ো (alternatives) দথচক একটি িক্তব্ দিচছ িোও। দকচিো তুনি এিিটি ভোিচছো েো
ব্োখ্ো কচরো। অিচেচষ, ক্োচের েোচথ দেোিোর িন্ব্গুচ�ো দেেোর কচরো।
a. Why did the math book look sad? Because it had too many problems!
Do the sentences make you sad, happy, excited or humorous?
Why do you think so?
b. Earth is mainly covered by water. About 70% of the planet’s surface is ocean.
Do the statements make you sad, happy, curious, humorous or give you
information?
Why do you think so?
c The capital of Greece is Athens, and it is known for its rich history and cultural
heritage.
Do these statements give you any information or make you curious, smile or
happy?
Why do you think so?

4.2.1 Now, read the following statements in column 1 and in pairs/

groups, match them with their tones (how you feel when reading
the sentences) in column 2. Later, check your answers with the pair/
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group next to you.

দ�োড়োে িো েচ�, ক�োি 1 এ দেওেো িক্তব্গুচ�ো (statements) পচড়ো এিং দেগুচ�োর েোচথ
ক�োি 2-এ দেওেো দটোিগুচ�ো নি� কচরো (িোকট্যগুচ�ো পড়োর েিে দেোিোর দয অনুভূনে হে)। পচর,
দ�োড়োে িো েচ� দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো যোেোই কচরো।

48
 English

Column 1 Column 2

a. The fluffy white clouds floated in the bright

1) Curious
blue sky.

b. Every mistake is an opportunity to learn

2) Reflective
and grow.

c. I wonder why some plants have different

3) Persuasive
coloured flowers.

d. Joining a club or extracurricular activity

can help you develop new skills and make 4) Descriptive
friends.

e. When I think about my favourite hobby, it

5) Inspirational
brings me joy and helps me relax.

4.2.2 Now, look at the matching in Activity 4.2.1 and discuss the following
questions in pairs/groups. Later, share your answers with the class:
Activity 4.2.1-এ দেওেো matching activity-টি দেচ�ো এিং দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো
আচ�োেিো কচরো। পচর, দরেনিচে দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দেেোর কচরো।
a. Every statement has its own tone- Do you agree? If yes, why?
b. Do you think authors convey their own moods or feelings through their
writings? Explain your answer with an example.
c. While doing the activity, how do you identify the writer’s mood or feelings in
the statements?
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d. Have you ever experienced the tone of the writer while reading any
text/literary work? If yes, describe with an example how you know the
writer’s tone.

49
 Tones in Statements
4.3.1 Read the following note to know how a text reflects the author’s
feelings, emotions and moods towards a particular character
or situation.
একটি text কীভোচি একটি নিনে গুষ্ট েনররি িো পনরনথিনের প্রনে দ��চকর অনুভূনে, আচিগ এিং
moods দক প্রনেফন�ে কচর েো �োিচে নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো।

Note on Tonality of a Text

Tone is a literary device used to reflect the writer’s attitude toward a character,
situation or the subject matter of a text. It helps to make a relationship between the
writer and the readers that influences the readers to have a particular attitude and
feelings toward a certain character, situation or text. At the same time, it guides the
readers not to take any unfair tone to any character or text. It is true that sometimes
the tone may reflect the writer’s personal attitude or opinion, but it is less about
what the writer feels and more about how that writer wants the reader to feel. So,
to have a better understanding of any text, it is important to understand the tone of
the text.
The tone of a piece of writing is like the tone of your voice when you speak or your
body language around another person. If you want to make people laugh you may
have a light and funny tone of your voice which must be the opposite when you
will deliver a piece of serious information. So before talking or writing, you have
to set your tone.

Writers use several techniques to convey tone including-

● Choice of words: Understanding tone involves picking the right words.
Authors choose words that fit the tone they want. Formal writing uses big
words, while informal writing is casual. This affects how readers feel about
the topic.
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 English

● Voice of the author: The way a writer talks is important for tone. It’s
like their personality, how they see things, and how they connect with
readers. They can sound like an expert or a friendly friend. They might
sound thoughtful, strong, funny, or even a bit mean. This makes the text feel
different and helps us understand it better.
● Feelings: Tonality creates feelings in writing, from serious to fun. It affects
how readers feel. Mood and tone work together to set the emotions of a
text. Tone shows how the writer feels about things, while mood shows how
readers feel when reading. Tone brings out emotions, and mood shows how
we feel.
● Figurative language: It is the use of words and expressions in an unusual
and imaginative manner. Simile and metaphor are two good examples of
figurative language.
A defined tone allows readers to connect with the writer. When you read a literary
piece, you may find different tones like cheerful and lighthearted, regretful,
humorous, pessimistic, nostalgic, melancholic, joyful, and persuasive.
Now, let’s know about the different types of tones that you will usually experience
in a text!
a. Formal or Informal Tone
A formal text tone is serious, respectful, and professional. It shares information
clearly and objectively. Formal language is precise and organized, without casual
words. It shows authority and expertise, and the tone can be neutral, informative,
persuasive, or instructional. It avoids personal emotions. The Informal text
tone is friendly and relaxed, using everyday words. It aims to connect with
readers like in a conversation. The tone changes based on relationship, context,
and feelings—like humour, empathy, or nostalgia. Informal tone is clear and
familiar, but less strict than the formal tone.
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 Tones in Statements

b. Nonassertive Tone
If a text just presents facts and does not use any information or words to convince
you, the tone is nonassertive. I’m sorry you lost your ticket. Kindly get off the
bus and get another one.- This is an example of a non-assertive tone.
c. Assertive Tone
And, if there is no sign of anger, and the expression is calm and peaceful, it
means the tone is assertive. I really like the way you talk to me. I’ll thank you
for your manners. Here the tone is assertive.
d. Aggressive Tone
Again, if a text attacks another person using words and showing anger, the tone
is aggressive. You are a terrible liar!- is an example of an aggressive tone.
e. Tone of Triumphant
If the writing shows how the main character overcomes difficulties to achieve
success, then the tone is triumphant.
f. Calm and thoughtful Tone
The writer’s tone is calm and thoughtful when s/he invites readers to explore
the character’s feelings and thoughts.
g. Bitter Tone
The tone in the text is bitter, when the writer shows how the character is upset
and disappointed with the world.
h. Tone of Amazement
Again, the writing carries a tone of amazement, as characters discover the
magic of a hidden place.
i. Excited Tone
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The writer’s tone is excited if s/he shows characters starting an adventurous

journey with unknown challenges.
In short, the tone of a text may be of various kinds and it mostly depends on the
word choice of the writer and how the reader perceives it.

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 English
4.3.2 Read the given sentences in the left column and the respective tones
in the middle column. Now in pairs/ groups, discuss and write in
the next column how the statement gives the exact tone stated in the
mid-column. One is done for you.
িোি ক�োচি প্রেত্ত িোকট্য এিং িোচঝর ক�োচি দেওেো েংনলিষ্ট দটোিগুচ�ো পচড়ো। এ�ি কীভোচি েঠিক
দটোিটি িোচঝর ক�োচি িি গুিো করো হচেচছ েো দ�োড়োে িো েচ� আচ�োেিো কচরো এিং পোচের ক�োচি
দ�চ�ো। একটি উেোহরি দেোিোচের �ন্য কচর দেওেো হচ�ো।
How the statement
Sentences Tones
gives the exact tone
a. Joining a club or extracurricular Persuasive Here, the writer inspires
activities can help you develop the reader to join a
new skills and make friends. club or extracurricular
activities, and it explains
the benefits of joining a
club or extracurricular
activities.
b. Please ensure that your Formal
assignments are submitted on
time.
c. Guess what? I got an A+ in SSC! Informal
d. I will never forget the day I went Narrative
on a thrilling roller coaster ride at
the amusement park.
e. When I think about my favourite Reflective
hobby, it brings me joy and helps
me relax.
f. On my birthday, the heartwarming Emotional
surprise from my friends made me
feel grateful and loved.
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g. Should students be allowed to Controversial

have cell phones in school? There
are strong arguments both for and
against this issue.

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 Tones in Statements

How the statement

Sentences Tones
gives the exact tone
h. I don’t think the weather will clear Pessimistic
up for our outdoor field trip/ study
tour. It’s been raining all week.

i. I won’t tolerate anyone disrespecting Aggressive

me or my friends. Go away!

j. How does the Internet work? I’m Curious

really curious about the technology
behind it

4.3.3 Now, read the following note on the author first and then the text.
Later in pairs/groups, answer the following questions:
দ��ক েম্পচকগু প্রথচি নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো েোরপর text-নট পচড়ো। পচর দ�োড়োে িো েচ�, নিচের প্রচশ্নর
উত্তর েোও।

Note on the author

Jane Austen (1775–1817) was a famous
English author renowned for her masterpiece
“Pride and Prejudice.” Her stories beautifully
capture how people behaved and interacted
in the 19th century. With her clever humour
and careful observations, Austen’s books are
still loved today. She is considered a classic
writer who understood society deeply and
wrote stories that are truly special. “Pride and
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Prejudice” by Jane Austen is a classic novel that

explores society, manners, and relationships with
wit and charm.

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 English

Text A
Mr. Collins was not a sensible man, and the deficiency of nature had been but little
assisted by education or society; the greatest part of his life having been spent under
the guidance of an illiterate and miserly father; and though he belonged to one of the
universities, he had merely kept the necessary terms, without forming at it any useful
acquaintance. The subjection in which his father had brought him up had given him
originally great humility of manner; but it was now a good deal counteracted by the
self-conceit of a weak head, living in retirement, and the consequential feelings of
early and unexpected prosperity. A fortunate chance had recommended him to Lady
Catherine de Bourgh when the living of Hunsford was vacant; and the respect which he
felt for her high rank, and his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very
good opinion of himself, of his authority as a clergyman, and his right as a rector made
him altogether a mixture of pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility.
[excerpt from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen]

Let’s check our understanding of the text by answering the questions!

a. How was Mr. Collins’ childhood?
b. How did Mr. Collins’ father influence him?
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c. What lucky event introduced Mr. Collins to Lady Catherine de Bourgh?

d. What does “a mix of pride and humbleness, self-importance and obedience”
tell us about Mr. Collins?
e. What ideas about society might the author be expressing through Mr. Collins?
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 Tones in Statements
4.3.4 Read the following note and then in pairs/groups, explain how the
author’s feelings and emotions are hidden in the text through words.
Finally, share your findings in the class:
দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো এিং কীভোচি দ��চকর অনুভূনে এিং আচিগগুচ�ো েচব্দর
িোযেচি text-এ লুনকচে আচছ েো েচ� িো দ�োড়োে ব্োখ্ো কচরো। অিচেচষ, দেোিোর পোওেো েথ্য
ক্োচে দেেোর কচরো।

How the author’s use of tones are reflected in the text

The author’s attitude and feelings towards Mr. Collins are characterised by a mix-
ture of irony, criticism, and perhaps a touch of amusement. The author uses lan-
guage that conveys a negative and mocking perspective on Mr. Collins’ character,
upbringing, and education. Phrases such as “not a sensible man,” “deficiency of
nature,” “illiterate and miserly father,” and “self-conceit of a weak head” highlight
how the author wanted to portray Mr. Collins. The portrayal of Mr. Collins’ humili-
ty is initially countered by self-conceit, and his association with Lady Catherine de
Bourgh is shown with irony. While the text remains primarily a mockery, there’s an
underlying layer of amusement in the portrayal of Mr. Collins’.

Answer the following questions.

a) What specific words or phrases did the author use to describe the character
of Mr. Collins?
b) How did the author use those words or phrases to describe Mr. Collins’
character?
c) How does the author’s language affect your idea of Mr. Collins’ character?
d) What emotions did you experience while reading the text? Was it positive,
negative, neutral, or sarcastic?
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e) Did the tone of the text change at any point? If yes, describe it.

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 English
4.3.5 Read the following note on the author first and then the text. Later,
discuss the following questions in pairs/groups.
দ��ক েম্পচকগু প্রথচি নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো। েোরপর text-নট পচড়ো। পচর, েচ� িো দ�োড়োে নিচের
প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো।

Elwyn Brooks White (1899–1985) was a renowned American author and essayist. He
is famous for his classic children’s books like “Charlotte’s Web” and “Stuart Little,”
known for their timeless storytelling and touching themes. White also contributed
to “The New Yorker” magazine with his humorous and insightful essays. His works
continue to captivate readers of all ages with their warmth, wit, and enduring charm.
“Charlotte’s Web” is a beloved children’s novel about the friendship between (a small
boar) Wilbur and (a tiny spider) Charlotte. Through Charlotte’s web, she conveys
messages to save Wilbur’s life, teaching about compassion, friendship, and the cycle
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of life.

57
 Tones in Statements

Text B: Peace and Acceptance

But I feel peaceful. Your success in the ring this morning was, to a small degree, my
success. Your future is assured. You will live, secure and safe, Wilbur. Nothing can
harm you now. These autumn days will shorten and grow cold. The leaves will shake
loose from the trees and fall. Christmas will come, and the snows of winter. You will
live to enjoy the beauty of the frozen world, for you mean a great deal to Zuckerman
and he will not harm you, ever. Winter will pass, the days will lengthen, the ice will
melt in the pasture pond. The song sparrow will return and sing, the frogs will awake,
the warm wind will blow again. All these sights and sounds and smells will be yours to
enjoy, Wilbur-this lovely world, these precious days …
[excerpt from Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White]
Again, let’s check our understanding of the text by answering the questions!
a What emotions does the speaker convey towards Wilbur in the passage?
b. What do the “frozen world” and “these precious days” mean in the passage?
c. What sense do the imageries of changing seasons, melting ice, returning birds,
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and awakening frogs convey to you?

d. Identify specific words or phrases in the text that convey a sense of comfort
and assurance. Explain which tone is contributed.
e. How does the winter and spring imagery enhance the tone of renewal and
anticipation?
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 English
4.3.6 Now, read the text in Activity 4.3.5 again and identify the following
tones in the text. You may list your responses in the following grid.
Activity 4.3.5-এ দেওেো নিচের text-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং text-এর িচযে নিম্নন�ন�ে দটোিগুন�
নেননিে কচরো। দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো নিচের েোরনিচে ন��চে পোচরো।
Example words and sentences
Tone
in the text
The tone of optimism

The tone of affection and care

The tone of challenge and hardship

The tone of comfort and security

4.3.7 Now, read the text A in Activity 4.3.3 and the text B in Activity 4.3.5
again. And discuss in pairs/groups the criteria/points given in the
left column in the grid for both texts. Then, fill in the grid with
information based on the text A and text B.
Activity 4.3.3-দে দেওেো text A এিং Activity 4.3.5-দে দেওেো text B আিোর পচড়ো।
দ�োড়োে িো েচ� উভে text এর দক্ষচরি িোি ক�োচি দযেি criteria/points দেওেো আচছ েো
আচ�োেিো কচরো। েোরপর, text A এিং text B-এ দেওেো েথ্য নেচে েোরনিটি পূরি কচরো।

Criteria Text A Text B

a. Formal

b. Informal

c. Choice of words
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d. Voice of the author

e. Mood

f. Feelings

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 Tones in Statements
4.4.1 Select five poems that you have read in your textbook (either Bangla
or English textbook of Class Six, Class Seven, Class Eight and Class
Nine). Then, list them in the left column and identify their respective
tones in the next column. Finally, quote from the poems and explain
why you consider this poem for the particular tone in the next two
columns.
ষষ্ঠ, েপ্তি, অষ্টি এিং িিি দরেনিচে পড়ো দেোিোর পোঠ্য িই (িোং�ো িো ইংচরন�) দথচক পাঁেটি
কনিেো নিি গুোেি কচরো। িোি ক�োচি েোচের িোি দ�চ�ো এিং েংনলিষ্ট কনিেোগুচ�োর দটোি পোচের
ক�োচি দ�চ�ো। পচরর দুই ক�োচি কনিেোগুচ�ো দথচক উদ্ধৃে কচরো এিং দকি তুনি একটি নিনে গুষ্ট
দটোচির �ন্য ঐ কনিেোটিচক নিচিেিো করচছো েো দ�চ�ো।

Name of the Quote from the Your

Tone of the poem
Poem poem explanation

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.
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New Words: masterpiece, deficiency, guidance, illiterate, miserly, acquaintance, humility,

consequential, prosperity, fortunate, recommended.

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 English

Expressing a Solution to a Problem

5.1.1 Look at the illustration below and discuss, in pairs, what it appears
to you. Then, share your thoughts with the class.
নিচের ছনিটি দেচ�ো এিং ছনিটি দেচ� দেোিোর কী িচি হে েো দ�োড়োে আচ�োেিো কচরো। েোরপর,
দেোিোর ভোিিোগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

5.1.2 Now, read Rifa’s thoughts on ‘A Day of Challenges’ and discuss the
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following questions in pairs/groups. Later, share your responses with

the class.
‘A Day of Challenges’ নিষচে নরফোর ভোিিোগুচ�ো পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো
আচ�োেিো কচরো। পচর দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

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 Expressing a Solution to a Problem
Today is my exam day, and it feels like one of the toughest days of my life. I had high
hopes for this exam, but unfortunately, I couldn’t finish the entire syllabus due to my
health problems. The thing is, my mother has been suffering from a high fever for a
couple of days. So, I couldn’t bring a tiffin and bought snacks from the roadside shop.
Probably that caused a digestion problem, and I have been in severe pain for the last
two days. It’s been hard to concentrate on my studies.
On the exam day, I started to go to the school in scorching heatwave. It was burning
outside, and I was desperately looking for a rickshaw. Unfortunately, none were in sight,
and with no shade nearby to wait, I began to walk, thinking about the consequences of
not planting trees and preserving the greenery that protects our lives.
By the time I reached school, the exam had already started. I was so stressed that I
couldn’t answer all the questions. Feeling unsatisfied, I completed the exam and left
the hall. While leaving, I met my friend, and to my surprise, I noticed she intentionally
avoided me. I remembered she had sought my help previously, but I couldn’t assist her
due to my health. Her avoidance added to my sadness, reinforcing the belief that “Life
is not easy and comes with many problems that demand attention.”
Question
1. Why does Rifa believe ‘Life is not easy’?
2. What are the problems do you notice in her life?
3. Do you face problems like Rifa? If so, what are they?
4. How do these problems affect you, your family, and your friends?
5. How do you solve these problems?

5.2.1 Let’s find out our problems and solve them! To do that, first form
groups of 4-6. In groups, discuss and write on a piece of paper 2-3
of your problems that need to be solved immediately. Then, drop it
in the selected box. Later, pick one piece of paper from the box and
discuss the possible solutions to the problems in groups, and suggest
some solutions. Finally, share the solutions with the class.
েচ�ো আিোচের েিস্োগুচ�ো খুচ�ুঁ দির কনর এিং েিোধোি কনর! এটি করোর �ন্য 4-৬ �চির একটি
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কচর ে� গঠি কচরো। প্রনে ে� এক টুকচরো কোগচ�র উপচর 2-3টি কচর এিি নকছু েিস্ো দ�চ�ো
দযগুচ�ো �রুরীনভনত্তচে েিোধোি করো প্রচেো�ি। েি ে� নিধ গুোনরে িচসে েো দফচ�ো। একটি কচর
কোগচ�র টুকচরো তুচ�ো এিং েচ� েম্োব্ েিোধোিগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো। েিোধোচির �ন্য নকছু
পরোিেগু েোও। েিচেচষ েিোধোিগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

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 English

5.2.2 Now, reflect on the steps you have followed in doing Activity 5.2.1
and tick the steps you have followed from the given list to solve the
problems.
Activity 5.2.1 করোর �ন্য দয ধোপগুচ�ো অনুেরি করো হচেচছ েো পয গুোচ�োেিো কচরো এিং নিচে
দেওেো েোন�কোে েিস্ো েিোধোচির �ন্য তুনি দয েক� ধোপ অনুেরি কচরচছো দেগুচ�োচে টিক নেনি
েোও।

The steps Yes No

Identify the problem

Find out the reasons causing the problem

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Identify the necessity to solve this problem

Find out some possible solutions first

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 Expressing a Solution to a Problem

Then, identify the effective solutions to the particular problems

Consider that the suggested solutions are realistic and implementable

Think about the duration of time it will take to solve the problem

Consider, how it would look like after the solution has been
implemented

All the ‘Yes’s of the above list tell you that you are a good problem solver. On the other
hand, all the ‘No’s tell you that you need to work on this problem-solving skill.
Now, let’s be a better problem solvers!
To be a better problem solver, you have to consider many things and follow some steps.
And if you want to write a problem-solution text, again you need to follow some steps.
The following note on ‘The techniques to write a problem-solution text’ will help you
to be a better problem solver and a problem-solution text writer.

5.3.1 Read the following note in the box on ‘The writing techniques for
problem-solution text’ and share your understanding in pairs/
groups. Later, share it with the whole class.
নিচের িচসে দেওেো ‘The writing techniques for problem-solution’ েীষ গুক text-টি
পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে িো েচ� তুনি কী বুচঝচছো েো দেেোর কচরো। পচর দরেনিচেও েো দেেোর কচরো।
Note
The writing techniques for problem-solution text
Problem-solution text is a popular form of writing. Here, writers first describe
or discuss a problem, convince the reader to care about it and finally, suggest
solutions. A good problem-solution text suggests one or some well-explained
solution(s) to solve the problem. In this type of writing, the focus is equally on
both the problem and the solution.
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Now, look at the following structure that will help you to write a well-constructed
problem-solution text.
The structure of a problem-solution text:

64
 English
a. Introduction
· Paraphrase the given problem
· Write one key cause and related solution
b. Main body Paragraph 1- Cause (you can write different causes using
different paragraphs)
· Topic sentence- state the causes
· Explain the causes of the problem
· Give an example
c. Main body paragraph 2- Solution (Again, you can write different solutions
using different paragraphs)
· Topic sentence- state the solutions
· Explain the solutions in relation to the problem
· Give an example
d. Conclusion
· Summarise the key points

For better understanding let’s write a problem-solution essay following this

4 steps structure.
Suppose, our question is ‘Students are losing interest in attending school.’-
what do you think the causes are? What solutions can you suggest?
Before writing the essay, let’s follow these three steps to plan your essay:
a) Analyse the question: This is an important step in the planning the writing.
Here, we need to read the question carefully and identify the topic words,
other keywords and finally the instruction words in the question to be focused
on what the question asks us to write.
The topic words are what the question is about. We will find it in the statement
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part of the question. In this question, Students are losing interest in attending
school.- what do you think the causes are? What solutions can you suggest?
the topic words are ‘losing interest’ because the question is about this topic.
Then, the other keywords in the question are students andattending school
and we must write about them in the essay. Next, if we analyse the instruction

65
 Expressing a Solution to a Problem
words we will find out that we have to write the causes and solutions of the
problem, that is, ‘why students are losing interest in attending school’. So,
analysing all these three things will help our essay to be relevant and linked
to the question.
b) Generate ideas: Now, we have to generate some ideas to write our essay. One
way we can do this is by simply asking ourselves the causes of the problem
that instantly comes to mind. And write down all the possible solutions to
the causes. For example, if we think about the causes and the solutions to the
problem, ‘Why students are losing interest in attending school’ they may be -

Causes of losing
Solution
interest
Lowest teacher- Increasing student’s participation in the classroom
student ratio activities by using pair/group works

Arranging co-curricular activities like games, drawing,

Long hour classes
recitation etc.

Fear of failure Motivating students to accept failure in a positive way

We’re almost ready to start writing our problem-solution essay but first, we
have one more task to do and that is-
c) Identify vocabulary: Now, let’s quickly jot down some vocabulary that
comes to our mind as we have already found the causes, and their solutions
we will write about. This strategy will save us from having to stop and think
of the appropriate language while we write. For example:
For this particular problem-solving essay some vocabularies are:
· Lack of motivation
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· Unsuccessful
· Attractive activities
· Participation
· Attention
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 English
Now, it is time to write the first paragraph, which is the ‘Introduction’ of
the essay!
The introduction:
First, let’s paraphrase the question within 2-3 sentences and then, state one
key cause and related solution. The first paragraph may look as follows:
‘One of the problems facing our school is that students are losing interest in
attending school. The main reason for this is the lowest teacher-student ratio.
In a class, on average, there are 60-80 students. So, it’s not possible for a
teacher to give attention and listen to all of their problems in the class and a
possible solution is to engage students in the classroom activities by using pair/
group works.’
Now, it’s time to write the ‘Main body paragraph 1- Cause’. Don’t worry,
it will be a very easy task for you as you have already identified the causes.
So, let’s start writing!
First, you have to start with a topic sentence. The topic sentence summarises
the main idea of the paragraph. It acts like a signpost for what is to come next,
that is, what the paragraph will be about. We will start with the cause of the
problem first.
Topic sentence- One of the main causes of losing interest in attending school
is the lowest teacher-student ratio.
Now, we must write an explanation sentence that develops the idea.
The explanation sentence may be ‘Bangladesh is a populous country and we
get a reflection of it in our classroom. In a classroom, there are 60-80 students on
average. For a teacher, it is almost impossible to listen to everyone’s problems.
Besides, it is known that every student is unique, and so are their problems. As a
result, students become frustrated and do not get the motivation to attend school
regularly.
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Finally, let’s add an example to support our cause. An example may be-
‘We have a large class of 70. Every day, I come to school earlier to sit on the
front bench because, from the back, I cannot listen to my teachers clearly. When
I sit in the back, sometimes I request teachers to be a little louder and sometimes

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 Expressing a Solution to a Problem
my teacher comes close to me to help me with understanding. But, we are 70
and one teacher cannot help everyone with their diverse problems. It’s a huge
problem that needs to be solved.
So, we have completed writing all the three parts of our first main body
paragraph. Now, let’s have a look at the finished paragraph!
One of the problems facing our school is that students are losing interest in
attending school. The main reason for this is the lowest teacher-student ratio. In
a class, on average, there are 60-80 students. So, it’s not possible for a teacher
to give attention and listen to all of their problems in the class and a possible
solution is to engage students in the classroom activities by using pair/group
works. Bangladesh is a populous country and we get a reflection of it in our
classroom. In a classroom, there are 60-80 students on average. For a teacher,
it is almost impossible to listen to everyone’s problems. Besides, it is known
that every student is unique, and so are their problems. As a result, students
become frustrated and do not get the motivation to attend school regularly. We
have a large class of 70. Every day, I come to school earlier to sit on the front
bench because, from the back, I cannot listen to my teachers clearly. When I sit
in the back, sometimes I request teachers to be a little louder and sometimes
my teacher comes close to me to help me with understanding. But, we are 70
and one teacher cannot help everyone with their diverse problems. It’s a huge
problem that needs to be solved.
Now, it’s your turn to write the main body paragraph 2- solution following
the same process. First, write the topic sentence to summarise the main idea
of the paragraph.
Your topic sentence (The solution) ____________________________________
Now, add sentences to explain your idea _______________________________
Next, add an example to support your idea _____________________________
Finally, add the 3 parts and you will get your finished second main body paragraph.
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Now, write your finished paragraph __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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 English
We are at the end of our problem-solution essay. It’s time to conclude our essay
with a conclusion. The conclusion is the summary of the main points in our
essay. We can never introduce any new ideas here.
So, start writing the conclusion!
You may start with a phrase like ‘in conclusion’ or ‘to conclude’ or in your own
way. Then, summarise the main ideas into one sentence.
Your answer _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
That’s it. We have completed our essay.
Now, put together all four paragraphs and share the essay with the class.

5.3.2 Now, read the following text and do the matching activity to check
our understanding of the text.
নিচের text-টি পচড়ো এিং তুনি কী বুচঝচছো েো যোেোই করোর �ন্য matching activity-টি েম্পন্ন
কচরো।

Conversation Confidence: Unlocking the Power of effective communication

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 Expressing a Solution to a Problem
In today’s world, strong communication skills have become more critical than ever.
Conversations are the building blocks of relationships, whether personal or professional
and being confident in our ability to engage in a meaningful exchange of ideas and
thoughts has a profound impact on our lives. Everywhere there is the conversation:
at work, school, the supermarket, with family, at home, and even on the playground.
Conversation confidence is the art of expressing oneself clearly, listening attentively,
and engaging in productive exchanges. Conversations are such a part of daily life that
people frequently overlook how challenging and stressful talks can be if they are taking
place in a language other than their own. While conversation confidence is a valuable
skill, it does not go without challenges.
Many individuals struggle with various barriers that hinder their ability to engage in
meaningful communication in any language. Many people experience fear and anxiety
when speaking in public or participating in group conversations. The fear of being
judged or criticised can significantly hinder conversation confidence. Individuals with
social anxiety may feel intense discomfort in social settings, leading to difficulties
initiating or participating in conversations. It can delimit their ability to express
themselves and connect with others. Besides, people often bring preconceived notions,
biases, or judgments into conversations that can hinder their ability to listen objectively
and empathetically. It can create misunderstandings and limit effective communication.
Non-verbal cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice, play
a crucial role in communication. However, individuals with conversation confidence
issues may struggle with maintaining eye contact, using appropriate gestures, or
conveying their message non-verbally. Conversation confidence can be hindered when
individuals fail to consider or understand differing viewpoints. This lack of empathy
can lead to ineffective communication, misunderstandings, and strained relationships.
Again, during a conversation, some individuals may dominate conversations and
disregard others’ points of view. It can create an imbalanced conversational dynamic
and hinder effective communication.
Limited vocabulary hinders new language learners from expressing themselves
effectively. For instance, English language learners often struggle with grammar rules
and pronunciation difficulties. Secondly, a lack of fluency can make new language
learners hesitant and apprehensive during conversations. Thirdly, fear of making
mistakes can hinder conversation confidence as learners may feel embarrassed or
anxious about being misunderstood.
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Sometimes new language learners struggle to understand native speakers due to

differences in accent, speed, or colloquial expressions. Furthermore, cultural differences
can create barriers in verbal communication, leading to confusion and decreased
conversation confidence. Also, limited exposure to authentic conversations can hinder

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 English
new language learners from developing natural conversation skills.
While these problems are natural to feel nervous, students need to find ways to be more
confident in their ability to participate in a conversation. They can choose from various
solutions to boost their conversation confidence.
Learning about current, relevant news can be one solution for students to develop more
conversational confidence. The internet makes it very easy to find out what everyone
in the community is talking about; with this knowledge, students can be prepared for
conversations because they know what people are generally talking about and can even
look up the vocabulary words they need. Also, students can start this preparation by
following the academy’s social media pages or listening to locally produced news.
Learners should also focus on vocabulary building by regularly learning and practising
new words. Different learning applications and extensive reading can significantly
increase vocabulary and boost confidence. The correct pronunciation is also crucial for
effective communication. New language learners should actively practise speaking aloud
and follow pronunciation guides to improve their pronunciation skills. In addition, regular
pronunciation practice develops confidence in speaking the language more accurately.

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 Expressing a Solution to a Problem
Role-playing activities provide a safe and structured environment for English
language learners to practise conversational skills. By imitating real-life scenarios
and exchanging dialogues with peers, learners can improve their fluency, confidence,
and ability to respond spontaneously. Likewise, listening comprehension plays a vital
role in conversation confidence. The new language learner should expose themselves
to authentic audio materials, such as podcasts, music, and movies, to develop their
understanding of the language in different contexts. Engaging oneself in the target
language and culture accelerates conversation confidence. New language learners
should seek opportunities to travel, participate in cultural events or language exchange
programs to practise conversational skills in real-life situations. Exposure to native
speakers and cultural contexts enhances understanding and confidence. Also, it is
crucial to embrace errors as part of the learning process and view them as opportunities
for improvement. By adopting a positive mindset and learning from mistakes, learners
can overcome their fear and become more comfortable engaging in conversations.
Engaging in confidence-building activities can help new language learners overcome
their conversational anxieties. Joining language clubs, participating in language
contests, or delivering short presentations in the target language (e.g., in English)
can gradually boost confidence. As well as celebrating small achievements and
acknowledging progress is essential for sustained motivation. They should cultivate
patience and persistence, understanding that progress may come gradually. Moreover,
learners should nurture a positive mindset, replacing self-doubt with affirmations and
visualising successful conversations. Building a strong belief in one’s abilities enhances
confidence and encourages a more relaxed and fluent communication style.
In conclusion, students have many options to solve the problem of avoiding conversations
and subsequently develop conversation confidence. Choosing to work through these
solutions will help students improve their English skills and help them build stronger
relationships with others. Since conversations are part of everyday life and cannot be
entirely avoided, it is better to conquer fear through preparation than to limit self-
expression. Whether learners are talking to a supervisor, a classmate, a roommate, and
a friend or family, they will feel empowered to be better conversational partners. By
addressing the issues they have and implementing practical solutions, educators and
students can work together to foster a conducive environment for building conversation
and confidence.
The matching activity
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Read the following concept/term in the first column and their descriptions/
elaborations in the column next to it. Then, match the concepts/ term with their
descriptions/ elaborations. Later share your answers with the class.

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 English

Concept/Term Description/ elaboration of Concept

a. Conversation 1. Podcasts, music, movies, announcements,
confidence weather forecasts etc.
b. Non-verbal cues in 2. Differences in accent, speed, colloquial
communication expressions or cultural differences
c. Barries of meaningful 3. Tells about the key ways to develop conversation
communication confidence
4. Joining language clubs, participating in language
d. Hindrance of objective
contests, or delivering short presentations in the
listening
target language
e. Challenges of new 5. The art of expressing oneself clearly, listening
language learners attentively, and engaging in productive exchanges
f. A way to know the 6. Visiting the academy’s social media pages or
problems of the community listening to locally produced news
g. Authentic audio 7. Having preconceived notions, biases, lack of
materials empathy or being judgmental
h. Confidence-building 8. Body language, facial expressions, tone of voice,
activities hand gestures etc.
i. Conclusion 9. Fear in public speaking, being judged or criticised

5.3.2.1 Now, read the text given in Activity 5.3.2 again and ask and answer
the following questions in pairs/groups. Later, share your responses
with the class.
Activity 5.3.2-এ দেওেো text-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো েচ� িো দ�োড়োে আচ�োেিো
কচরো। পরিেতীচে দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।
Questions
a. Do you think the writer has convinced the reader to care about the problem? If
yes, explain your answer.
b. Has the writer identified the causes of the problem in the text? If yes, what are
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they?
c. What are the solutions suggested in the text to solve the problem?
d. Which solution do you think is most feasible? Why do you think so?
e. Did the writer use any conclusion to tell you all the key points of the text?
Explain your response with an example.

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 Expressing a Solution to a Problem
5.3.2.2 Read the text given in Activity 5.3.2 again and identify different steps
of the structure of this problem-solving text in pairs/groups. Then,
list your responses in the following grid. Later, share your responses
with the whole class. One is done for you.
Activity 5.3.2 এ দেওেো text-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে িো েচ� problem-solving text
গঠচির নিনভন্ন ধোপগুচ�ো নেননিে কচরো। েোরপর নিচের েোরনিচে দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দ�চ�ো। পচর
দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো। একটি উত্তর দেোিোচের �ন্য কচর দেওেো হচ�ো।

Paragraph of Step of the

Description of the steps in the text
the text structure

a) Paraphrase the problem ‘The challenges of

conversation confidence.’
Paragraph one Introduction
b) Convince the reader to care about the
problem saying that……………

Paragraph two
The causes described in this paragraph are……..
(causes)

Paragraph three
Main body The causes described in this paragraph are……..
(causes)
paragraphs
Paragraph four (causes)
The causes described in this paragraph are……..
(causes)
Paragraph five
The causes described in this paragraph are……..
( causes)
Paragraph
The solutions described in this paragraph
seven
are……..
(solutions)
Main body
Paragraph eight The solutions described in this paragraph
paragraphs
(solutions) are……..
(Solutions)
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Paragraph nine The solutions described in this paragraph

(solutions) are……..
Summarise
The key points described in this paragraph
Paragraph ten the key
are……
points

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 English
5.4.1 Read the given parts of a problem solution essay and write the blank
parts of the essay to make it a complete essay. In writing, follow the
structure of a problem solution essay in the note given in Activity
5.3.1.
একটি problem solution essay-এর অংেগুচ�ো পচড়ো এিং �োন� অংেগুচ�ো পূরি কচর
রেিোটিচক েম্পূি গু কচরো। Activity 5.3.1 এ দেওেো েিস্ো েিোধোি েংরিোন্ রেিোর
গঠি-কোঠোচিো অনুেরি কচরো।
Question
The internet has brought the world into our grip, but it has also created new problems
for teenagers. What are the most serious problems associated with the internet and
what solutions can you suggest?
The essay
Step 1: Introduction
Paraphrase the given problem: The enormous use of the internet over the
last decade has led to revolutionary changes to the way we share information.
Though the internet contributes a lot to being connected it has also created
problems especially for the teenagers that did not exist before.
Now, it’s your turn to write one key cause and related solution.
Your answer:_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Step 2: Main body paragraph 1 Cause (you can use different paragraphs for different
causes)
Topic sentence (state the cause): One of the causes of the internet is its easy
accessibility to all the sites even though some are not suitable for them.
Now, it’s your turn to explain the cause and give an example of it.
Your answer: ______________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
Step 3: Main body paragraph 2- Solution (Again, you can write different solutions
using different paragraphs)

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 Expressing a Solution to a Problem
Topic sentence (state the solutions): It is high time the government ensured that
adequate legislation and controls are in place to prevent young people from accessing
dangerous sites, such as requiring more than simply confirming that s/he is an adult
to view a site.
Now, it’s your turn to explain the solution and give an example of it.
Your answer: ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Finally, write the conclusion of the essay (the main points in the essay).
Your answer: _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
It is time to put together all four paragraphs and complete your writing. Later,
share the essay with the class.

5.4.2 Now, you are equipped with the technique to solve a problem in a
better way and to write a problem-solving essay following the four-
step structure.
So, now solve one of the problems you are facing in your school
and that is, to improve your school’s recycling system by writing
a problem-solving essay and present it to the concerned authority.
Follow the given steps to write your essay in a more structured way.
এ�ি দকোচিো েিস্ো ভোচ�োভোচি েিোধোি করোর দকৌে�গুচ�ো েম্পচকগু তুনি �োচিো এিং
েোরটি ধোপ অনুেরি কচর নকভোচি েিস্ো েিোধোি েংরিোন্ রেিো ন��চে হে েোও �োচিো।
সুেরোং নিদ্ো�চে তুনি দয েক� েিস্োর মুচ�োমুন� হও এিি একটি েিস্ো, দযিি দেোিোর
‘নিদ্ো�চের recycling system উন্নেকরি’ েংরিোন্ একটি রেিো দ�চ�ো এিং েংনলিষ্ট
কতৃপগু চক্ষর েোিচি েো উপথিোপি কচরো। কোঠোচিো ঠিক দরচ� দ��োর �ন্য নিচের ধোপগুচ�ো
অনুেরি কচরো।
• First, do a survey to get an idea of your school’s existing recycling system
and frame your question. In framing the question, take the help of your peers/
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teacher/ parents etc. if necessary.

প্রথচি দেোিোর নিদ্ো�চের িেগুিোি নরেোইনক্ং পদ্ধনে েম্পচকগু ধোরিো �োচভর �ন্য একটি �নরপ
কচরো এিং প্রশ্ন তেনর কচরো। প্রশ্ন তেনরর �ন্য দেোিোর েহপোঠী, নেক্ষক অথিো িোিো-িোর েোহোর্য
িোও।
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 English
• Then, make a plan to write your essay. Don’t forget to follow the three steps
(analyse the problem, generate ideas and identify the related vocabulary) in
the planning process.

রেিোটি দ��োর �ন্য একটি পনরকল্পিো কচরো। পনরকল্পিোটি িোস্তিোেচির �ন্য (েিস্টি নিচলিষি
করো, েিস্োটি েম্পচকগু ধোরিো তেনর করো এিং েোর েোচথ েম্পনকগুে েব্দিো�ো) িনি গুে ধোপ নেিটি
অনুেরি করচে ভুচ�ো িো।
• Now, write the first step ‘Introduction’ by paraphrasing the problem. Add one
key cause and related solution to complete your introduction.

েিস্োটিচক paraphrase কচর রেিোটির প্রথি ধোচপ ভূনিকোটি (Introduction) দ�চ�ো। একটি
মূ� কোরি অন্ভূগুক্ত কচর এিং েোর েিোধোি নেচে ভূনিকো েম্পূি গু কচরো।
• To write every ‘Main body paragraph’- cause, first state the cause. Then,
explain the cause and give an example to make your point well explained.

‘Main body paragraph’ দ��োর �ন্য মূ� কোরি িি গুিো কচরো। েোরপর কোরিটি ব্োখ্ো কচরো।
দেোিোর পচেন্টগুচ�ো উেোহরিেহ িি গুিো কচরো।
• Again, to write a body paragraph- solution, follow the same process that is to
state the solution first. Then, explain the solution and give an example to make
your suggestions well-defined.

পুিরোে ‘body paragraph’ দ��োর �ন্য মূ� অংচে েিস্োর েিোধোি এিং দয পদ্ধনে অনুেরি
কচর েিস্োর েিোধোি করো যোচি েো িি গুিো কচরো। েোরপর উেোহরি নেচে েিোধোিটি ব্োখ্ো কচরো
এিং দেোিোর সুনিনে গুষ্ট পরোিেগু েোও।
• Finally, conclude your essay by summarising all the key points.

েিচেচষ, েি মূ� নিষেিস্তুচক একেোচথ কচর রেিোটি দেষ কচরো।

• At last, you are ready to present your essay in the class first. Then, choose the
most suitable essay from the class and submit it to the concerned authority
asking for immediate steps to make your school environment healthy and safe.

অিচেচষ, দেোিোর রেিোটি দরেনিচে উপথিোপচির �ন্য তুনি প্রস্তুে। নিদ্ো�চের নিরোপে ও স্োথিট্যকর
পনরচিে নিনচিে করচে দেোিোচের দ��ো েিচেচে ভোচ�ো রেিোটি নিি গুোেি কচরো এিং েোৎক্ষনিক
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পেচক্ষপ দিওেোর �ন্য েংনলিষ্ট কতৃপগু চক্ষর নিকট �িো েোও।

New Words: concentrate, profound, delimit, empathetically, crucial, dominate, hesitant,
apprehensive, colloquial, boost strained.

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 The Art of Expressing Comparisons
6.1.1 Think that in this summer vacation, with your family, you are
planning to visit a place in Bangladesh. Now you need to make
decisions on many things. Now, look at the following illustrations
and decide which one you will choose from the given options for your
visit. Later, share your list of choices for the journey with the class,
explaining why you chose them.
িচি কচরো, এই গ্রীচমের ছুটিচে, তুনি দেোিোর পনরিোচরর েোচথ িোং�োচেচের একটি �োেগো ভ্রিচির
পনরকল্পিো করচছো। এ�ি দেোিোচক অচিক নিষচে নেদ্ধোন্ নিচে হচি। নিচের ছনিগুচ�ো দেচ�ো এিং
দেোিোর ভ্রিচির �ন্য প্রেত্ত নিকল্পগুচ�োর িচযে দকোিটি তুনি দিচছ দিচি দে নেদ্ধোন্ িোও। পচর,
ভ্রিচির �ন্য দেোিোর পছচন্দর েোন�কোটি দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো এিং দকি দেই �োেগোগুচ�ো দিচছ
নিচেচছো েো ব্োখ্ো কচরো।

i) Destination
Sajek Cox’s Bazar
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ii) Transportation
Train Bus

iii) Luggage
Suitcase Bag

vi) Shoe
Sneakers Slippers Academic Year 2024

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 The Art of Expressing Comparisons
v) Camera
Mobile DSLR

vi) Books
Fictions/Adventure Magazine

(Images Collected)

vii) Snacks for the Journey

Bread- Banana Sandwich
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6.1.2 Now, in groups discuss and reflect on the steps you have followed to
choose one from the alternatives.
The following steps for making a choice are for your help. You can
use them and add steps if you need them. Later, arrange the steps
in the given flowchart. Finally, share your flowchart for making a
choice with the class.
এ�ি, েচ� আচ�োেিো কচরো এিং নিকল্পগুচ�োর িচযে দথচক একটি পছন্দ করোর �ন্য দয ধোপগুচ�ো
অনুেরি কচরচছো েো নিচে ভোচিো।
নেদ্ধোন্ গ্রহচির �ন্য নিচের ধোপগুচ�ো দেোিোর সুনিধোর �ন্য দেওেো হচ�ো। তুনি এ ধোপগুচ�ো অনুেরি
করচে পোচরো এিং প্রচেো�চি আচরো ধোপ যুক্ত করচে পোচরো। নিচের flowchart এ ধোপগুচ�ো
েো�োও। েিচেচষ দরেনিচে েো দেেোর কচরো।
Steps
• Explore more about the alternatives
• Identify your need
• Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the options
• Review your choice
• Select the suitable option

ধোপেমূহ :
• নিকল্পগুচ�ো েম্পচকগু আচরো অনুেন্ধোি কচরো।
• নিচ�র প্রচেো�ি েিোক্ত কচরো।
• নিকল্পগুচ�োর সুনিধো এিং অসুনিধোগুচ�োর তু�িো কচরো।
• নিচ�র পছন্দ পয গুোচ�োেিো কচরো
• উপযুক্ত পছন্দটি িোছোই কচরো
The flowchart of making choices : add below
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6.2.1 Now, let’s see what we compare of a thing/person/object etc. to choose
one from the alternatives!
Read the following two texts, and in pairs/groups, identify the
similarities and differences between Viruses and Bacteria in text 1
and Culture and Civilization in text 2. Later, present your findings
in front of the whole class.
েচ�ো দেন� দকোচিো নিকল্প দথচক একটিচক দিচছ দিওেোর দক্ষচরি দকোচিো ব্নক্ত/িস্তু অথিো নিষচের
দকোি তিনেষ্টট্যটি আিরো তু�িো কনর।
নিচের দটসেট দুটি পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে িো েচ� দটসেট ১-এ দেওেো ভোইরোে এিং ব্কচটনরেো এিং
দটসেট ২-এ দেওেো েংস্কৃনে ও েভট্যেোর িচযে নি� এিং অনি�গুচ�ো নেননিে কচরো। পচর দরেনিচে
দেোিোর প্রোপ্ত ফ�োফ� দেেোর কচরো।
Text 1

Viruses and bacteria are microscopic organisms. Bacteria are single-celled and
considered living organisms. Viruses are not cells but genetic material (DNA or RNA)
enclosed in a protein coat. They do not have cellular structures and are considered non-
living particles. Viruses and bacteria have the potential to cause infections and diseases
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in humans, animals and plants. Both have mechanisms for replication. Bacteria can
reproduce independently through binary fission, on the other hand, viruses require
a host cell to replicate. Antibiotics can kill the growth of bacteria but they are not
effective against viruses. Bacteria are larger than viruses. Viruses and bacteria can be
transmitted from one organism to another through various means.

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Text 2
Culture and civilization involve shared values, beliefs, norms and customs that guide the
behaviour of individuals within a society. Civilizations tend to be broader in scope than
cultures. A civilization includes multiple cultures within its boundaries and involves
larger populations compared to culture. Cultures and civilizations often produce
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art, literature, music and other forms of creative expression that reflect their values,
aesthetics and traditions. Both cultures and civilizations develop languages to facilitate
social interaction. Civilizations are often recognized for their historical impact, such as
the civilizations of Egypt, Greece or China while cultures may be more localized.

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You may record your findings in the following grid. Add as many rows as
you need.

Similarities Differences

1.
Text 1 2.
Viruses and Bacteria 3.
4.
5.
1.
Text 2
2.
Culture and Civilization
3.

6.2.2 Now, notice the grid carefully and in pairs/groups, identify what
features of Viruses, Bacteria, Culture and Civilization you compare.
Then, record them in the given grid. Finally, check your responses
with other groups.
দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের েোরনিটি ভোচ�োভোচি �ক্ষট্য কচরো এিং ভোইরোে, ব্োকচটনরেো, েংস্কৃনে এিং
ুঁ দির কচরো। েোরপর, প্রেত্ত েোরনিচে উক্ত নিষেগুচ�ো
েভট্যেোর কী কী তিনেষ্টট্য তু�িো করচছো েো খুচ�
দ�চ�ো। পচর দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো অন্য েচ�র েোচথ যোেোই কচরো।
One is done for you.

Comparable Feature Example sentence from the text

1. Size Viruses and Bacteria are microscopic organisms.

2.
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3.
4.
5.

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6.3.1 Now, read the note below and explore the techniques for writing a
compare and contrast text. Later, check your understanding of the
note by doing the activities it follows.
নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো এিং compare and contrast েংরিোন্ দটসেট দ��োর দকৌে�গুচ�ো েম্পচকগু
�োচিো। পচর দিোটটি পচড় তুনি কী বুচঝচছো নিচের কো�গুচ�ো কচর েো যোেোই কচরো।
Note
Compare and Contrast Essay
Compare and contrast essay is a common type of academic essay writing topic. Compare
refers to exploring similarities between subjects, while contrast means to look at their
differences. A compare and contrast essay explores the similarities and differences
between two subjects to have some deeper insight into the two. In a compare and
contrast essay, we either compare the two subjects, contrast them or sometimes do
both. The subjects we compare in the essay are usually in the same category, although
they have their differences. For example, we can write an essay comparing two books
or contrasting them or can do both to get a clear understanding of them. Likewise, it
can be two movies, two cities, and two schools. When we write a compare and contrast
essay, we try to make connections between the two subjects that are not obvious but
illustrate the subtle, surprising or unexpected similarities and differences between the
subjects. So, to write a compare and contrast essay, you need to use your observations
and analytical skills to pay close attention to the issues, analyse the information and
make meaningful arguments about the issues to compare them.
There are a couple of ways to write a compare and contrast essay. Here, we will learn
about the popular twos. One is the block structure, and the other is the point-by-point
structure.
1. The block structure: The block structure is a little bit easier to write than
the point-by-point method. This structure includes an introduction, two body
paragraphs and a conclusion. The first body paragraph talks about various
features of one subject, and the second body paragraph discusses the similar
features of another subject. So, in the block structure, each paragraph focuses
on one separate thing, and altogether, you have four paragraphs.
2. The point-by-point structure: This structure gives the readers more detail
about the subjects that are compared, and readers may find it more interesting
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than the Block Method. This method is a bit different from the Block Method
as, in this method, you will get more than two paragraphs in the body. Each
body paragraph talks about one point of comparison. For example, if the first
paragraph talks about one point of comparison, the second paragraph will focus
on a different point of comparison.
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Now, let’s explore how to brainstorm some similarities and differences between
the two subjects to write a compare and contrast essay!
Let’s look at a simple example of compare and contrast essay from activity 6.1.1
that is which transportation rail or bus you will choose for the journey. To write the
essay, the first thing you should do is to grab a piece of paper and make a list with two
columns: similarities and differences. Then, jot down the key things first, then the most
striking ones. Here, you can also use a Venn diagram ( two circles that overlap). Now,
in the section where it overlaps, note the similarities and differences in the part of the
circle that does not overlap. So first about a rail journey, we can write rail is spacious,
seats are comfortable, less risky, eco-friendly, have toilet facilities etc. On the other
hand, a bus journey is comparatively fast, flexible, available but risky and congested.
Now, write these characteristics in the part of the circle that does not overlap. And in
the section that overlaps, let’s write the similarities like both are land transportation,
need money to travel and stop for a while at certain stops. This diagram will help you
to organize similarities and differences and give you a clear idea of the things you can
write about. Now, your ideas are ready and organized in the Venn diagram to write the
essay. And, it will look like the following one.

Venn Diagram
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So, let’s move forward and focus on the Block Structure! We will start with an
introduction para. Like other types of writing the introduction para includes-
• a hook to grab the reader’s attention
• some background information about the subjects and lastly
• a clear and focused thesis statement
For the essay, the introduction may be
Rail and bus are the two common and most used transportation to travel in our
country. Both are land transportations yet they differ in a lot of ways. Rail Travel may
take more time than Bus Travel but a journey by train is definitely more comfortable
than a journey by bus.
Here, the introduction gives the readers a signal that as both of them are land
transportation, they are similar in many ways. Again, the use of the specific word yet
tells them that the essay is going to focus not only on the similarities but also on the
differences between Travelling by Rail and Travelling by Bus. Moreover, the thesis sets
up the two subjects to be compared and contrasted (Rail VS Bus Travel) and it makes
a claim about the results that might prove useful to the reader.
It’s time to write the first body paragraph!
Here, we will talk about Rail Travel and how it is similar to Bus Travel. So, let’s start
writing. Don’t forget to use your ideas in the Venn diagram.
People always travel by rail and bus. Both of them are public land transportation.
They are always crowdy and also have the risk of pickpocketing. So, passengers always
need to be careful about their belongings. ………………………………………….
Now, it’s your turn to write the rest two similarities following the Venn diagram.
Let’s move to the second body paragraph. Here, we will write about bus travel and how
they are different from rail travel.
Travelling by bus is usually faster than a train but sometimes the bus needs more time to
reach the destination places because of traffic jams. On the other hand, the train has its
own path and there is no traffic jam at all. So, instead of being faster, the bus is sometimes
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slower than the train. …………………………………………………………

Now, add two more points following the Venn diagram.
So, now we will write the conclusion paragraph. In the conclusion, we will
• restate the thesis
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 The Art of Expressing Comparisons
• restate the points of comparison, and maybe
• give an opinion or realization
Our conclusion paragraph may look like this-
To conclude, we can say it is clear that people use rail and bus for travelling different
places for their advantages and disadvantages. They have similarities but they are
different in many ways like travelling by train is more comfortable, less risky and
eco-friendly than travelling by bus. So to my opinion, travelling by rail is preferable
than travelling by bus.
Now, write the whole essay and share it with your groups. Finally, share it with
the class.
It’s time to focus on the Point-by-Point structure! Like the block structure, the point-
by-point structure also includes an introduction paragraph, body paragraphs and a
conclusion paragraph. But, the point-by-point structure is different from the block
structure as it has more than two body paragraphs and each body paragraph talks about
both the subjects which are compared. The structure of a point-by-point method looks
like this-
• Introduction or an introductory paragraph
• body paragraph 1- point of comparison 1
Your point:
body paragraph 2- point of comparison 2
Your point:
body paragraph 3- point of comparison 3
Your point:
• Conclusion or a concluding paragraph
In this essay, three points of comparison (both similarities and dissimilarities) are
talked about in the three body paragraphs and each paragraph will focus on a point of
comparison.
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The Introduction Paragraph

It’s your turn to write the introduction paragraph following the Block structure as they
are similar. Don’t forget to mention your points of comparison in the thesis statement
as the points will let the readers know what points your body paragraphs are focusing
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on. Make sure that you are using the correct language and transitional words to inform
your readers what you are going to tell.
Write your introduction paragraph here
…………………………………………….
The First Body Paragraph
Let’s explore what would be inside the first body paragraph. To write the first
body paragraph, follow your thesis. Suppose, from the Venn diagram, your first
point of comparison is Rail journey is more comfortable than the bus journey, your
first body paragraph may look like this-
Comfort is a primary concern of people when they travel from one place to another,
especially if it is a long journey. The train is spacious and has more leg space. People
can move freely if they need and don’t need to be stuck to their seats. In contrast, the
bus is congested and there is little space for legs and hand luggage. Passengers don’t
have any option but to sit in their seats. If it is a long-distance journey, sometimes the
elderly passengers get sick. So, it’s clear that both the transports have their distinct
features and are different from each other.
So, write two more body paragraphs following your thesis statement.
Write your body paragraph 2 here …………………………………………….
Write your body paragraph 3 here …………………………………………….
Now, it’s time to write the conclusion paragraph following the Block structure as they
are similar.
Write your conclusion paragraph here …………………………………………….
Finally, compile the whole essay and share it in groups and later with the class.

6.3.1. Let’s check our comprehension of the note!

Read the note again and identify the similarities and differences
between Block structure and Point-by-Point structure. Then, share
your findings in pairs/groups.
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You may use the following grid to record your findings. Add as many
rows as you need.
েচ�ো দিোটটি েম্পচকগু আিরো কী বুচঝনছ েো যোেোই কনর!

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 The Art of Expressing Comparisons
দিোটটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং Block structure and Point-by-Point structure এর িচযে নি�
এিং পোথ গুকট্যগুচ�ো নেননিে কচরো। েোরপর, দ�োড়োে িো েচ� দেোিোর পোওেো েথ্য দেেোর কচরো।
েথ্য েংরক্ষচির �ন্য নিচের েোরনিটি ব্িহোর করচে পোচরো। প্রচেো�ি অনুযোেী েোনর যুক্ত
কচর িোও।

Similarities Differences

1. 1.
Block Structure and
Point-by-Point Structure
2. 2.

3. 3.

6.3.2 Now, read the text and ask and answer the following questions in
pairs/groups. Later, share your responses with the class.
এ�ি, text-টি পচড়ো এিং েচ� িো দ�োড়োে নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো। পচর দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো
দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।
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The demand for organic foods has increased in the last twenty years. The USA and
many European markets have noted increased sales. The increase can be attributed to
the views of many consumers that organic foods are safer, tastier, and healthier than
non-organic foods. Besides that, organic foods pose less environmental pollution risk
than nonorganic foods. Realising these reasons, the demand for organic foods is rising
despite being more expensive.
Foods that are grown without any artificial chemical treatment or by other substances
that have been modified genetically are referred to as organic foods. A food product
that is free of any artificial additives such as preservatives, flavouring, sweeteners,
and colourings is known as organic food. On the other hand, foods grown using
chemicals are labelled as inorganic foods. Organic foods, according to many studies,
have high quantities of antioxidants compared to nonorganic foods. Certain types
of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin C are higher in organic foods than
nonorganic foods. Organic foods with high antioxidants are helpful for the body due
to their role in reducing the risk of developing chronic illnesses. Nonorganic foods
contain some toxic pesticides, such as cadmium which is absent in the case of organic
foods. There also exist considerable differences between organic and non-organic foods
in their appearance. Organic foods appear to be more natural than non-organic foods.
Nonorganic foods, because of chemical usage, attain almost perfect shapes in contrast
to organic food’s imperfect and natural appearances.
Organic animal foods also have significant differences from their counterparts. Organic
dairy products have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, and organic meat has low
levels of saturated fats. Organic animal foods with omega-3 fatty acids will have health
benefits. On the contrary, nonorganic animal foods may increase health risks.
To sum it up, there are some similarities in the nutritional contents between organic and
non-organic food substances. However, there are several considerable differences in
the number of antioxidants, as well as other minerals present in organic and nonorganic
foods. Generally speaking, organic foods are more helpful for preventing chronic
illnesses since they contain higher quantities of antioxidants than non-organic foods.
Additionally, organic foods have fewer nitrates and pesticide residues like cadmium
that are dangerous to human health at high concentrations than non-organic foods.
Organic foods, further, have higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids than non-organic
foods, which has more positive effects on health.
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Questions
a. In which structure is this essay written? Explain your response with examples.
b. How many body paragraphs are there in the essay?

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 The Art of Expressing Comparisons
c. What are the points of comparison the writer has used in the essay?
d. How many similarities and differences between organic and nonorganic foods
are talked about in the essay?
e. Do you think the writer has shared his opinion in the essay? If yes, explain
your answer.
f. Does the writer restate the thesis and points of comparison in the conclusion?
If yes, describe your responses.
g. If you want to add a body paragraph, what will be your point/s of comparison?

6.3.2.1 Read the essay again and identify the following characteristics of a
compare and contrast essay in the text. Then, describe them with
example sentence/s in the second column next to their names.
রেিোটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং text-এ দেওেো compare and contrast রেিোর তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো নেননিে
কচরো। েোরপর, ২ে ক�োচি প্রনেটি তিনেচষ্টট্যর পোচে িোচকট্যর উেোহরি নেচে েোচেরচক িি গুিো কচরো।
One is done for you.

Name of the part Your description with example sentence/s

The increase can be attributed to the views of many

consumers that organic foods are safer, tastier, and
healthier than inorganic foods.
1. The compared subjects
From this sentence, we understand that the
essay compares and contrasts organic foods and
inorganic foods.

2. The thesis statement

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3. Point of comparison-1

4. Point of comparison-2

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5. The type of structure

6. The writer’s opinion/

realization

6.4.1 Let’s learn together!

েচ�ো একেোচথ নেন�!
The Padma Bridge, Our Pride!

Read the following text and check your understanding in groups.

Paragraph 1
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The Padma Multipurpose Bridge is a matter of national pride for Bangladesh. It is across
the Padma River. Inaugurated on 26 June 2022, it is a testament to our determination
to achieve wonders.
Question: What will be your thesis statement for this text?

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 The Art of Expressing Comparisons
Your answer: —------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph 2
The bridge is considered a more challenging construction project compared to any
others. Building a bridge over the Padma River is challenging compared to any other
river considering its width and depth. It is the longest bridge in Bangladesh, with a
length of 6.15 km. It overshadows any other bridge in length in Bangladesh. When
compared to it, only Bangabandhu Bridge comes somewhat close to it, with a length
of 4.98 km. Two other bridges can be compared to it lengthwise, namely Bangabandhu
Railway Bridge (4.8 km) and Rupsha Rail Bridge (5.13 km). The Padma Bridge is a two-
level road-rail bridge. The steel truss bridge carries a four-lane highway on the upper
level and a single-track railway on the lower level. Contrarily, both the Bangabandhu
Railway Bridge and Rupsha Rail Bridge only carry railway tracks.
Question: What are the points of comparison in this paragraph?
Your answer: —------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph 3
The Padma Bridge features the highest pile depth compared to any bridge in the world
at 120 m (390 ft). It also is the deepest bridge in the world, with piles installed as
deep as 127 meters. When discussing the practicality of the bridge, contrary to many
misbeliefs, the bridge will boost the GDP of Bangladesh by as much as 1.23 percent. 13
districts with higher average poverty than the rest of the country are connected to the
capital. 17 new economic zones are planned, which will result in prosperity as opposed
to poverty in the southwestern region.
Question: What are the points of comparison in this paragraph?
Your answer: —------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph 4
Tourist spots of the Southwestern Bangladesh like Kuakata and Sundarbans, and major
destinations like Barisal, Faridpur, Gopalganj, Patuakhali, and Khulna are now easily
reachable from the capital city of Dhaka. On the other hand, the bridge will connect
Dhaka with Kolkata in a faster way. It will take at least 2 hours less compared to what it
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used to take. The southern part of Bangladesh has been connected to Dhaka in a shorter
time by road in contrast to hassles associated with travel by ferries.
Question: What are the points of comparison in this paragraph?
Your answer: —------------------------------------------------------------
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Paragraph 5
From the beginning, the Padma Multipurpose Bridge negotiation was hampered by
controversy and conspiracy. Local and international conspirators conspired to hinder
the completion of the bridge. A united national effort assured the completion of this
mega project. To sum it up, the Padma Bridge has changed the lives of people for the
better. We should now put our minds and efforts to harvest the opportunities it opened
up. With a combined effort of all the people from different walks of life, a new era of
development and prosperity will be assured if the Padma Bridge is utilised to its full
potential.
Question: What will be your concluding paragraph for this essay?
Your answer: —------------------------------------------------------------

Now follow the instructions and do the activity.

Instruction
• Make groups of 5 and count 1,2,3,4 and 5. Write down your number so that
you will not forget your number.
• Work on the paragraph distributed by the teacher. (Read the question after
each paragraph and work on that)
• Complete the work within the time allocated by your teacher.
• After completing your work, form 5 new groups. All 1(the number you were
given previously) will form Group 1. Likewise, all twos will be in group 2, all
threes will be in group 3, all fours will be in group 4 and finally, all fives will
be in group 5.
• Now, the new group members will share their learnings with their new group
members. First, the members whose number is 1 will share their learning first,
then the twos, after the threes, later the fours and finally the fives.
• All the new groups will discuss and work on the whole essay and rewrite the
essay as a complete one. If you need, take the help of other groups and the
teacher.
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• Later, do the necessary edits and make the final draft.

• Finally, every group will present their essay in front of the class. After the
presentation, request other groups to share their feedback.
• Conclude your presentation with a note of thanks.
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6.4.2 Let’s discuss, think and solve our problems!
েচ�ো আচ�োেিো কনর, ভোনি এিং েিস্োর েিোধোি কনর।
Follow the instructions given below to do the activity.
• In groups 5-6, discuss and identify 2-3 issues/problems related to your school/
locality that need opinions/decisions.
• Later, find out the best two solutions to address the issues/problems. Then,
write each of the issues/problems with the suggested two solutions individually
on a piece of paper and drop them in the box.
• Now, as a group representative, choose one issue/problem from the box.
• It’s time to discuss and write a compare and contrast essay on the issue/problem
you have chosen. Mind that, your essay is to help take the best solution among
the two. So in your essay, you have to compare and contrast both options in a
way that the readers can make their choices easily. If you want, you may write
your opinion. Most importantly, follow the structure of a compare and contrast
essay.
• Later, check the spelling, sentences and transition words of your essay with
other groups and the teacher if you need and make the final draft.
• Later submit your final copy to your teacher.
(You/ the teacher may collect all the essays and make a spiral binding book and
place it to the school administration to consider the students’ choices or keep it in
the school library for others to read)
Some example issues/problems to help find yours own:
• Egg/banana or samucha/singara for school tiffin
• Blue/white or brown/white (any colour you like) for school dress
• Cell phone should be allowed or not in the school campus
• Tiffin time should be increased or not
• Two ways to make your school campus green
• Public/private vehicles will be banned or not in front of the school gate etc.
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New Words: replication, transmit, localize, attribute, preservative, antioxidant, chronic, contrarily,
hassle, negotiation, genetic.

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The Power of Inclusive Language

Let’s reflect on our learnings on ‘Language and Power’ in class eight!
‘Language and Power’ নিষচে আিরো অষ্টি দরেনিচে নক নেচ�নছ েচ�ো েো িচি কচর দেন�।

7.1.1 Discuss the following questions in pairs/groups and share your

responses with the class.
নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো দ�োড়োে িো েচ� আচ�োেিো কচরো এিং দেোিোচের উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে
দেেোর কচরো।
a. What is instrumental power?
b. What are the language features of instrumental power people usually use in
conversations?
c. Have you experienced any language features of instrumental power while
communicating with others? If yes, what are they?
d. Have you noticed any evidence of sharing instrumental power in conversation?
If yes, what words/expressions they used in their conversation?

7.1.2 Now, reflect on the notices and guidelines you are usually informed
by your school. Then, discuss the following questions in pairs/groups.
Finally, share your responses with the class.
এ�ি, স্কুচ� দেোিোচক �োিোচিোর �ন্য েোধোরিে দযেি নিজ্নপ্ত িো নিচে গুেিো দেেো হে দেগুচ�ো নিচে
ভোচিো। েোরপর দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো। েিচেচষ দেোিোচের উত্তরগুচ�ো
দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।
a. What are the things you are usually informed by your school?
b. How do the school officials inform you?
c. What type of words, sentences, expressions and tone does the school official
use to inform you about something?
d. Do you find any differences between the language of those notices/orders and
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the language we usually use? If yes, what are they?

e Why do you think the school officials use a different type of language to notify you?
f. Do you think the language of the school notices or orders should be different?
If yes, explain your answer.
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 The Power of Inclusive Language

7.2.1 Read the following text. Then in pairs/groups, identify examples

of the linguistic features of instrumental power and neutralization
of that power. Later, check your responses with the class.
নিচের text-টি পচড়ো। েোরপর দ�োড়োে িো েচ�, instrumental power এিং ক্ষিেোচক নিরচপক্ষ
ুঁ দির কচরো। পচর, দেোিোচের উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে
করোর ভোষোগে তিনেচষ্টট্যর উেহোরিগুচ�ো খুচ�
যোেোই কচরো।

Diba and Nazmun are two friends. Last Saturday, Diba came to visit Nazmun’s school.
The school is on the outskirts of the city. On their way to the school, Diba loved the
serene and quiet environment of the area. After reaching there, out of curiosity, Diba
looked at the notice board hung beside the school gate. The language of the notices
seems different to her. Diba read the following notice -
‘The students who like to submit their forms are requested to attach 2 copies of PP-size
photographs and Birth Certificates with the photocopies of their parents’ NID cards.
Again, as the teachers have other responsibilities to carry out, the interested students
are requested to meet the teachers from 10-11.30 am on Monday and Wednesday.’
Drawing Nazmun’s attention, Diba said, “The language of your school’s notice seems
different.”
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Nazmun couldn’t understand and asked, “Is it? How is it different from your school?”
Diba replied, “You know, in my school the same notice will be written in the following
way -
‘The students who will submit the admission forms for 2023 are asked to bring 2 copies
of PP-size photographs and Birth Certificates with the photocopies of the parents’
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NID cards. The meeting time with the teacher is from 10-11.30 am on Monday and
Wednesday.’
Nazmun said, “Hmm… now I can see the difference.” Afterwards, she told Diba to visit
their classrooms. While crossing the classrooms, Diba saw an ongoing class and asked
Nazmun, ‘Isn’t your school closed today?’ Nazmun replied affirmatively and added,
“It is an extra class for the students who need extra care.” Diba again loved the idea
and stood for some time to see how the teacher would help the students. Diba heard
the teacher saying, “What do you want to learn today?” One of the students said, “I
think today we can discuss how to write a CV.” The teacher welcomed the idea, saying
“That’s a good idea.”
This made Diba surprised again. She said, “In our school, we never decide the topic.
Most of the time our teachers decide the topic. We just follow the teachers.” Nazmun
said, “I believe, students should sometimes choose the topic for the class. Also, at my
home, when my parents make any decisions, they always ask my opinion. Though as
parents they take decisions, they always discuss with us before taking the decisions.”
Diba said, “What a good practice!”
While returning, Diba commented, “Today I had a great experience, and definitely
I will share all these great ideas with my teacher and parents. It might open a good
environment for others.” She then thanked Nazmun for the tour of her school.
You can record your responses in the following grid. One is done for you.

Topic Example from the text

i) asked to bring
The instrumental language features ii) …………….
iii) ……………
i) requested to attach
The language features to neutralize power ii) …………………
iii) …………………
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7.3.1 Read the following note to find out how power is associated with
Language.
ভোষোর েোচথ ক্ষিেোর েম্পকগু বুঝোর �ন্য নিচের note-টি পচড়ো।

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 The Power of Inclusive Language

Note
Power and language
Do you ever think about how language becomes a way to hold and gain power?
Let’s explore!
You all know that language is always considered a potential tool to express one’s thoughts
and ideas. But, in conversations, sometimes people use specific words, sentences or a
way of expression to show their authority or superiority over others. Also, their tone
of voice tells that they are in a higher position. Again, some people have a way with
words, and they use some special features of language to convince and influence others.
If you consider, the power associated with language, you will mainly get two types
of power- instrumental power and influential power. You have already learnt that
instrumental power refers to a kind of position that people hold because of who they
are. They do not always need to convince or satisfy anyone because of their position.
Some of the language features that people use to establish their position over others are
the use of modal verbs, imperative sentences to give advice or orders, formal register
(which means the speaker uses complete sentences, avoids slang and is likely to use
fewer contractions), conditional sentences and the use of declarative statements.
Today, you will learn about the influential power.
Influential power is just the opposite of instrumental power. It is also known as social
power. It refers to a particular set of language powers, that is people with the use of
influential language power intend to gain the confidence of others and to persuade others
to believe in or to support them. Often, you can find this type of power in statements
made by leaders and in advertisements.
While engaging in conversation, people utilise specific strategies to help them establish
their influence. Now, let’s explore some features of influential or social power language.
i) Very often, people present opinions as facts to persuade others. For example,
you may hear some guests to your school program say, “This is one of the
best schools in your locality. And as a student of this famous school, you must
perform your best.” Here, it is the speaker’s opinion that the school is one of
the best schools in your locality, and the speaker uses his opinion to influence
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you to perform your best.

ii) The use of first-person plural pronouns is another feature of influential power
language. For example, if you notice carefully, you can see your class captain
always say, “ This is our classroom. So, we have to keep it clean and tidy.”

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Here, he/she does not say, “This is my classroom. So, you have to keep it clean
and tidy.”
iii) Imperative verbs like act, speak, do, and come are also used to influence
others. As in the student’s election, the candidates use imperative verbs like -
‘Listen to your heart and vote for the suitable candidates.’ Here, the candidate
uses imperative verbs- listen and vote to persuade you to vote for him/her.
iv) Sometimes people use expressions like My people, My friends or My brothers
to establish a feeling of friendliness and reinforce their power.
v) Using interrogatives like asking the listener/reader questions to establish their
acceptance is another feature of influential power language. Here, they use
modal verbs to have their dominance over others. For example, someone very
close to you may say, “Am I not close enough to guide you? Now, you must
listen to me.”
So we can say that influential power exists in language, and people use these language
features to persuade a reader or listener towards a particular way of thinking, i.e. from
being a freethinking individual to a person with determined thoughts, beliefs and
actions. As a reader or a listener, you should understand when language is used to
maintain power exercise or to influence you to make better decisions.

7.3.2 Now, read the following extracts of the historic 7th March speech
and identify the language features that Bangabandhu used to inspire
people.
ঐনেহোনেক ৭ই িোচে গুর ভোষচির নিচম্নোক্ত অংে পচড়ো এিং িোনুষচক অনুপ্রোনিে করচে িগেিন্ধু
ুঁ দির কচরো।
দযেি ভোষোগে তিনেষ্টট্য ব্িহোর কচরচছি েো খুচ�
The 7th March speech is one of the best speeches delivered in world
history. The greatest Bengali of all time, the Father of the Nation,
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, called for our independence
in his historic 7th March Speech in 1971 in front of a sea of people in
Race Course Maidan, Dhaka. The speech is considered the world’s most
inspirational speech by which he inspired the Bengali nation to join the
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great liberation war and snatch victory from the oppressors.

So, now read the following parts of the historic speech and identify the
language features that Bangabandhu used to inspire people.

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 The Power of Inclusive Language

Bangabandhu started his speech by addressing people-

‘My brothers,
I come before you today with a heart laden with sadness. You are aware of everything
and know every bit of happenings. We have tried with our lives. And yet the sadness
remains that today, in Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur the streets are
soaked by the blood of my brothers. ………..’
Again he said-
‘What wrong have we committed? In the elections, the people of Bangladesh entrusted
me and the Awami League with the totality of their electoral support.’
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In his speech, he also talked about the history of Bengal. As he stated -

“ This history of the past twenty-three years has been one of the agonising cries of men
and women. The history of Bengal has been a history where the people of this land have
made the streets and highways of this land crimson with their blood.”

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 English
At one point he said,
“ I have spoken to him over telephone. I told him, ‘Mr. Yahya Khan, you are the
president of Pakistan. Come, be a witness to the inhumanity in which the people of
my Bengal are being murdered, to the way in which the mothers of my land are being
deprived of their sons.’ I told him, ‘ Come, see and dispense justice.”
We can also get his strong assertion when he pronounced-
“ I said on the tenth that Mujibur Rahman would not walk across the blood to take part
in a Round Table Conference. You have called the Assembly. But my demands must be
met first. Martial Law must be withdrawn. All military personnel must be taken back
to the barracks. ……..”
He concluded his speech by saying….
“Be prepared with whatever you have. Remember: Having mastered the lesson of
sacrifice, we shall give more blood. ……………………… The struggle this time is the
struggle for independence. Joi Bangla!”
You can record your responses in the following grid. One is done for you.

The features of influential

Example sentences from the speech
power language

1. The use of addressing My Bangabandhu started his speech by addressing the

people, My friends or people My brothers and it helped him to reinforce
My brothers to establish his close relationship with the Bengali people. This
a feeling of friendliness. addressing contributed a lot to creating a relationship
of trust and hope. And it made the people inspired to
cherish the dream of an independent country.

2)

3)
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4)

5)

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 The Power of Inclusive Language

7.3.3 Now, read the following note to know how you can neutralise the
power hierarchy associated with language.
ভোষোর েোচথ েম্পপৃক্ত ক্ষিেোর অনুরিি (power hierarchy) তুনি কীভোচি নিরচপক্ষ করচি েো
�োিোর �ন্য নিচের note-টি পচড়ো।
You have already learnt that some features of the language are used
to hold power and superiority. But again, you can use some strategies
and language features to neutralise this power hierarchy and make
a friendly and democratic environment during the conversations.
Let’s explore some ways to do that.
a. Firstly, when you engage in a conversation, always remember it is a two-way
communication. You have to be open and make space for your partner to share
his/her thoughts and ideas about a topic.
b. To neutralize power hierarchy during a conversation, always agree to disagree
and show respect for your partner’s opinions. If you have different opinions,
share your opinions politely using modal verbs. For example- you can say-
Could you please reconsider your thoughts on the topic?
c. Don’t interrupt when someone is talking. If you have a question, ask politely.
d. To have an effective conversation, avoid asking direct questions. Instead, use
a polite way to ask questions like I would like to know………. or Would you
mind telling me………………..?
e. Before making decisions, always ask for others’ opinions like Which book
will be the best to know more about nature? It’s a great way to share authority
with others.
f. If you want someone to do something, ask for that politely. Don’t use
imperative sentences or order someone to do something. You may use kindly,
please, could you please ……? or Would you mind……………..?
g. Finally, always use expressions like thanks, welcome, great, and excellent to
appreciate your partner for every good work.
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 English

7.3.4 Now, read the conversation given below and in pairs/groups answer
the following questions. Later, share your answers with the class.
এ�ি, নিচে প্রেত্ত কচথোপকথিটি পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�োর উত্তর েোও। পচর
দেোিোচের উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

Peter : Good morning, I noticed you speak English with a different accent. Where are
you from?
Mintu : Good morning. Yes, I’m originally from a country in Asia. English is not my
first language, but I’ve been living here for a few years now.
Peter : Oh, that’s interesting. Your English is really good, but I have to admit, I
sometimes struggle to understand you because of your accent.
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Mintu : Thank you for the compliment. It’s common for non-native English speakers
to have accents. However, accents shouldn’t be a measure of someone’s
proficiency or intelligence. There are various accents within English itself,
and they all deserve equal respect and understanding.
Peter : I understand what you’re saying, but it’s just easier for me to communicate
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 The Power of Inclusive Language
with people who have accents similar to mine. It’s nothing personal.
Mintu : I see where you’re coming from, but it’s important to recognize that language
and accents are tied to power dynamics. Native speakers of English often
hold more influence and privilege in English-speaking countries. Non-native
speakers, especially those with accents, can face discrimination or be treated
as less competent solely based on their language use.
Peter : I never thought about it that way. I apologize if I unintentionally made you
feel marginalized or judged based on your accent. That wasn’t my intention.
Mintu : Apology accepted, and I appreciate your willingness to learn and understand.
Language should be seen as a tool of communication rather than a measure of
one’s worth or abilities. It’s crucial to be aware of the power dynamics at play
and to treat all language users with respect and equality.
Peter : Absolutely. I’ll make a conscious effort to be more mindful of how I perceive
and interact with people based on their language or accent. It’s a valuable
lesson, and I’m grateful for this conversation.
Mintu : I’m glad we had this discussion. It’s through open conversations like these that
we can challenge and dismantle the power relations associated with language
use. Let’s continue to foster a more inclusive and equitable environment for
everyone, regardless of their linguistic background or accent.
a. What is the topic of the conversation?
b. How is the tone of Peter?
c. Do you think both of them hold the same power and authority in the
conversation? If not, who holds more power and how do you know that?
d. Do you find anyone in the conversation impolite? If yes, explain your answer
with an example.
e. Have you got any examples of sharing power in the conversation? If yes,
describe your answer with examples.

7.3.5 Now read the conversation in Activity 7.3.4 again and identify the
language features of instrumental and influential power. Again, find
out the language features used to neutralise the power that make the
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conversation more acceptable and democratic.

Activity 7.3.4 এর কচথোপকথিটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং instrumental এিং influential
power েংরিোন্ ভোষোর তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো নেননিে কচরো। আিোর, কচথোপকথিটিচক আচরো গ্রহিচযোগ্য
ুঁ
এিং গিেোন্রিক করোর উচদেচযে ক্ষিেোচক নিরচপক্ষ করোর �ন্য ব্িহৃে ভোষোর তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো খুচ�

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 English
দির কচরো।

Language feature of instrumental/ The language feature used to

influential power used in conversation neutralise the power in conversation

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

7.4.1 Read the following visa interview and identify the language features
that are associated with power and authority. Then, rephrase those
sentences to neutralise the power in the conversation. Later, share
your responses with the class and submit a copy to the teacher.
নিচের visa interview টি পচড়ো এিং power এিং authority েংনলিষ্ট ভোষোর তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো
নেননিে কচরো। েোরপর কচথোপকথচি ব্োিহৃে power-দক নিরচপক্ষ করোর �ন্য িোকট্যগুচ�ো
গু কচরো। পচর, উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো এিং একটি কনপ নেক্ষচকর কোচছ
পুিগঠি
�িোেোও।

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 The Power of Inclusive Language
Nilu: Good morning, sir.
Visa Officer: Good morning. Hand me your passport, please.
Nilu: Sure sir! Here it is.
Visa Officer: So, what’s the purpose?
Nilu: Sorry, could you repeat that?
Visa Officer: Okay. Why do you want to go to India?
Nilu: It is the Bookfair, I mean Kolkata.
Visa Officer: I see, and what else!
Nilu: Umm, also, I want to go to Darjeeling. I intend to stay for 4/5 days, as in
6 days my class will start at the university.
Visa Officer: Your first-time visit and you will travel alone, right? I think, that will be
challenging. What is your opinion?
Nilu: I believe that challenge is a part of life.
Visa Officer: Who is paying for your visit?
Nilu: Myself. I saved money from my part-time job.
Visa Officer: You have to explain this part.
Nilu: Oh, okay! I do tutoring. Besides, I do some freelancing. In fact, I earn my
living expenses.
Visa Officer: Have you ever travelled outside your country?
Nilu: No sir! I have never been.
Visa Officer: Do you know anyone in India?
Nilu: Again, no sir.
Visa Officer: Alright, let’s see what I can do for you.
Nilu: Oh, thank you so much.

New Words: potential, specific, associate, persuade, strategy, inhumanity, agonising,

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recognise, proficiency.

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Imaginations
8.1.1 Suppose, you have discovered a huge hidden treasure or got any
superpower. Now in pairs/groups, discuss and write the answers to
the following questions.
ুঁ দপচেচছো অথিো দকোচিো অনেিোিিীে েনক্তর অনধকোরী হচেচছো।
িচি কচরো, তুনি নিেো� গুপ্তধি খুচ�
দ�োড়োে িো েচ� আচ�োেিো কচর নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�োর উত্তর দ�চ�ো।
i) What treasure/ superpower have you got?
ii) How did you feel after getting the treasure/ superpower?
iii) What is your plan with that treasure/ superpower?

8.1.2 Now, let’s be more creative and, in groups, develop a story using our
imagination!
Reflect on Activity 8.1.1 and write a story on the treasure or super
power you have got. Follow the given steps to do the activity.
েচ�ো আচরো সৃ�িেী� হই এিং েচ� আিোচের কল্পিোর েোহোচর্য একটি গল্প দ�ন�!
Activity 8.1.1 এর উপর নভনত্ত কচর দেোিোর পোওেো ‘গুপ্তধি’ অথিো ‘অনেিোিিীে েনক্ত’ নিচে
একটি গল্প দ�চ�ো। কো�টি করোর �ন্য নিচের ধোপগুচ�ো অনুেরি কচরো।
i) Discuss and write the outline of the story first.
ii) Choose a suitable title for your story.
iii) Now, each student will write one or two sentences to develop the story
following the outline. Use your imagination and feel free to add what comes to
your mind.
iv) When the first draft of the story is completed, re-read it together and make
changes if required.
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v) Finally, present your story to the class.

8.1.3 Now, reflect on the Activity in 8.1.2 and in groups, ask and answer the
following questions
েচ�, Activity 8.1.2 অনুেরি কচর নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো ন�চজ্ে কচরো এিং উত্তর েোও।
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 Imaginations
i) What did you enjoy about the Activity 8.1.2?
ii) How did your group use imagination to build the story?
iii) Did anything spark your imagination during the activity? If yes, what is that?
iv) Do you think your imagination helps to write an amazing story? Explain your
answer with an example.

8.2.1 Let’s read the poem and explore how a poet uses his imagination to
write a poem!
কনিেোটি পনড় এিং কনিেো দ��োর �ন্য এক�ি কনি কীভোচি কল্পিোচক ব্োিহোর কচরি েো বুঝোর
দেষ্টো কনর!

If I Had But Two Little Wings

If I had but two little wings
And were a little feathery bird,
To you I’d fly, my dear!
But thoughts like these are idle things
And I stay here.
But in my sleep to you I fly:
I’m always with you in my sleep!
The world is all one’s own.
And then one wakes, and where am I?
All, all alone.
(Abridged)
(S. T. Coleridge)
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 English
Now, read the poem again and write the answers to the following questions.
Later, check your answers in pairs/groups.
i) Have you found any imaginary character in the poem? If yes, what is that?
ii) What would the poet do in his imagination?
iii) What do the words “sleep” and “wake” in the poem symbolise?
iv) Do you think the use of imagery helps the readers to understand the poet’s
imagination?

8.2.2. Read the following images the poet used in the poem in the left column
and notice how the poet used those images in the right column.
িোি ক�োচি দেওেো কনিেোে ব্িহৃে image গুচ�ো পচড়ো এিং ডোি ক�োচি কনি ঐ image- গুচ�ো
নকভোচি ব্িহোর কচরচছি েো �ক্ষট্য কচরো।

Images Explanation

i. Two little wings The image of small, delicate wings, evoking

the idea of flight and freedom.

ii. To you I'd fly, my dear A visual image of the speaker flying toward
their loved one, emphasizing their longing for
physical closeness.
iii. The world is all one’s own An image of the world as a personal domain,
belonging solely to the individual.
Now, it is your turn to explain how the poet used the following two images to
describe his imagination.

iv. In my sleep to you I fly

v. And then one wakes, and

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where am I? All, all alone.

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 Imaginations
8.3.1 Read the following notes on Imagery, Simile, As, Like, Metaphor and
do the activities that follow.
Imagery, Simile, As, Like, এিং Metaphor নিষেক নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো এিং পচরর
কো�গুচ�ো কচরো।
1. Imagery
Firstly, let’s reflect on our learning of imagery in grade 8!
Imagery is a language used by poets, novelists and other writers to
create images in the minds of the readers through their senses.
Usually, in writing, the authors use visual, auditory, olfactory,
gustatory and tactile imageries that deal with the five basic human
senses, namely sight, hearing, smell, taste and feel or touch.
Both similes and metaphors are two forms of imagery that the
authors use to allow the readers to clearly see, touch, taste, smell,
and hear what is happening in a literary text.
Now, read the imagery,ies simile and metaphor again.
Simile
A simile is a figure of speech, and it is mainly used to compare two
or more things that possess a similar quality. A simile is defined as
“a word or phrase that compares something to something else, using
the words like or as.” For example, as white as milk, black like
hair, brave like a lion, busy like bees, as fast as a cheetah. A Simile
is a powerful tool for making language more interesting, descriptive,
and creative.
1) As
An example sentence- My mother looks as fresh as a daisy.
Here, my mother is compared to a daisy which gives a clear idea
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about my mother’s look. It also helps us create a mental picture of

what, how my mother looks like.

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 English
2) Like
An example sentence- “The girls meantime spread the table, set the
children round the fire, and fed them like so many hungry birds”
In this example, the children are being compared to hungry birds.
Readers who are familiar with birds can imagine how birds
sometimes chirp, and can be fragile and a bit nervous or shy. A
simile provides a mental image to the readers or listeners. That is
how it makes a better connection between a reader/listener and the
text. So, from common conversation to poetry, similes are almost
required for creative expression.
Metaphor
Metaphors is a powerful tool in language and can help learners
better understand complex ideas and express themselves more
creatively. A metaphor is a figure of speech used to describe
something by comparing it to something else. Unlike similes, which
use “like”, “as…as” or “as” to make a comparison, metaphors state
that one thing is another.
For example, “Life is a journey” is a metaphor that compares life to
a journey. In metaphor, we compare the two things that may not
have anything in common.
In other words, the metaphor can help create a more vivid and
meaningful image in the reader’s mind by comparing two things
that are not usually associated with each other. This comparison can
help to convey complex ideas in a simple and memorable.
For example, “The king was a lion” is a metaphor that compares the
bravity of the king with a lion.
“He has a heart of stone.” This metaphor compares someone’s
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emotional state to an inanimate object. It suggests that they are

unfeeling or cold-hearted.

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 Imaginations
“She was a ray of sunshine on a cloudy day.” This metaphor
compares someone’s personality to a sunny day. It suggests that
they bring joy and happiness to others.
Again, “Life is a rollercoaster.” This metaphor compares life to a
rollercoaster ride. It suggests that it has ups and downs and can be
both exciting and scary.
8.3.2 First read the short text on the celebrated poet Emily Dickinson.
Then, in pairs recite one of her imaginative poems “Hope” is the
thing with feathers in pairs. Later, recite the poem for the whole
class.
নিখ্োে কনি Emily Dickinson এর উপর দছোট দটসেটি পচড়ো। দ�োড়োে োঁর কল্পিো-আনরেে
কনিেো “Hope” is the thing with feathers আবৃনত্ত কচরো। পচর দরেনিচে আবৃনত্ত কচর
দেোিোও।
A short biography of Emily Dickinson.

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), is one of the most American celebrated and enigmatic
poets. She was born into a prominent and intellectually inclined family
in Massachusetts. She grew up in a well-educated and religious
household, with her father, Edward Dickinson, serving as a
lawyer and treasurer of Amherst College. Despite receiving
a good education, she was a reclusive and introverted
individual, preferring the solitude of her family home, the
Dickinson Homestead. She explored themes of nature,
love, death, immortality, and the human spirit. Her
poetry was characterized by its unconventional use of
punctuation, dashes, and capitalization, which has led to
various interpretations of her work. During her lifetime,
only a few of her poems were published anonymously as
she kept the majority of her writing private. After her death,
her sister, Lavinia discovered her extensive collection of
poems and diligently worked to have them published. The first
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collection, “Poems of Emily Dickinson,” was published in 1890. Emily

Dickinson’s poetry was unconventional in style and themes. But her poems continue
to captivate readers worldwide for their depth of emotion, keen observation, and
philosophical insights. Her poetry continues to inspire countless readers solidifying her
legacy as a unique and profound voice in the world of poetry.
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 English

“Hope” is the thing with feathers

“Hope” is the thing with feathers -

That perches in the soul -
And sings the tune without the words -
And never stops - at all -

And sweetest - in the Gale - is heard -

And sore must be the storm -
That could abash the little Bird
That kept so many warm -

I’ve heard it in the chillest land -

And on the strangest Sea -
Yet - never - in Extremity,
It asked a crumb - of me.
Emily Dickinson

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 Imaginations
8.3.2.1 Now, discuss and read the given metaphors used in this poem in the
left column of the grid carefully. Write the explanation of those in
the right column. (One is done for you.)
িোি ক�োচি দেওেো কনিেোে ব্িহৃে রূপকগুচ�ো (metaphors) আচ�োেিো কচর িচিোচযোচগর
েোচথ পচড়ো। ডোি ক�োচি ঐ রূপকগুচ�োর ব্োখ্ো দ�চ�ো। (একটি উেোহরি দেোিোর �ন্য কচর দেওেো
হচ�ো।)

How the metaphors

Metaphors Explanation enhance my under-
standing

a. “Hope” is the thing with The metaphor suggests

feathers that hope is like a bird
that doesn’t need spe-
cific words to convey
its message. It is a form
of expression that goes
beyond language.

b. That perches in the soul

c. And sings the tune with-

out the words

d. And never stops - at all

e. And sweetest - in the

Gale - is heard
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f. That could abash the little

Bird

g. That kept so many warm

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 English
h. I’ve heard it in the
chillest land

i. And on the strangest Sea

j. Yet - never - in Extremity,

It asked a crumb - of me.

8.3.3 Now, re-read the poem and write a summary of the poem following
the steps of writing a summary. Later, check your summary in pairs
and submit a copy of your summary to your teacher.
কনিেোটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং েোরিিগু দ��োর ধোপ অনুেরি কচর কনিেোটির েোরিিগু দ�চ�ো। দ�োড়োে
েোরিিগুটি যোেোই কচরো এিং একটি কনপ নেক্ষচকর কোচছ �িো েোও।

8.4.1 Let us work on imaginative interpretation. To perform it, you need

to -
েচ�ো কনল্পে দকোচিো ব্োখ্োর উপর কো� কনর। এটো করোর �ন্য দেোিোর যো প্রচেো�ি হচি-

a. Work in a group of 6

b. Select any poem from your Bangla and English textbooks. (You can even
select one of three poems from this experience, Coleridges If I Had But Two
Little Wings,” Dickinson’s “Hope” Is the Thing with Feathers, and Ginsberg’s
Homework).

c. Now, analyse the theme of imagination used in this poem.

d. You must discuss metaphors, images and symbols used in this poem.

e. After this, express your personal reflections on -

f. Which poem is connected with you the most, and why?

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New Words: enigmatic, unconventional, interpretation, extensive, meditation, furthermore, exploration,

controversial, demonstrate, perspective, proactive, intensity.

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 A Journey Through Explanatory Texts
9.1.1 Discuss in pairs and make a list of what you think is important to do
as a student.
দ�োড়োে আচ�োেিো কচর এক�ি ছোরি নহেোচি কী করো গুরুত্বপূি গু িচ� তুনি িচি কচরো েোর একটি
েোন�কো তেনর কচরো।

9.1.2 Now, look at the board and compare your list with your teacher and
then answer the following questions after discussing in groups. Share
the answers with the whole class.
দিোড গুটির নেচক েোকোও। দেোিোর তেনর েোন�কোটি দেোিোর নেক্ষচকর েোচথ তু�িো কচরো। েোরপর
েচ� আচ�োেিোর পচর নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�োর উত্তর েোও। পুচরো দরেনিচে দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দেেোর কচরো।
a. Why do you think those qualities are important for a student?
b. How can you ensure and enhance those qualities?

9.2.1 Read the following short text on ‘Water Clogging’. Then in pairs/
groups, find out why it occurs and how we can solve the problem.
Later, share your responses with the class.
‘��োিদ্ধেো’ নিষেক েংনক্ষপ্ত text-টি পচড়ো। দ�োড়োে িো েচ� ��িদ্ধেো দকি ঘচট এিং নকভোচি
আিরো এটোর েিোধোি করচে পোনর েো খঁুচ� দির কচরো। পচর দরেনিচে দেোিোর উত্তর দেেোর কচরো।
Water clogging is a common incident in various settings, including urban areas. Urban
people face problems because of water clogging as streets, parking lots, and basements
overflowed with water. People experience difficulty in moving from one place to
another. Sometimes buildings are damaged and also cause traffic jams. In rural areas,
it has an impact on cultivation and can delay harvesting, which may affect farmers’
livelihoods.
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You can use the following diagram to list the causes of Water Clogging. One is done
for you.

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 English

Heavy
rainfall

Water
Clogging

9.2.2 Now, in groups, reflect on Activity 9.2.1 and identify the things (for
example, explore why water clogs and how to solve this problem,
explain them with examples etc.) for answering why water clogging
occurs and how you can solve this problem. Then, check your
understanding with nearby groups.
েচ� Activity 9.2.1 অনুেরি কচরো এিং দকি ��িদ্ধেো ঘচট, নকভোচি তুনি এই েিস্োর েিোধোি
করচে পোচরো েোর উত্তচর কী কী নিষে উচলে� করো যোে (দযিি, ��িদ্ধেোর কোরি অনুেন্ধোি কচরো
এিং নকভোচি েিোধোি করো যোে েো ব্োখ্ো কচরো) েো নেননিে কচরো। কোচছর েচ�র েোচথ দেোিোর
উত্তরগুচ�ো যোেোই কচরো।

9.3.1 Read the text individually and then read the note below it in groups
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or pairs to discuss about the elements to write an explanatory text.

এককভোচি text-টি পচড়ো। েোরপর নিচের note-টি েচ� িো দ�োড়োে পচড়ো এিং ব্োখ্োমূ�ক text
দ��োর �ন্য কী কী নিষেিস্তু প্রচেো�ি হে েো আচ�োেিো কচরো।

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 A Journey Through Explanatory Texts

What does it mean to be a responsible student?

Doing good in examinations does not necessarily make you a responsible student.
Contrary to this, responsible student takes ownership of their own study, demonstrates
accountability, and actively contributes to the learning environment. It involves
acknowledging the importance of your academic journey and making conscious
efforts to excel academically and at personal growth. A responsible student prioritizes
attending classes regularly and being punctual. A responsible student shows openness
towards constructive feedback and has the mindset to take up academic challenges.
His/ her respect for teachers, peers, and school staff contributes a positive learning
environment and healthy relationships. A responsible student sets realistic goals,
manages time effectively, and seeks help and support when needed. S/he embraces
diversity, respecting different perspectives and fostering inclusivity. A responsible
student, furthermore, focuses on his/ her well-being, understanding the significance
of physical rest, nutrition, exercise, and stress management in academic performance
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and personal growth. By embodying these qualities, a responsible student creates a

conducive learning environment, maximizes potential, and contributes positively to
his/ her academic and personal development. While the above discussion shows to be
‘responsible’ a student needs to have many qualities, the following sections focus on
how a student can achieve these qualities.
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 English
Firstly, awareness of time management is crucial
at this stage of life. Develop time management
skills by creating a schedule or a ‘to-do’ list to
prioritize tasks. This will also help to allocate
appropriate time for studying, completing
homework, assignments, and engaging in
extracurricular activities. Avoid delaying, and
be proactive in planning to meet deadlines and
avoid last-minute stress. By managing your
time effectively, you demonstrate responsibility
and ensure you make the most of your academic
opportunities.
Secondly, taking responsibility for own learning
by actively participating in classroom activities
is essential for a responsible student, and it is helpful to be a responsible student. A
student requires actively engage in the task and activities, ask questions, and share
ideas with the class. This practice will enhance your understanding of the subject
matter and demonstrate your commitment to your education. Participating actively
in the learning process allows you to develop critical thinking and creative skills, a
collaborative attitude with classmates, and subsequently helps to gain valuable insights
from different perspectives.
Finally, responsibility at this stage of life also involves seeking help and support when
needed. It is essential to understand that asking for assistance is a sign of strength and
maturity, and nothing is wrong with it. Whether it is about seeking clarification from
teachers, forming study groups with classmates, or accessing additional resources, taking
the initiative to seek help ensures that you overcome challenges and maximize your
learning potential. By unhesitatingly seeking support, you demonstrate responsibility
for your academic success and call for a willingness to take charge of your education.
In conclusion, the key responsibility at this stage of your academic and daily life
involves effective time management, active participation in the learning process, and
seeking help and support when needed. By managing your time, actively engaging
with the classroom teaching-learning, and seeking assistance, you demonstrate
maturity, accountability, and a commitment to your study. These qualities contribute
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to your academic success and lay the foundation for personal and professional growth.
Embracing responsibility in these ways will empower you and your classmates for the
educational journey and the future stages of your lives.

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 A Journey Through Explanatory Texts

Note
Explanatory texts generally go beyond simple descriptions. Information about
causes, motives and reasons are included here. Explanations and reports sometimes
remain incomplete when students are asked to explain. They provide a report (What
happened) but fail to explain how and why. The purpose of an Explanatory Text is
to explain how or why, that means to explain why something is the way it is.
Some elements of an explanatory text are:
· A title using why or how that demands an explanation, should be chosen
for this text.
The title of the text written in bold letter ‘What does it mean to be a
responsible student?’ clearly defines that the text is on how a student can
be responsible.
· An explanatory text is usually written in simple present tense.
The whole text on the responsibilities of students is written in simple
present tense or present indefinite tense. Notice the underlined verbs in the
text.
· Temporal connectives, e.g., first, then, after that, finally and causal
connectives e.g., so, because of, are usually used in an explanatory text.
You can see the connectives in Italics in the explanatory text.
· In an Explanatory Text, the first paragraph is used to introduce what will
be explained.
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 English

Read the first paragraph of the given text again, and you will know about the
qualities that a student should have to be responsible, such as, a student.
a. takes ownership of his/her study,
b. contributes to the learning environment,
c. prioritizes attending classes
d. shows openness towards constructive feedback
e. takes academic challenges
f. manages time effectively
So, the first paragraph is clearly explained to introduce the topic.
· Necessary information about how and why things happen should be
included and checked.
The information about causes or reasons that means how a student can be responsible,
are included in the text, such as, a student requires
• to develop time management skills,
• to avoid delay
• to ask questions
• to share ideas
• to seek help or support when needed
An explanatory text needs to include examples, illustrations or case studies to
help the reader visualise and understand.
The responsibilities of a student are defined in the text by giving many examples.
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123
 A Journey Through Explanatory Texts
9.3.2 Read the text and discuss in groups/pairs to find out the elements and
writing techniques of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following
grid. The first one is done for you.
Text-টি পচড়ো এিং ব্োখ্োমূ�ক text দ��োর �ন্য কী কী উপোেোি ও দকৌেচ�র প্রচেো�ি হে েো
ুঁ দির কচরো। েোরপর নিচের েোরনিটি পূরি কচরো। প্রথি উেোহরিটি দেোিোর
েচ� িো দ�োড়োে খুচ�
�ন্য কচর দেওেো হচ�ো।
Why is water recycled?
The water cycle is a continuous process through which water circulates through the
earth. It involves several stages that help to maintain the balance of water distribution.
Water is constantly recycled to sustain life and support various ecosystems.
Firstly, the sun’s heat causes water from oceans, lakes and rivers to evaporate, turning
it into water vapour. Secondly, as water vapour rises into the atmosphere, it cools down
and condenses into little droplets, forming clouds. When the water droplets in clouds
become too heavy, finally, they fall to the ground in the form of rain and snow. After
that, the rainwater that is not absorbed in the ground and by plants flows over the land as
runoff. It flows to rivers, and streams and eventually makes its way back to the oceans.
The water cycle plays a vital role in regulating temperature and weather patterns on
Earth and the overall balance of the Earth’s ecosystems.

Elements of an Explanatory Text Examples in the text

The text is written in present The verbs show that like- involves,
simple tense causes, rises, cools etc.
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 English
9.3.3 Read the following dialogue and act it out in pairs. Then, write a short
text on ‘Why is AI discussed nowadays?’ following the elements of
an explanatory text. Later, submit a copy of your text to the teacher
after peer checking.
নিচের কচথোপকথিটি পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে অনভিে কচর দে�োও। ব্োখ্োমূ�ক দটসেট দ��োর
উপেোিগুচ�ো অনুেরি কচর ‘দকি িেগুিোচি AI আচ�োনেে নিষে’ েো নিচে একটি েংনক্ষপ্ত দটসেট
দ�চ�ো। েেীথ গু মূল্োেি-এর পচর text-এর এক কনপ নেক্ষচকর কোচছ �িো েোও।

Abira : I’ve been hearing a lot about AI lately. What exactly is it?
Arisa : AI stands for Artificial Intelligence. It’s a field of computer science that focuses on
creating intelligent machines that can perform tasks that require human intelligence.
Abira : So, does that mean AI can think like humans?
Arisa : AI doesn’t think the way, humans do, but it can simulate some aspects of
human intelligence.
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Abira : How does AI work, then?

Arisa : It relies on two approaches: machine learning and deep learning. Machine
learning enables computers to learn from data, and deep learning is a subset of
machine learning that involves artificial neural networks inspired by the human
brain.
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 A Journey Through Explanatory Texts
Abira : That sounds complex. Can you give me an example of how AI is used in real
life?
Arisa : Sure! For instance, in image recognition and natural language processing,
where it understands and interprets human language.
Abira : That’s impressive! But can AI go beyond recognising images and understanding language?
Arisa : Absolutely! AI is used in many fields, including healthcare, finance and
transportation. AI can help diagnose diseases, assist in surgery, analyse vast
amounts of data to detect patterns and enable self-driving cars.
Abira : It seems like AI has good potential, but are there risks associated with it?
Arisa : Definitely! AI raises ethical and societal concerns, and there are discussions
around privacy and security. But AI has the potential to revolutionise
industries and improve efficiency it will continue to shape the future.
Abira : Thanks a lot, Arisa!

9.4.1 Read the following text and turn it into an explanatory text by adding
the missing elements of an explanatory text.
নিচের text-টি পচড়ো এিং একটি ব্োখ্োমু�ক text-এর িোে পড়ো উপোেোিগুচ�ো (missing
elements) যুক্ত কচর উক্ত text-টি দক একটি ব্োখ্োমু�ক দটসেচট পনরিে কচরো।

Write the title of the text here _______________________________ .

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and global temperatures. It
is primarily caused by human activities and natural processes. It has significant impacts
on the environment, ecosystems and human well-being.
The primary driver of climate change is the increased concentration of greenhouse
gases in Earth’s atmosphere.
Now, add 2 or 3 reasons why climate is changing. Also, include examples, illustrations
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or case studies to help the reader visualise and understand the text. _______________
________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

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 English
In conclusion, we should find out the solution. Renewable energy infrastructure can
mitigate climate change. Protecting the forest and adopting responsible land-use
policies can help preserve ecosystems, and we can save our Earth.

9.4.2 Read the complete text in Activity 9.4.1 and paraphrase it following
the rules of paraphrasing a text. Later, share it with the class.
Activity 9.4.1 এর েম্পূি গু text-টি পচড়ো এিং paraphrasing-এর নিেি অনুেরি কচর
অনুচছেেটির paraphrase কচরো। পচর দরেনিচে েো দেেোর কচরো।
9.4.3 Now, let’s be an attentive listener/observer and explain how to
complete a work. To do the activity follow the given steps.
েচ�ো িচিোচযোগী দরেোেো/পয গুচিক্ষক হই এিং একটি কো�চক নকভোচি করচে হে েো ব্োখ্ো কনর।
কো�টি করোর �ন্য নিচের ধোপগুচ�ো অনুেরি কনর।

• First, listen to an audio or observe a video as many times as you need.

• Now, note down the steps to plant a tree.

• Then, write an explanatory text explaining how to plant a tree. Don’t forget to use the
elements of an explanatory text.

• Or, use a given flow chart of the procedure to plant a tree. Then, explain how to plant
a tree.

• Later, write an Explanatory Text following the technique of writing an explanatory

text.

• Finally, submit a copy of your text to your teacher.

choose a prepare place the backfill water the stake the

dig a hole plant in
place the soil the hole the hole plant plant
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New Words: prioritize, constructive, perspective, embody, crucial, proactive, clarification, runoff,
ecosystem, revolutionize.

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 Understanding a Cause and
Exploring its Effects
10.1.1 Look at the illustrations below and in pairs, ask and answer the
question that follow.

নিচের ছনিগুচ�ো দেচ�ো এিং দ�োড়োে নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো।

Listening idea
Look at the following illustrations and listen to the audio. Then,
ask and answer the questions that follow.
নিচের ছনিগুচ�ো দেচ�ো এিং audio-টি দেোচিো, পচর প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো।
Listening text idea: Short descriptions of each situation.
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Flood
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Traffic jam

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Road accident
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 Understanding a Cause and Exploring its Effects

Hospital full of patients

Questions
a. What do you see in the picture?
b. Have you ever experienced any of these situations? If yes, how did you feel
then?
c. How do these problems affect your life?
d. Have you thought of any ideas to solve these problems? If yes, share some of
your ideas.
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 English
10.2.1 In pairs, look at the illustrations in Activity 10.1.1 again. Then,
identify the causes behind each incident and how these incidents
affect the lives of people around you. Finally, share your responses
with the class.
Activity 10.1.1-এ দেওেো ছনিগুচ�ো আিোর দেচ�ো। প্রনেটি ঘটিোর কোরিগুচ�ো নেননিে কচরো
এিং নকভোচি এই ঘটিোগুচ�ো দেোিোর েোরপোচের দ�োকচক প্রভোনিে করচছ েো নেননিে কচরো।
েিচেচষ, দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

One is done for you as an example.

Incident Cause Effect

Flood a) filling river beds, a) Flood destroys all the belongings of the
b) ………………, people.
c) ………………. b) …………………………………………
c) …………………………………………

Traffic jam a) not to follow traf- a) Many drivers don’t follow traffic rules,
fic rules, therefore, traffic jams create.
b) …………..….., b) ……………………………………….
c) ………………. c) ……………………………………….

Road acci- a) unskilled drivers, a) Many drivers are unskilled. As a result,

dent b) ………………, road accidents happen.
c) ………………. b) …………………………………….
c) …………………………………….

10.2.2 Look at the grid in Activity 10.2.1 again and choose an incident to
write a text about it. Your text will highlight the causes and effects
written in the grid of the particular situation or problem. Then,
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share your text with the class.

Activity 10.2.1-এ দেওেো েোরনিটি আিোর দেচ�ো এিং একটি ঘটিো নিচে একটি text দ�চ�ো।
দেোিোর text-টি েোরনিচে উনলেন�ে দকোচিো নিনে গুষ্ট ঘটিো িো েিস্োচক তুচ� ধরচি এিং েোর কোরি
ও প্রভোি নিচে আচ�োেিো করচি। এরপর, দেোিোর text-টি দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

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 Understanding a Cause and Exploring its Effects
10.2.3 Now, read again the text you have written and ask and answer the
questions in pairs. Later share your responses with the class.
দেোিোর দ��ো text-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো। পচর দরেনিচে উত্তরগুচ�ো
দেেোর কচরো।
a. Does your text have an introduction? If yes, what have you written there?
b. How many causes and effects have you written in your text? What are they?
c. How many paragraphs have you used to write the causes and effects?
d. Have you used any linking words to describe the causes and effects in your essay?
e. What have you written in your conclusion paragraph?

10.3.1 To write about the causes and effects of any situation or problem, you
need to follow a model to make your text well structured. Now, read
the following note to learn how to write a cause-and-effect essay.
দকোচিো ঘটিো িো েিস্োর কোরি এিং প্রভোি দ��োর �ন্য একটি কোঠোচিো (model) অনুেরি করচে
হে যোচে দ��োটি কোঠোচিোিদ্ধ হে। কোরি এিং প্রভোি (causes and effects) েমূহ েংরিোন্ রেিো
নকভোচি ন��চে হে েো দে�োর �ন্য নিচের note-নট পচড়ো।
Note
Cause and Effect Essay
In our everyday life, we write different types of texts. Especially as a student, you
have to write various types of essays. Sometimes you write to inform a topic and to
analyze an idea. Some may be to argue for or against a specific position, while others
will persuade someone to take action. Likewise, if you write an essay that explores a
topic explaining how certain causes result in specific effects is called a cause-and-effect
essay. The purpose of a cause-and-effect essay is not to persuade, argue, or entertain
the reader but to inform the reader of a topic highlighting its causes and how the causes
affect someone/something.
Like other types of essays, a cause-and-effect essay has its structure. Structurally, a
cause-and-effect essay is similar to other types of essays. It starts with an introduction
paragraph which includes-
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● A hook to grab the reader’s attention

● A clear and focused thesis statement
● A quick preview of the causes and affects you have used in your thesis
Now, let’s move to the body paragraph!

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 English
You can organize the body paragraph of your essay in different ways. You can discuss
each cause and its effect in individual paragraphs. Alternatively, you can discuss each
cause, section by section, and then discuss each effect afterwards. So, the structure of
the body paragraph may look like the following.
● Body paragraph 1
First cause and its effect
● Body paragraph 2
Second cause and its effect
● Body paragraph 3
Third cause and its effect
Add as many body paragraphs as you need.
The other structure of your body paragraph essay may be
● Body paragraph 1
Description of the causes
● Body paragraph 2
Description of the effects
After writing the body paragraphs, it is time to write your essay’s conclusion which
includes -
● Restate the thesis
● Restate all the causes and effects, you have used in your essay
● Give an opinion or realization if you want
It is time to find out the steps to write a cause-and-effect essay!
Step 1 : Start brainstorming your topic.
Step 2 : List all the causes first and then the effects.
Step 3 : Organize all your ideas and make a guideline to write your essay.
Step 4 : Now, write the first draft of your essay following the structure of a cause-and-
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effect essay.
Step 5 : In this stage, make the necessary edits.
Step 6 : It is time to write the final draft of your essay.

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 Understanding a Cause and Exploring its Effects
10.3.2 To write a cause-and-effect essay, you first need to identify which
statement is a cause and which is an effect. So, let’s learn how to
identify a cause and an effect in a text. Read the following note first
and then do the activity that follows.
Cause এিং effect েংরিোন্ দ��োর �ন্য দেোিোচক প্রথচি দকোি statement গুচ�ো কোরি এিং
দকোি statement গুচ�ো ফ�োফ� েো দির করচে হচি। েচ�ো একটি text-এর কোরি ও ফ�োফ�
কীভোচি নেননিে করচে হচে েো নেন�। নিচের note-টি পচড়ো এিং পচরর কো�টি (activity) কচরো।

Note on how to identify a cause and an effect in a text

To identify a cause and an effect in a text, use the following strategy.
a. Generally, causes are written first, then comes the effects or results. For example-
There are many trees in this area. The air is fresh here. Here, the first sentence
is the cause and the second sentence is the effect of the cause.
b. The causes and effects are joined with words like as and so. However, these can
also be joined with some linking devices as therefore, consequently, as a result,
thus, that’s why, for that reason etc.
For example, The traffic is terrible today. That’s why I am late! Here, the words
That’s why tell that this statement is the effect of the terrible traffic.
c. Remember, therefore and consequently are used mainly in writing or formal
speech. Although this is a little old-fashioned, it is used in academic writing.
That’s why is commonly used in informal speech.
d. In some sentences, linking words are used to tell about the cause. For example,
notice the following sentence- The price has increased because of the rising
inflation rate. Here, the linking device ‘because of’ joins a noun phrase ‘rising
inflation rate’ as a cause. You can replace ‘because of’ with as a result of, due
to, or owing to.
e. Sometimes the phrase ‘the fact that’ is used in cause-and-effect sentences. An
example sentence is
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I could not use Messenger last week because my ID was hacked.

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10.3.3 Let’s check our understanding and identify the cause and effect in
each pair below!
েচ�ো আিোচের বুঝোর ক্ষিেো (understanding) যোেোই কনর এিং নিচের প্রনে দ�োড়ো িোকট্য দেচ�
cause এিং effect নেননিে কনর ।

Statements Cause Effect

a. The boy could not
arrive on time. It was
raining heavily
b. People are cutting
trees indiscriminately.
The world temperature
is increasing.
c. I could not see well.
I forgot to bring my
glasses.

d. There was a power cut

last night for a long
time; therefore, I could
not complete the task.
e. It rained sufficiently
during the monsoon.
Consequently, farmers
got a good harvest.
f. My uncle planted
many fruit trees. As a
result, he can eat fresh
fruits every year.
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g. He is a dedicated
leader. Therefore, he is
elected MP every time.

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 Understanding a Cause and Exploring its Effects
10.3.4 Read the text given below and share your learning in pairs. Later,
share it with the class.
নিচের text-টি পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে দেোিোর নে�ি (learning) দেেোর কচর পচর দরেনিচেও েো
দেেোর কচরো।

Bullying, a curse in society

Modern society has many a vice. One such vice is bullying. Bullying is a form of
aggressive behaviour in which a person or a group intentionally and repeatedly hurts
another person or a group, and it can be physical, verbal or psychological. The act of
bullying can happen face-to-face or online. It is one of the prime challenges children
face in schools nowadays. Bullying happens all over the world. It can be in the form of
children humiliation, mistreatment, physical attacks, and in some extreme cases, sexual
violence of young female learners.
The causes of bullying are many. The cultural factor is one of the many causes of
bullying. Individuals’ race and ethnicity are included here. Children who belong to
racial minorities are often bullied by children belonging to racial majorities. Again,
high expectations of parents can be too stressful for some children, and as a result,
these children sometimes express their frustrations and anger by shouting or bullying
fellow learners. Furthermore, envy towards someone or a sense of inferiority can lead
to bullying.
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The report shows that children from dysfunctional families often bully other children.
Besides, in some cases, craving for attention and the desire to be perceived as brave
and confident one intends to bully. In addition, a lack of compassion and empathy
towards others can result in bullying. Some students who tend to bully others have low
self-esteem. They try to compensate for this feeling by picking on others and a sense of
accomplishment through bullying.

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 English
The effects of bullying on a child are very traumatizing. First of all, for the victims
of bullying, being bullied can increase anxiety, depression, and loneliness and lead to
eating disorders and substance abuse. Being bullied can also affect mental health and
increase suicide risks. It can also result in decreased academic achievements. Normal
development of the victims would hamper and might lead to growing up with low
self-esteem. Most importantly, bullied victims may grow up to be abusive individuals
putting themselves and others at risk.
This bullying problem needs to be addressed carefully in schools, or it would be
challenging to ensure a learner-friendly educational environment. A collaborative
and participatory approach to addressing this problem is essential. Only a combined
effort from the teachers, parents, and policymakers would work to eradicate this social
problem. Every cause of bullying needs to be identified and addressed. The school
administration would ensure a zero-tolerance policy for any instance of bullying.
Parents, on the other hand, should be careful not to engage in any behaviour that can
result in bullying. Every possible mitigating measure should be taken to stop bullying
and make schools safe for children.

10.3.5 Now, read the text again and find out the meaning of the following
words using different reading strategies. Later, share your responses
with the class.
ুঁ
Text-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং পড়োর নিনভন্ন দকৌে� অি�ম্বি কচর নিচের েব্দগুচ�োর অথ গু খুচ�
দির কচরো। উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

Words Meaning

Bullying

Aggressive

Humiliation

Frustration

Compensate
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Traumatizing

Mitigating

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 Understanding a Cause and Exploring its Effects
10.3.6 Read the text in Activity 10.3.4 again and discuss the following
questions in pairs. Later share your responses with the class.
Activity 10.3.4 এ দেওেো text-টি আিোর পচড়ো। েোরপর দ�োড়োে নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো
আচ�োেিো কচরো। উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।
a. Where have you found the thesis statement in the essay?
b. What does the writer tell in the thesis statement?
c. How many body paragraphs are there in the essay?
d. How many causes have you identified in the essay? What are they?
e. What are the linking devices the writer used to describe the causes and effects
of Bullying? Give examples from the text.

10.3.7 Read the text in Activity 10.3.4 again and identify the causes, effects
and example sentences in the text.
You may use the following grid to list your responses. One is done for you.

Activity 10.3.4 এ দেওেো text-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং নিচের েোরনিচে দেওেো causes ,
effects নেননিে কচরো এিং উেোহরিস্রূপ িোকট্য দ�চ�ো ।

Causes Effect Example sentence in the text

Children become victims of bully-

1. Cultural Factors Bullying
ing because of cultural factors.

2.

3.

4.
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5.

6.

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 English
10.4.1 Now in groups of 3-5, identify any five problems from your Science
or Social science Books. Then, find out 3-5 causes of each problem
and the effects of those problems. Later, choose one problem from
the five and write a cause-and-effect essay following the structure
given in Activity 10.3.1. Later, write the essay on a piece of paper/
poster paper and present your essay in front of the class. Encourage
other groups to share their feedback.
3-5 �চির েচ�, দেোিোর নিজ্োি অথিো েোিোন�ক নিজ্োি িই দথচক দযচকোচিো পাঁেটি
েিস্ো নেননিে কচরো। েোরপর, প্রনেটি েিস্োর 3-5টি কোরি এিং েোচের ফ�োফ� খুচ� ুঁ
দির কচরো। পচর, Activity 10.3.1-এ দেওেো গঠি ও নিেি অনুযোেী 5টি েিস্ো দথচক দয
দকোি একটিচক নিচে কোরি এিং ফ�োফ� েংরিোন্ একটি রেিো দ�চ�ো। উক্ত রেিোটি এক
টুকচরো কোগ�/দপোস্োর দপপোচর ন�চ� দরেনিচে উপথিোপি কচরো। অন্য ে�গুচ�োচক েোচের
িেোিে (feedback) দেওেোর �ন্য উৎেোনহে কচরো।
You can use the following grid to list the problems, causes and
effects of the selected problems or you can present it in your
own way. Submit a copy of this grid to your teacher.
নিধ গুোনরে েিস্োগুচ�োর কোরি এিং ফ�োফ� দ��োর �ন্য নিচের েোরনিটি ব্িহোর করচে
পোচরো অথিো নিচ�র িচেো কচর েো উপথিোপি করচে পোচরো। এই েোরনিটির একটি কনপ
দেোিোর নেক্ষচকর কোচছ �িো েোও।
The problem Cause Effect

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
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New Words: vice, bully, aggressive, humiliation, mistreatment, ethnicity, expectations, inferiority,
confident, accomplishment, traumatize, victims, abusive, eradicate, persuade, intentionally,
perceive, self-esteem, substance abuse, envy.

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 The Last Leaf
11.1.1 Discuss in a group and list the different types of stories or books
(such as mystery, fantasy, historical fiction, drama, folktale or short
story) you have read. In pairs/groups, ask and answer the following
questions.
েচ� আচ�োেিো কচর দেোিোর পড়ো নিনভন্ন প্রকোচরর গল্প অথিো িই (দযিি, রহস্ গল্প, ফট্যোন্টোনে,
ঐনেহোনেক কথোেোনহেট্য, িোটক, দ�োককথো িো দছোটগল্প) এর একটি েোন�কো তেনর কচরো।
দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো।

a) Which story book have you read recently?

b) What type/types of books do you like to read usually?
c) Which feature(s) of that text like plot, characters, theme attracts you the most?
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d) Have you read any story, play or poem that inspires you? If yes, what is that and
how did it inspire you?
e) Which story, play or poem you want to suggest to your friends for reading, and
why?

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 English
11.2.1 Read the following conversation between two friends of Class 9 on
their reading various texts.
নিনভন্ন প্রকোচরর text পোঠ েংরিোন্ িিি দরেনির দুই িন্ধুর কচথোপকথিটি পচড়ো।

Sima : Hello Rima, good to see you. Last night, while I was going through my
personal reading journal where I took notes after reading any favourite books.
I found that I’ve been exploring texts from various types or genres. I wonder
how fascinating each one is, gripping a unique experience!
Rima : Absolutely, Sima! Every book takes us on a different journey, like entering
new worlds. Mysteries, for example, keep me on the edge of my seat, trying to
solve the puzzle alongside the characters.
Sima : Mystery books are great, but have you tried fantasy? It sparks my imagination,
allowing me to escape to magical realms filled with epic adventures and
mythical creatures.
Rima : Oh, I love fantasy too! The way authors create imaginary worlds and the
escapism they offer are simply enchanting. It’s like believing in magic and
being transported to a place where anything is possible.
Sima : And, historical fiction is like stepping back in time, experiencing different eras
firsthand. It combines real events with captivating storytelling, making history
come alive.
Rima : Absolutely! Historical fiction adds authenticity and helps us understand
different periods and cultures through a storyline. It’s like living history
through the eyes of fictional characters.
Sima : Don’t forget about drama and plays! They offer a unique form of storytelling,
with intense emotions and complex relationships unfolding right before our
eyes.
Rima : Yes, seeing a play performed live is an exhilarating experience. The presence
of actors and the energy in the room make the written word come alive.
Sima : Reading texts from different genres broadens our horizons, evokes diverse
emotions, and offers unique perspectives.
Rima : Absolutely, Sima. Let’s keep exploring and embracing the wonders of different
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genres. Happy reading, and may our bookshelves be filled with diverse texts
that enrich our lives with knowledge, imagination, and inspiration!
Now, in pairs, ask and answer the following questions. Later, share your answer
in the class.

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 The Last Leaf
Questions

a. Is the conversation connected with your reading books?

b. What are the various types of texts Sima and Rima discussed?

c. What have you read recently?

d. How many types of texts do you read? List them.

e. What, to your mind, are the benefits of reading various types of books?

11.2.2 Now, let’s read the following conversation between Sima and Rima
to know about different types of texts and their significances in our
lives.
নিনভন্ন প্রকোচরর text এিং আিোচের �ীিচি েোচের গুরুত্ব েম্পচকগু �োিোর �ন্য েীিো এিং রীিোর
িচযে নিচের কচথোপকথিটি পচড়ো।
Sima: Hello Rima, good to see you. Last night, while I was going through my
personal reading journal where I took notes after reading any favourite
books. I found that I’ve been exploring texts from various types or genres.
I wonder how fascinating each one is, gripping a unique experience!
Rima: Absolutely, Sima! Every book takes us on a different journey, like entering
new worlds. Mysteries, for example, keep me on the edge of my seat,
trying to solve the puzzle alongside the characters.
Sima: Mystery books are great, but have you tried fantasy? It sparks my
imagination, allowing me to escape to magical realms filled with epic
adventures and mythical creatures.
Rima: Oh, I love fantasy too! The way authors create imaginary worlds and the
escapism they offer are simply enchanting. It’s like believing in magic
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and being transported to a place where anything is possible.

Sima: And, historical fiction is like stepping back in time, experiencing different
eras firsthand. It combines real events with captivating storytelling,
making history come alive.
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Rima: Absolutely! Historical fiction adds authenticity and helps us understand
different periods and cultures through a storyline. It’s like living history
through the eyes of fictional characters.
Sima: Don’t forget about drama and plays! They offer a unique form of
storytelling, with intense emotions and complex relationships unfolding
right before our eyes.
Rima: Yes, seeing a play performed live is an exhilarating experience. The
presence of actors and the energy in the room make the written word
come alive.
Sima: Reading texts from different genres broadens our horizons, evokes diverse
emotions, and offers unique perspectives.
Rima: Absolutely, Sima. Let’s keep exploring and embracing the wonders of
different genres. Happy reading, and may our bookshelves be filled with
diverse texts that enrich our lives with knowledge, imagination, and
inspiration!

Read the conversation again and fill in each column of the following
grid with required information from the conversation. One is done
for you.
Type of text Purpose of the text How the text is beneficial
for me

1. Mystery To thrill and solve a Mysterious story teaches

mystery using observation me to observe closely,
power, logic etc. think reasonably and solve
a puzzle.

2.
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3.

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4

5.

11.2.3 Now, read the following genres of texts and fill in the grid that
follows with the required information from the texts. Later, share
your responses with the class.
নিচে দেওেো নিনভন্ন ধরচির text-গুচ�ো পচড়ো এিং প্রচেো�িীে েথ্য নেচে পচরর েোরনিটি পূরি
কচরো। দরেনিচে দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দেেোর কচরো।

Text A
In the sleepy town of Elmwood, a precious artifact vanished overnight from the local
museum. The Golden Key, said to possess mystical powers, had been the town’s prized
possession for generations. Detective Emma Scott was called to unravel the mystery.
As Emma delved into the investigation, she discovered a hidden network of suspects.
The enigmatic curator, Mr. Thornfield, appeared nervous, while the eccentric historian,
Dr. Mallory, seemed oddly excited. The young artist, Lily Williams, had a reputation
for her obsession with ancient artifacts.
With each clue, the mystery deepened. Emma followed a trail of cryptic symbols that
led her to an abandoned mansion on the outskirts of town. There, she uncovered a
secret chamber, concealed beneath layers of dust and cobwebs.
Inside the chamber, Emma found the Golden Key, tucked away in a velvet-lined box.
But who was the culprit? As Emma confronted the suspects, she uncovered a web of
deception, jealousy, and greed.
In a dramatic reveal, Emma identified the true thief. The motive, it turned out, was far
from what she had expected. The stolen artifact held a personal significance that would
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forever change the lives of the townspeople.

With the mystery solved, Elmwood breathed a sigh of relief, and Emma became the
hero of the town, forever known as the detective who unraveled the secrets of the
Golden Key.”

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Text B
In the land of Everdawn, nestled among misty mountains and enchanted forests, a
young girl named Elara discovered a magical amulet. As soon as she wore it, her world
transformed.
Elara found herself surrounded by shimmering fairies and talking animals. The amulet
granted her the ability to control the elements, conjuring gusts of wind and cascades of
sparkling water.
Guided by a wise old owl named Orion, Elara embarked on a quest to save the Kingdom
of Eldoria from an ancient curse. Along her journey, she encountered mythical creatures
and solved riddles, gaining allies and uncovering long-lost secrets.
With bravery and determination, Elara confronted the wicked sorceress who cast the
curse. In a climactic battle, she channeled the power of the amulet, banishing the
darkness and restoring peace to the realm.
As a reward, the fairies granted Elara a special gift – the amulet would forever be a symbol
of her courage and a reminder of the magical world she had become a part of.

Text C
In the ancient era of feudal Japan, amidst the reign of the samurai, a young warrior named
Hiroshi sought to reclaim his family’s honor. His ancestors, renowned swordsmiths,
had crafted legendary katanas that were lost to time.
Driven by his legacy, Hiroshi embarked on a perilous journey to uncover the truth. Along
the way, he encountered a wise sensei, who imparted ancient martial arts techniques
and enlightened him about the ways of the samurai.
As Hiroshi delved deeper into the shadows of history, he unraveled a conspiracy
that threatened the stability of the shogunate. With his unmatched sword skills and
unwavering determination, Hiroshi fought against corruption and injustice, rallying a
band of loyal comrades.
In a climactic showdown, Hiroshi confronted the treacherous warlord, wielding his
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family’s long-lost katana. With a single stroke, he struck down evil and restored balance
to the land.
Hiroshi’s valor became the stuff of legends, inspiring generations of warriors and
leaving an indelible mark on Japanese history as a symbol of honor, loyalty, and the
enduring spirit of the samurai.
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Text D
In the year 2150, time travel became a reality. Driven by the insatiable desire to explore
the past and reshape the future, a team of brilliant scientists developed the Temporal
Displacement Device (TDD).
As the first test subject, Captain Maya Evans embarked on a thrilling journey through
time. She witnessed pivotal moments in history, from the construction of the pyramids
to the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Yet, altering even the slightest event
risked catastrophic consequences.
During one mission, Captain Evans encountered a future version of herself, warning of
an impending global disaster. Determined to save humanity, she returned to her present
and rallied scientists to avert the crisis.
With their collective knowledge, they devised ingenious solutions, forging a brighter
future. Through the power of time travel, they preserved the delicate balance of the
timeline, ensuring that the past, present, and future remained intact.
Time travel forever altered the course of human existence, unveiling both the wonders
and perils of manipulating the fabric of time itself.

Text E
Title: “The Unexpected Encounter”
Characters:
• Sarah: A curious traveler
• Suzana: A mysterious strange women.
(Scene: A dimly lit café. Sarah sits at a table, engrossed in a book. Suzana enters and
approaches her.)
Sarah : (looking up) Excuse me, do I know you?
Suzana : (smiling) No, but fate seems to have other plans. May I join you?
Sarah : (intrigued) Please, have a seat.
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(They engage in a conversation, sharing stories and laughter. As time passes,

a connection forms between them.)
Suzana : (pausing) You know, life is full of surprises. Sometimes, the best ones come
from unexpected encounters.

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Sarah : (smiling) I couldn’t agree more. Today, I found more than just a good book,
a good friend.
(They exchange contact information, bidding each other farewell with the
promise of future adventures.)
Lights fade as they part ways, forever impacted by their serendipitous meeting.
[End of play.]

Grid

Text A Text B Text C Text D Text E

i) Type of the text

ii) Characters in the text

iii) Metaphor and image used

in the text

iv) What you love about the

text

11.3.1 Now, read the following note to know more about Metaphor,
Storytelling and Character Portrayal. Later in pairs/groups, share
your understanding about these features of a literary text.
রুপক, গল্প ি�ো এিং েনররি-নেরিি েম্পচকগু আচরো �োিচে নিচের দিোটটি পচড়ো। দ�োড়োে িো েচ�
literary দটসেট এর তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো (features) েম্পচকগু দেোিোর �োিো দেেোর কচরো।
Note
1. Metaphor
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2. Storytelling

3. Character Portrayal

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11.3.2 Read the following story. Then, in groups, read the meaning of the
words given in the column A and match them with the given words
of the table 1. Later, write them in the column B. (One is done for
you.)
নিচের গল্পটি পচড়, েচ�; ক�োি A দে দেেো েচব্দর অথ গুগুচ�োচক দটনি� 1-এ দেওেো েব্দগচ�োর
েোচথ নি� কচরো। পচর, ক�োি B দে দেগুচ�ো দ�চ�ো। (একটি উেোহরি দেোিোচের �ন্য কচর
দেওেো হচ�ো।)
The Last Leaf
by O’Henry
In a small part of the city west of Washington Square, the streets have gone wild. They
turn in different directions. They are broken into small pieces called “places.” One
street goes across itself one or two times. A painter once discovered something possible
and valuable about this street. Suppose a painter had some painting materials for which
he had not paid. Suppose he had no money. Suppose a man came to get the money. The
man might walk down that street and suddenly meet himself coming back, without
having received a cent!
This part of the city is called Greenwich Village. And to old Greenwich Village, the
painters soon came. Here they found rooms they like, with good light and at a low cost.
Sue and Johnsy lived at the top of a building with three floors. One of these young
women came from Maine, the other from California. They had met at a restaurant on
Eighth Street. There they discovered that they liked the same kind of art, the same kind
of food, and the same kind of clothes. So they decided to live and work together.
That was in the spring.
Toward winter a cold stranger entered Greenwich Village. No one could see him. He
walked around touching one person here and another there with his icy fingers. He was
a bad sickness. Doctors called him Pneumonia. On the east side of the city, he hurried,
touching many people; but in the narrow streets of Greenwich Village, he did not move
so quickly.
Mr. Pneumonia was not a nice old gentleman. A nice old gentleman would not hurt a
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weak little woman from California. But Mr. Pneumonia touched Johnsy with his cold
fingers. She lay on her bed almost without moving, and she looked through the window
at the wall of the house next to hers.
One morning the busy doctor spoke to Sue alone in the hall, where Johnsy could
not hear.

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“She has a very small chance,” he said. “She has a chance if she wants to live. If people
don’t want to live, I can’t do much for them. Your little lady has decided that she is not
going to get well. Is there something that is troubling her?”
“She always wanted to go to Italy and paint a picture of the Bay of Naples,” said Sue.
“Paint! Not paint. Is there anything worth being troubled about? A man?”
“A man?” said Sue. “Is a man worth—No, doctor. There is not a man.”
“It is weakness,” said the doctor. “I will do all I know how to do. But when a sick
person begins to feel that he’s going to die, half my work is useless. Talk to her
about new winter clothes. If she were interested in the future, her chances would be
better.”

Table 1

Frenzy Disorder Suppose Pneumonia Troubling

Uncontrollable Direction Restaurant Hurried Naples
Chaos Valuable Art Weakness Useless

Table 2

Column A Column B
a. A state of wild or uncontrolled activity or excitement 1. Frenzy

b. Not able to be controlled or restrained

c. Complete disorder and confusion

d. Lack of order or regular arrangement; confusion or untidiness

e. The course or path along which something moves, faces, or

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is aimed

f. Having great worth, importance, or usefulness

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Column A Column B
g. To assume or consider something to be true for the sake of
argument or explanation
h. A place where meals are prepared, served, and eaten in
exchange for payment
i. The expression or application of human creative skill and
imagination, typically in visual form such as painting or
sculpture
j. An infection that causes inflammation in one or both lungs,
typically characterized by coughing, fever, and difficulty
breathing

k. Done or acting with excessive speed or urgency

l. The state or condition of lacking strength or being feeble

m. Causing distress, anxiety, or worry

n. A city in southern Italy, known for its rich history, culture,

and cuisine

o. Having no purpose or effectiveness; futile or of no value

11.3.2 Now, read the story again and in pairs/groups, discuss the answers
to the following questions:
গল্পটি আিোর পচড়ো, এিং দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো এিং উত্তর েোও।
a. What are the characters introduced in this story?
b. What is the setting of this story?
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c. What is the theme of the story?

d. Have you found any use of metaphor in the story? If yes, list them.
e. Do you like the style of storytelling of this story? Explain your answer with an
example.
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11.3.3 Let’s read what happened next!
েচ�ো কী হচেনছচ�ো েো পনড়!
After the doctor had gone, Sue went into the workroom to cry. Then she walked into
Johnsy’s room. She carried some of her painting materials, and she was singing.
Johnsy lay there, very thin and very quiet. Her face was turned toward the window. Sue
stopped singing, thinking that Johnsy was asleep.
Sue began to work. As she worked she heard a low sound, again and again. She went
quickly to the bedside.
Johnsy’s eyes were open wide. She was looking out the window and counting—
counting back.
“Twelve,” she said; and a little later, “Eleven”; and then, “Ten,” and, “Nine”; and then,
“Eight,” and, “Seven,” almost together.
Sue looked out the window. What was there to count? There was only the side
wall of the next house, a short distance away. The wall had no window. An old, old tree
grew against the wall. The cold breath of winter had already touched it. Almost
all its leaves had fallen from its dark branches
“What is it, dear?” asked Sue.
“Six,” said Johnsy, in a voice still lower. “They’re falling faster now. Three days ago
there were almost a hundred. It hurt my head to count them. But now it’s easy.
There goes another one. There are only five now.”
“Five what, dear? Tell your Sue.”
“Leaves. On the tree. When the last one falls, I must go, too. I’ve known that for three
days. Didn’t the doctor tell you?”
“Oh, I never heard of such a thing,” said Sue. “It doesn’t have any sense in it. What
does an old tree have to do with you? Or with your getting well? And you used
to love that tree so much. Don’t be a little fool. The doctor told me your chances
of getting well. He told me this morning. He said you had very good chances!
Try to eat a little now. And then I’ll go back to work. And then I can sell my
picture, and then I can buy something more for you to eat to make you strong.”
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“You don’t have to buy anything for me,” said Johnsy. She still looked out the window.
“There goes another. No, I don’t want anything to eat. Now there are four. I
want to see the last one fall before night. Then I’ll go, too.”
“Johnsy, dear,” said Sue, “will you promise me to close your eyes and keep them
closed? Will you promise not to look out the window until I finish working? I
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must have this picture ready tomorrow. I need the light; I can’t cover the
window.”
“Couldn’t you work in the other room?” asked Johnsy coldly.
“I’d rather be here by you,” said Sue. “And I don’t want you to look at those leaves.”
“Tell me as soon as you have finished,” said Johnsy. She closed her eyes and lay white
and still. “Because I want to see the last leaf fall. I have done enough waiting.
I have done enough thinking. I want to go sailing down, down, like one of
those leaves.”
The following glossary is for you to understand the text better.

Column A Column B

1. The act of determining or calculating the number or quan-

a. Workroom
tity of something

b. Bedside 2. A room used for work or a specific task

3. The area or position beside a bed, typically referring to the

c. Counting
space next to where a person is lying

4. A commitment or assurance to do something or act in a

d. Sense
particular way

5. A meaning or significance attributed to something; under-

e. Promise
standing or comprehension

6. Traveling by boat or ship, typically using sails to harness

f. Coldly
the power of the wind

7. In an unfriendly or detached manner; without warmth or

g. Sailing
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emotion

11.3.4 Read the text again and answer to the following questions:
Text-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং প্রশ্নগুচ�োর উত্তর েোও।

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 English
a. Why did Sue cry?
b. Why did Johnsy count the leaves?
c. Are the setting and character different from the Part 1of the story? If yes,
explain how?
d. What do you understand by “I want to go sailing down, down, like one of
those leaves”?
e. What do you feel about this part of the story interesting or motivating?
Why?
11.3.5 Now, let’s read the next part of the story!
েচ�ো গচল্পর পচরর অংেটি পনড়!
Part-3
“Try to sleep,” said Sue. “I must call Behrman to come up here. I want to paint a man in
this picture, and I’ll make him look like Behrman. I won’t be gone a minute. Don’t
try to move till I come back.”
Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the first floor of their house. He was past
sixty. He had had no success as a painter. For forty years he had painted, without
ever painting a good picture. He had always talked of painting a great picture, a
masterpiece, but he had never yet started it.
He got a little money by letting others paint pictures of him. He drank too much. He
still talked of his great masterpiece. And he believed that it was his special duty to
do everything possible to help Sue and Johnsy.
Sue found him in his dark room, and she knew that he had been drinking. She could
smell it. She told him about Johnsy and the leaves on the vine. She said that she
was afraid that Johnsy would indeed sail down, down like the leaf. Her hold on the
world was growing weaker.
Old Behrman shouted his anger over such an idea.
“What!” he cried. “Are there such fools? Do people die because leaves drop off a tree?
I have not heard of such a thing. No, I will not come up and sit while you make a
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picture of me. Why do you allow her to think such a thing? That poor little Johnsy!”
“She is very sick and weak,” said Sue. “The sickness has put these strange ideas into
her mind. Mr. Behrman, if you won’t come, you won’t. But I don’t think you’re
very nice.”

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“This is like a woman!” shouted Behrman. “Who said I will not come? Go. I come
with you. For half an hour I have been trying to say that I will come. God! This is
not any place for someone so good as Johnsy to lie sick. Some day I shall paint my
masterpiece, and we shall all go away from here. God! Yes.”
Johnsy was sleeping when they went up. Sue covered the window and took Behrman
into the other room. There they looked out the window fearfully at the tree. Then
they looked at each other for a moment without speaking. A cold rain was falling,
with a little snow in it too.
Behrman sat down, and Sue began to paint.
She worked through most of the night.
In the morning, after an hour’s sleep, she went to Johnsy’s bedside. Johnsy with wide-
open eyes was looking toward the window. “I want to see,” she told Sue.
Sue took the cover from the window.

11.3.5.1 Read the following statements and identify whether they are true
and false. Mark the statement T or F if the statement is true or false
respectively.
নিচের িোকট্যগুচ�ো পচড়ো এিং েোরো েেট্য নক নিথ্যো েো নেননিে কচরো। েেট্য হচ� T এিং নিথ্যো হচ� F
দ�চ�ো।
Statements T/F
1. Behrman is Sue’s neighbour and an artist.

2. Success is the achievement of a desired outcome or the

attainment of goals.

3. Masterpiece refers to an outstanding and exceptional piece of

artwork or literature.

4. Vine is a plant with long, thin stems that climb or creep along
surfaces with twisting and curling tendrils bearing fruit, such as
grapes.
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5. Strange is something unusual, unfamiliar, or different from what

is expected. It can also be things that are peculiar, odd, or out of the
ordinary.

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11.3.6 Read this part of the story again and answer the following questions.
Later, share your answers with the class.

গচল্পর এই অংেটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�োর উত্তর েোও। পচর দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে
দেেোর কচরো।

a) Who is the new character introduced in this part of the story?

b) “Someday I shall paint my masterpiece, and we shall all go away from

here”? - who said it? Why did he say it?

c) Guess, what will happen next?

11.3.7 Let’s read the final part of the story!

েচ�ো গচল্পর েিচেষ অংেটি পনড়।

But after the beating rain and the wild wind that had not stopped through the
whole night, there still was one leaf to be seen against the wall. It was the last
on the tree. It was still dark green near the branch. But at the edges, it was
turning yellow with age. There it was hanging from a branch nearly twenty
feet above the ground.

“It is the last one,” said Johnsy. “I thought it would surely fall during the
night. I heard the wind. It will fall today, and I shall die at the same time.”

“Dear, dear Johnsy!” said Sue. “Think of me, if you won’t think of yourself.
What would I do?”

But Johnsy did not answer. The most lonely thing in the world is a soul when
it is preparing to go on its far journey. The ties that held her to friendship and
earth were breaking, one by one.

The day slowly passed. As it grew dark, they could still see the leaf hanging
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from its branch against the wall. And then, as the night came, the north wind
began again to blow. The rain still beat against the windows. When it was
light enough the next morning, Johnsy again commanded that she be allowed
to see.

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 The Last Leaf
The leaf was still there.

Johnsy lay for a long time looking at it. And then she called Sue, who was
cooking something for her to eat.

“I’ve been a bad girl, Sue,” said Johnsy. “Something has made that last leaf
stay there to show me how bad I was. It is wrong to want to die. I’ll try to eat
now. But first bring me a looking glass, so that I can see myself. And then I’ll
sit up and watch you cook.”

An hour later she said, “Sue, someday I hope to paint the Bay of Naples.”

The doctor came in the afternoon. Sue followed him into the hall outside
Johnsy’s room to talk to him.

“The chances are good,” said the doctor. He took Sue’s thin, shaking hand in
his. “Give her good care, and she’ll get well. And now I must see another sick
person in this house. His name is Behrman. A painter, I believe. Pneumonia,
too. Mike is an old, weak man, and he is very ill. There is no hope for him. But
we take him to the hospital today. We’ll make it as easy for him as we can.”

The next day the doctor said to Sue: “She’s safe. You have done it. Food and
care now—that’s all.”

And that afternoon Sue came to the bed where Johnsy lay. She put one arm
around her.

“I have something to tell you,” she said. “Mr. Behrman died of pneumonia
today in the hospital. He was ill for only two days. Someone found him on the
morning of the first day, in his room. He was helpless with pain.”

“His shoes and his clothes were wet and as cold as ice. Everyone wondered
where he had been. The night had been so cold and wild.

“And then they found some things. There was a light that he had taken outside.
And there were his materials for painting. There was paint, green paint and
yellow paint. And—
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“Look out the window, dear, at the last leaf on the wall. Didn’t you wonder
why it never moved when the wind was blowing? Oh, my dear, it is Behrman’s
great masterpiece—he painted it there the night that the last leaf fell.”

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11.3.7.1 Read the story again and answer to the following questions. Later,
share your answers in pairs/groups.

গল্পটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�োর উত্তর েোও। পচর দ�োড়োে িো েচ� দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো
দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

a) Do you like the ending of the story?

b) Does it match with the real ending of the story?

c) What type of story is this?

d) Which characters do you like? And explain Why?

e) What do you feel about the story? Does it inspire you or motivate you?

11.3.7.2 Now, discuss in groups, and match the metaphors of the left column
with their meaning in the right column.

েচ� আচ�োেিো কচরো এিং িোি ক�োচি দেওেো রুপকগুচ�োর েোচথ ডোি ক�োচি দেওেো অচথ গুর নি�
কচরো।

Metaphors Meaning of metaphors

a. Beating rain and wild wind 1. It symbolizes Johnsy's life and
her will to live. The leaf represents
her resilience and determination,
clinging to the branch despite the
challenges.
b. Ties that held her to friendship 2. The intensity and force of the rain
and earth and wind emphasize their strength
and aggressiveness.
c. The leaf hanging from its branch 3. The emotional and physical
against the wall connections that Johnsy has with
her friends and the world emphasize
their importance and significance in
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her life
d. The last leaf stay there to show me 4. It represents the last remaining
how bad I was leaf, which Behrman painted on the
wall. It is considered as his final and
most significant artistic achievement.
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 The Last Leaf
e. His shoes and his clothes were wet 5. It suggests that the last remaining
and as cold as ice leaf serves as a reminder or reflection
of Johnsy's past actions or thoughts,
indicating her realization and regret.
f. Behrman's great masterpiece 6. It conveys the extreme coldness
and discomfort experienced
by Behrman, symbolizing his
vulnerability and suffering.

11.3.8 Read the story again and write a summary of the story in your own
words. Don’t forget to follow the steps of writing a summary.

গল্পটি আিোর পচড়ো এিং এর েোরিিগু দ�চ�ো। েোরিিগু ন��চে নগচে েোরিিগু দ��োর ধোপগুচ�ো
অনুেরি করচে ভু� কচরো িো।

11.4.1 Read the following story and in groups, compare both the stories,
The Last Leaf and The Gift of Life.

নিচের গল্পটি পচড়ো এিং েচ� The Last Leaf এিং The Gift of Life এই গল্প দুটির
তু�িো কচরো।

The Gift of Life

There lived a renowned author named Sarah. She had a profound
impact on readers with her captivating stories, but her own life
was marked by struggle and despair. Sarah battled a chronic illness
that left her weak and fatigued, often questioning the purpose of
her existence.

One gloomy afternoon, while Sarah sat by her window, contemplating her life,
she noticed a delicate flower blooming amidst the concrete sidewalk. Despite
the odds stacked against it, the flower stood tall, radiating beauty and resilience.
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This sight struck a chord deep within Sarah’s heart. She realized that just
like the flower, she had the power to find strength and beauty in the face of
adversity. Inspired by this simple act of nature, Sarah made a commitment to
embrace every precious moment of her life.

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With renewed determination, Sarah poured her heart and soul into writing stories
that celebrated the human spirit and encouraged others to find hope amidst
life’s challenges. She penned tales of courage, love, and the transformative
power of embracing one’s unique journey.

Sarah’s stories touched the lives of countless readers, offering them solace and
inspiration during their own difficult times. Her words became a beacon of
light, reminding others that every breath is a gift worth cherishing.

As Sarah continued to battle her illness, she drew strength from the impact
her stories had on others. Even in her darkest moments, she found solace
in knowing that her words had the power to ignite a spark of hope within
someone else.

Thus, her life became a testament to the resilience of the human spirit. Though
she faced immense challenges, she chose to live each day fully, inspiring others
to do the same. Her story reminds us all to embrace the gift of life, no matter
the obstacles we may face.

You can list your responses in the following grid.

Content/Topic Similarity Dissimilarity

1. Theme

2.Characters

3. Plot

4. Settings

5. Your Feelings after reading the

stories
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 The Last Leaf
11.4.2 Now, in groups, choose a story (in Bangla) that has similarity with
the two stories, The Last Leaf and The Gift of Life. Then, mark the
similarities and dissimilarities by comparing your chosen story with
these two stories.

েচ� একটি িোং�ো গল্প পছন্দ কচরো যোর েোচথ The Last Leaf এিং The Gift of Life এই গল্প দুচটোর
নি� আচছ। দেোিোর গল্পটিচক দুটি গচল্পর েোচথ তু�িো কচর নি� অথিো অনি�গুচ�ো নেননিে কচরো।

New Words: genres, fascinating, gripping, mysteries, escapism, enchanting, authenticity,

horizons, exhilarating, diverse, artifact, enigmatic, eccentric, obsession,
cryptic, concealed, culprit, jealousy, greed, reveal, conjure, guide, quest,
mythical, climactic, banish, restoring, realm, evoke.
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Macbeth
12.1.1 Look at the following movies, books or poems and discuss in pairs/
groups the questions that follow. Later, share your responses with
the class.
নিচের ে�নচিরি, িই অথিো কনিেোগুচ�ো �ক্ষট্য কচরো। েোরপর দ�োড়োে িো েচ� নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো
আচ�োেিো কচরো। পচর দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

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(Images Collected)

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(Images Collected)

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 English

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(Images Collected)

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 Macbeth
Questions
a) Are you familiar with these books, movies or poems?
b) Do you know the characters of the books, movies or poems?
c) Which character/s do you like? Why do you like them?
d) Which character/s do you like to be? What do you do to be your favourite
character?
e) Do you dislike any character? If yes, why?
f) Are you planning to read any books/poems or see any movies in the near
future? If yes, what is/are that/those?
g) Do you think that reading books/poems or watching movies is beneficial to
you? If yes, explain with an example.

12.2.1 Now, think about your favourite books/poems/movies/characters

and identify why you like them. Then, share your responses in pairs.
You may record your responses in the given grid. If you need, add
more columns. One is done for you.
দেোিোর নপ্রে িই, কনিেো, ে�নচিরি /েনররিগুচ�োর কথো ভোচিো এিং দকি েোচেরচক পছন্দ কচরো
েো দির কচরো। েচ� দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো। নিচের েোরনিচে দেোিোর
উত্তরগুচ�ো েংরক্ষি কচরচে পোচরো। প্রচেো�চি আরও ক�োি যুক্ত করচে পোচরো। একটি উত্তর
দেোিোচের �ন্য কচর দেওেো হচ�ো।
My favourite
My favourite Type of the
character/s from the
books/movies Why I like it book/movie
books/movies/
/poems/plays /poem/play
poems/plays
a. The poem Bonolota Sen I like how A romantic
‘Bonolota Sen’ beautifully the poem
(িি�েো দেি) poet describes
the character,
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Bonolota Sen
b.

c.

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My favourite
My favourite Type of the
character/s from the
books/movies Why I like it book/movie
books/movies/
/poems/plays /poem/play
poems/plays
d.

e.

f.

Now, reflect on the grid and notice you like different books/movies/plays/poems or
characters for different reasons like you may like the comedy of Tom and Jerry or you
may like Spiderman for how Spiderman uses his supernatural power for helping others.
Likewise, you may feel the character ‘King Lear’ for his tragic end, or the romantic,
horror, or science fiction elements of a particular book, movie, play or poem. In fact,
these different genres of books have different characteristics. Here, we will learn more
about tragedy, especially Shakespearean tragedy.

12.3.1 Read the following note on ‘Shakespearean Tragedy’ and then

discuss in pairs/groups.
‘Shakespearean Tragedy’-এর উপর নিচের note-টি পচড়ো এিং েোরপর দ�োড়োে িো েচ�
আচ�োেিো কচরো।
Note
Before starting, let’s reflect on what you have learned up to now about a
play.
You have already learned that a play is a form of literature performed on a stage. A play
is more to be seen than to be read. Usually, a play has dialogues, characters, a plot (that
is, the sequence of the story like a beginning, climax, and end), and a setting (that is,
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where the story is set). It is divided into acts and scenes. Also, you have known about
the greatest playwright and poet, William Shakespeare. He crafted some timeless plays
like King Lear, As You Like It, Merchant of Venice and so on that continue to captivate
audiences centuries later. He wrote tragedies like ‘King Lear’, and comedies like ‘As
You Like It’. In some of his plays, like The Merchant of Venice, both the features of a
comedy and a tragedy exist together. We call it a tragi-comedy. To identify whether a
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 Macbeth
play is a comedy, tragedy or tragi-comedy, you have to notice the characteristics of the
play carefully and pay attention to their tones, themes, and emotions.

Now, it’s time to focus on our topic, the idea of Shakespearean Tragedy!
One of the most widely used styles in literature is tragedy. The term tragedy has evolved
to refer to any form of art that ends with an unhappy note. Shakespeare has created his
own style of writing a tragedy called Shakespearean tragedy which has its specific
features that differentiate it from other types of tragedy. Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet,
Othello, and Antony and Cleopatra are some of Shakespeare’s famous tragedies. Some
of the notable characteristics of a Shakespearean tragedy are as follows:\

1. Heroes belong to a high rank

In a Shakespearean tragedy, the tragic heroes are men of high status and
of noble nature. For example, King Lear is every inch a king, Romeo is an
aristocrat; Antony is more than a king – an emperor; Othello is a mighty
general; Hamlet is a prince, and Macbeth is first a general and then a king.

2. The tragic hero

A tragic hero is one of the most significant elements of a Shakespearean
tragedy. This type of tragedy is essentially a one-man show. It is a story
about one, or sometimes two characters. The hero may be either male or
female and he or she must suffer be````````````````````````````````````````````````
````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````cause of
some flaw of character, because of inevitable fate, or both. The hero must be
the most tragic personality in the play.

3. The use of supernatural elements

Using supernatural elements is one of the key characteristics of a Shakespearean
tragedy. They play an important role in creating an atmosphere of awe, wonder,
and sometimes fear. Supernatural elements are typically used to advance the
story and drive the plot. For example, Shakespeare uses supernatural elements
(three witches) in his tragedy Macbeth to predict the future. These witches are
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responsible for motivating Macbeth to resort to murder in order to ascend to

the throne of Scotland.

4. Tragic flaw
The heroes of Shakespeare have an inherent weakness, a tragic flaw. This

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flaw makes the hero essentially human and the Shakespearean heroes are
responsible for their fall. For example, Othello faces his tragic damnation for
his highly suspicious nature or easily believing what he is said; Hamlet for his
indecisive nature – “to be or not to be”; King Lear for his error of judgment
and in the same line Macbeth for his unbridled ambition.

5. The theme of revenge

Shakespearean tragedy deals with revenge, murder, death, conflicts, ambitions
and others. In Macbeth, Shakespeare brought forth the elements of revenge,
murder, death, and ambitions as well. For example, Prince Malcolm and
Macduff take vengeance against Macbeth [Act V Scene VIII, Act V Scene IX]
Now, we will explore all the characteristics of a Shakespearean tragedy in Macbeth,
one of the greatest tragedies of William Shakespeare.

12.3.2 Before reading the play Macbeth, let’s check our understanding of
the note!
Read the following features of a tragedy and a comedy in the following
table. Then, identify them and write in the next column. You may
think of examples of these characteristics from your reading of King
Lear and As You Like It. Later, give an example for each feature
from the plays.
Macbeth িোটকটি পড়োর আচগ, েচ�ো দেোিোর বুঝোর ক্ষিেো যোেোই কচর দিই।

নিচের েোরনিচে দেওেো tragedy এিং comedy িোটচকর তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো পচড় িোও। এরপর
েোচেরচক খুচ�ুঁ দির কচরো এিং পচরর ক�োচি েো দ�চ�ো। দেোিোর পঠিে King Lear এিং As
You Like It িোটচকর তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো দথচক তুনি উেোহরচির কথো ভোিচে পোচরো। পচর িোটকগুচ�ো
দথচক প্রনেটি তিনেচষ্টট্যর একটি কচর উেোহরি েোও।

Whether these
Examples from King
Features are related to a
Lear or As You Like It
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tragedy or comedy

a. It is characterized by a
serious tone.

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Whether these
Examples from King
Features are related to a
Lear or As You Like It
tragedy or comedy

b. It has a light-hearted and

humorous tone.

c. It evokes emotions of
pity, fear, and sadness in
the audience.
d. It aims to entertain and
amuse the audience,
provoking laughter and
joy.
e. The protagonist
often faces a series
of unfortunate events
and typically meets an
unhappy or disastrous
end.
f. The main characters
usually face challenges
and obstacles, but these
are resolved in a positive
and optimistic manner.
g. Themes like fate, excessive
pride, and suffering are
frequently found.

h. Conflicts are usually

resolved in a satisfying
and happy manner.
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12.3.3 Read the note again and identify the following sentences as true
or false. If false, give the correct information. Later, share your
responses with the class.

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 English
Note-টি আিোর পচড়ো এিং নিচের িোকট্যগুচ�ো েেট্য িো নিথ্যো েো নেননিে কচরো। যনে নিথ্যো হে
েোহচ� েঠিক েথ্য েোও। পচর, দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।
a) The tragic hero in a Shakespearean tragedy is a towering personality in his/her
state, kingdom, or country.
b) Tragic flaw is an inherent defect or shortcoming in the hero of a tragedy.
c) A Shakespearean tragedy ends either with the death of the hero or a mental,
emotional, or spiritual devastation beyond recovery.
d) The supernatural elements in the Shakespearean tragedy is only to amuse the
audiences.
e) Every tragic hero in a Shakespearean play is confronted with external and
internal conflicts.
f) Goodness never beats evil in the tragedies of Shakespeare rather evil conquers
goodness.

Now, let’s enjoy reading one of the greatest Shakespearean tragedies

Macbeth!

12.3.4 Before you read Extract 1 from Macbeth, discuss the following
questions in pairs
Macbeth দথচক Extract 1 পড়োর আচগ, নিচের প্রশ্নগুন� দ�োড়োে আচ�োেিো কচরো।
a) Have you watched a movie or read a book where you came across supernatural
creatures?
b) Do you have any favourite supernatural characters?
c) Can you describe the supernatural character?
d) How are they different from us, human beings?
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e) Do you think they are funny or scary?

f) Can they have a good or bad influence on us?

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 Macbeth
12.3.5 Now, you are going to read a few scenes from Shakespeare’s famous
tragedy Macbeth. To help you understand better, the texts have been
adapted and simplified. Read Extract 1 and act out the dialogues in
groups of seven. It will help you internalize the play. Performing the
dialogues in class will make you a confident English speaker. To help
you understand the dialogues a glossary is given below.
Shakespeare এর নিখ্োে ট্ট্যোচ�নড Macbeth এর কচেকটি দৃযে তুনি পড়চে যোচছেো।
িোটকটি ভোচ�ো কচর দিোঝোর �ন্য এই text গুচ�ো েংকন�ে এিং েহ� করো হচেচছ। Extract 1-টি
পচড়ো এিং 7�চির েচ� েো অনভিে কচরো। এই activityগুচ�ো, িোটকটি আত্মথি করচে দেোিোচক
েোহোর্য করচি। িোটচকর dialogueগুচ�ো ি�োর িোযেচি ইংচরন� ি�োর দক্ষচরি তুনি আত্মনিশ্োেী
হচি। কচথোপকথিটি দিোঝোর �ন্য একটি glossary নিচে দেওেো হচ�ো।

Macbeth
William Shakespeare

Extract 1 (Adapted from Act I Scene III of Macbeth)

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[Setting: A heath in Scotland. Macbeth and Banquo are returning to Forres after
defeating a rebellion against King Duncan. Three witches appear out of nowhere and
greet them]

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Banquo : (He sees three witches.) What are these creatures, so withered and so wild
in their clothing? They do not look like inhabitants of the earth.

Macbeth : Speak (to the witches), if you can. What are you?

Witch 1 : Hail, Macbeth, Thane of Glamis!

Witch 2 : Hail, Macbeth, Thane of Cawdor!

Witch 3 : Hail, Macbeth, who shall be king hereafter!

Banquo : Are you imaginary or real (to the witches)? You greet my noble partner
and say he will become the king. Why do you not speak to me?

Witch 1 : Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.

Witch 2 : Not so happy, yet much happier.

Witch 3 : Your sons and grandsons shall be kings, though you will be none. So all
hail, Macbeth and Banquo!

Macbeth : Tell me more. Since my father’s death, I have been Thane of Glamis. But
how can I be Thane of Cawdor, too? The Thane of Cawdor is still alive!
And to be king is not possible either. Say from where you got this strange
information. And why have you stopped us here with such greetings and
prophecies? Speak, I say!

(Witches vanish.)

Banquo : Look! They have vanished!

Macbeth : They have melted as breath into the wind. I wish they had stayed!

Banquo : Were they really here? Or have we been hallucinating?

Macbeth : Your children shall be kings.

Banquo : You shall be king!

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Macbeth : And Thane of Cawdor, too. Isn’t that what they said?

Banquo : Yes. They used those very words. (hearing a sound) Who’s there?

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(Ross and Angus enter.)

Ross : The king has happily received the news of your success, Macbeth! He is
very pleased to hear of your fearlessness during battle.

Angus : We have been sent to thank you.

Ross : The king has asked me to call you Thane of Cawdor.

So I say, hail, most worthy Thane! The title is yours.

Banquo : What! Can the witches tell the truth?

Macbeth : But the Thane of Cawdor is alive!

Angus : He who was the thane still lives but he will be punished for betraying his
own country.

Macbeth : (aside) Thane of Glamis, and now Thane of Cawdor, too!

And the greatest title is yet to come!

Thanks for your pains, gentlemen (to Ross and Angus)!

Macbeth : (aside) This supernatural prophecy might be evil or good.

If evil, why has it given me evidence of success, by starting with a truth? For
it is true that I am Thane of Cawdor. If good, why are horrid thoughts
making my heart knock at my ribs? Present fears are less than horrible
imaginings. My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes
me up.

Banquo : (to Ross and Angus) Look at Macbeth. He seems to be in a trance.

(to Macbeth) Worthy Macbeth, we’re waiting.

Macbeth : Please forgive me. My thoughts were wandering.

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Let us go and meet the king.

Come, friends. (All exit.)

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Vocabulary

Word Meaning
creatures anything that is living, such as an animal
withered thin and old
inhabitants people who live in a place
hail a greeting with enthusiastic approval
imaginary something that is imagined; not real
alive not dead
prophecies statements about the future
vanish disappear
melted dissolved and disappeared
hallucinate to see something that does not exist
betray to help the enemy
wander to move away
those very words exactly the same words

12.3.6 Let’s check our comprehension!

Discuss the following questions in pairs. Later, write short answers to the
questions and write a paragraph of around 100 words.

এ�ি দেোিোর িোটক বুঝোর েক্ষেো (comprehension) যোেোইচের পো�ো!

দ�োড়োে নিচের প্রশ্নগুচ�ো আচ�োেিো কচরো। পচর প্রশ্নগুচ�োর েংনক্ষপ্ত উত্তর দ�চ�ো এিং 100
েচব্দর িচযে একটি paragraph দ�চ�ো।

a) What prophecies do the witches make for Macbeth?

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b) Which of the prophecies has just been fulfilled in the scene? Which one is yet
to be fulfilled?
c) After hearing the witches’ prophecies, what does Macbeth reveal in his aside?
d) What message does Ross convey, and how does Macbeth react to this news?

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It’s time to read Extract 2 (Adapted from Act I Scene IV)
[Setting: A room in the palace in Forres. King Duncan, his sons Malcolm and Donalbain,
Lennox, and attendants enter and engage in a conversation. A while later, Macbeth,
Banquo, Ross, and Angus enter.]
Duncan : (To Macbeth) Oh, most worthy cousin! I owe you more than I can ever pay.
Macbeth : Serving you loyally is payment in itself. Your Highness’s part is to receive
our services. Our duties are to do what we can to keep you safe.
Duncan : I have only begun to honour you. Now I will work to see you prosper. (to
Banquo) You, noble Banquo, you have deserved no less.
Let me embrace you and hold you to my heart.
Banquo : It is an honour to serve you, my lord.
Duncan : Sons, kinsmen, Thanes, and all you who are near to me, know this, I
appoint my eldest son, Malcolm, as my successor. From now on, he will
be called the Prince of Cumberland. Let us now go to Inverness to visit
Macbeth’s castle.
Macbeth : I’ll go on ahead and tell my wife the joyful news of your approach. (bowing)
I humbly take my leave.
(All exit.)
Vocabulary

Word Meaning

to have the responsibility to pay back money that you borrowed; to be

owe
grateful for something

prosper to become successful

embrace to hold someone with both arms

appoint to choose someone for a job or responsibility

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successor someone that comes after another person

humbly politely

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12.3.7 Read the short note on The ways to express appreciations and then
do the activity that follows. Later, share your responses with the
class.
The ways to express appreciations এর উপর নিচের short note-টি পচড়ো। েোরপর পচরর
activity গুচ�ো কচরো। দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

Note on Language of appreciation

We express gratitude, recognition, and praise towards others in different ways.
We can use words, actions, and gestures to communicate our sincere appreci-
ation and acknowledgement for someone’s efforts, contributions, or qualities.
Simple phrases like “thank you,” “well done,” or “I appreciate your help” may
be useful to let people know that we value their efforts. We can also write a
thank-you note or appreciation email.

Now, work in pairs and match the speakers and addressees of the given expressions of
appreciation.

Language of appreciation Speaker Addressee

Oh, dearest cousin! I am indebted to you beyond

Duncan Macbeth
measure.

Being loyal to you is reward enough. Our duty is to

Macbeth Duncan
safeguard you at all costs.

You equally deserve my gratitude. Allow me to em-

Duncan Banco
brace you and hold you close to my heart.
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It is my honor to serve you, my lord. Banco Duncan

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 Macbeth
Let’s read Extract 3 (Adapted from Act I Scene V)

Lady Macbeth : (reading the letter) “The three witches proved they can predict
the future. After they vanished into the air, some messengers came
from the king. They called me ‘Thane of Cawdor’—the same title the
weird sisters called me! The witches had also said, ‘All hail, Macbeth,
who shall be king hereafter!’

(commenting on the letter): You were already Thane of Glamis, and now Thane of
Cawdor. You shall also be what you were promised. Yet I do fear your nature. It is
too full of the milk of human kindness. You have ambition. But your nature lacks the
necessary ruthlessness. Hurry home, so I may pour my spirit into your ear!

(Macbeth enters.)

Lady Macbeth : Great Glamis! Worthy Cawdor!

Greater than both, in the near future!

Macbeth : My dearest love, Duncan comes here tonight.

Lady Macbeth : And when does he leave?

Macbeth : Tomorrow, as he plans.

Lady Macbeth : Oh, never shall he see the sun again!

Your face, my Thane, is like a book where anyone can read strange
matters. To fool the time, look like the time. Show welcome in your
eye, your hand, your words. Look like the innocent flower but be the
serpent under it. I will take care of everything! Then all our nights
and days to come will be spent as king and queen.
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Macbeth : We will speak further.

Lady Macbeth : Just remain calm. Do nothing that looks suspicious. Leave all the rest
to me. (Both exit.)

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12.3.8. Read Extract 3 again and in pairs match the words with their
meanings. Later, share your responses with the class.

Extract 3 আিোর পচড়ো এিং দ�োড়োে নিচের েোরনির েচব্দর েোচথ অথ গু নি�োও। পচর দেোিোর
উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

Words in Extract Meanings in context

predict strange

vanish lacking pity for anyone

weird to say that something will happen in the future

lack appearing dishonest

ruthlessness disappear

pour: to not have something

suspicious to flow in a stream

Time to read Extract 4 (Adapted from Act I Scene VII)

[Setting: Within Macbeth’s castle. Macbeth enters.]

Macbeth : If it must be done, then it’s best done quickly.

But Duncan’s here in double trust: First, I am his kinsman and his
subject. Second, I am his host. I should shut the door against his
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murderer, not bear the knife myself! Besides, Duncan is a good man.
His virtues plead like angels against his murder. I have no good
reason to do this, except my own ambition.

(Lady Macbeth enters.)

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 Macbeth
Macbeth : What news?

Lady Macbeth : He has almost finished supper.

Macbeth : We will proceed no further with the plan. He has honoured me, and I
have earned appreciation from all sorts of people.

Lady Macbeth : What about your hopes for the future? Are you afraid to be the same
in your act as you are in your desire? Would you live as a coward like
the cat who wanted the fish but was afraid to get its paws wet?

Macbeth : I beg you, be quiet! I dare do all that may become a man.

Lady Macbeth : (angrily) What beast was it, then, that made you talk about this plan
to me? When you dared to do it, you were a man. Had I sworn to do
it, I would have even thrown my baby out if needed.

Macbeth : If we should fail?

Lady Macbeth : We fail? With enough courage, we’ll not fail. When Duncan is
asleep, I’ll give his two guards wine and liquor. They’ll soon be
asleep, too. We’ll kill the unguarded Duncan. It will be easy to blame
his drunken guards, who shall bear the guilt of our great murder.

Macbeth : Then it’s settled. Away, and mock the time with the fairest show. False
face must hide what false heart does know.

(They exit.)

12.3.9 a) In Extracts 3 and 4, you have found that Macbeth has the ambition
to become a king. But he is in doubt whether he should achieve his
goal in a dishonest manner. Now, identify and write the lines from
the extracts that reflect Macbeth’s hesitation and doubt in the given
place.
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a) Extract 3 এিং 4 এ দেোিরো দেচ�চছো দয Macbeth এর রো�ো হওেোর আকোঙ্কো নছ�। নকন্তু
েোর িচযে নবিধো নছ� দয অেৎ উপোচে েোর উচদেযে েফ� হচি নকিো। Extract গুচ�ো দথচক
Macbeth এর নবিধো এিং েচন্দহ েংরিোন্ দয �োইিগুচ�ো আচছ েোচেরচক নেননিে কচরো এিং
নিচের শূন্যথিোচি দ�চ�ো।

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 English
Your answer: .....……………………………………………………….
...……………………………………………………………………………….
...……………………………………………………………………………….
...……………………………………………………………………………….
...……………………………………………………………………………….

b) In Extracts 3 and 4, you also have seen Lady Macbeth trying to

persuade Macbeth to commit the murder of King Duncan. Now,
choose the strategy she has employed among the following and then
underline all the lines in the extracts that refer to the strategies
mentioned.

b) Extract 3 এিং 4 এ দেোিরো আরও দেচ�চছো দয Lady Macbeth, King Duncan দক খুি
করোর �ন্য Macbeth-দক উৎেোনহে কচরনছচ�ি। রো�োচক খুি করোর �ন্য নিচের দয দকৌে�গুচ�োর
কথো নেনি িচ�নছচ�ি Extract গুচ�োর দেই �োইিগুচ�োর নিচে েোগ েোও।।

The strategies

a. Questioning Macbeth’s manhood and courage

b. Reminding Macbeth of his promise

c. Laying out a plan

d. Assuring Macbeth that they will not fail

So, let’s see what will happen in Extract 5 (Adapted from Act II Scene II)!

Lady Macbeth : That which made them drunk has made me bold.

Had Duncan not looked like my own father, I would have done it
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myself.

(Macbeth enters covered with blood.)

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 Macbeth
Lady Macbeth : My husband!

Macbeth : I have done the deed. Did you not hear a noise?

Lady Macbeth : I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.

Macbeth : One man laughed in his sleep. Another one cried, “Murder!”

They seemed to wake each other up but quickly went back to sleep.

Lady Macbeth : Two guests are sleeping in a room near Duncan’s.

Macbeth : One cried, “God bless us!” The other said, “Amen.”

I feared that they had seen me with these bloody hands.

Lady Macbeth : We must not dwell on these deeds, or we will go mad.

Macbeth : I heard a voice cry, “Sleep no more! Macbeth shall sleep no more!”

Lady Macbeth : Worthy Thane, you are wasting your noble strength thinking such
foolish thoughts. Go wash this filthy evidence from your hands. Why
did you bring these daggers with you? They must lie there. Go, take
them back! Smear the sleeping guards with blood!

Macbeth : I’ll go no more. I’m afraid to look upon what I have done!

Lady Macbeth : Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead are but pictures. I’ll
paint the guards’ faces with his blood to make them look guilty.

(She exits.)

12.3.10 Now, reflect on the words spoken by Lady Macbeth in the above
extracts. Then, discuss in pairs/groups and identify her character
traits in the following grid. Later, give an example in favour of your
identification. Finally, share your responses with the class.
উপচরর extract গুচ�োচে Lady Macbeth এর িক্তব্গুচ�ো িচি কচরো। েোরপর েোর েোনরনরিক
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তিনেষ্টট্যগুচ�ো নেননিে কচরো এিং নিচের েোরনিচে দ�চ�ো। দেোিোর নেননিেকরচির পচক্ষ একটি কচর
উেোহোরি েোও। েিচেচষ দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।

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Character Trait Does Lady Macbeth possess it? Example

Ambitious

Cunning

Loving wife

Loyal

Manipulative

Ruthless

Brave

Determined

Let’s read Extract 6 (Adapted from Act II Scene III)!

[Setting: Macbeth’s Castle]

Macduff : Oh, horror, horror, horror!

Neither tongue nor heart can imagine or name it!

Macbeth And

Lennox : What’s the matter?

Macduff : A most unholy murder has broken open the Lord’s Temple and stolen
from there the life of the building.
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Macbeth : What is it you say—the life?

Lennox : Do you mean his majesty?

Macduff : Approach his room! Do not ask me to speak!

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 Macbeth
See, and then speak yourselves.

(Macbeth and Lennox exit.)

Macduff : Awake, awake! Ring the alarm bell! Banquo and Donalbain!

Malcolm! Awake! Malcolm! Banquo!

Rise up to see this horror!

(Alarm bell rings. Lady Macbeth enters again.)

Lady Macbeth : What’s all this?

Why such a terrible noise to wake everyone? Speak!

Macduff : Oh, gentle lady, it is not for you to hear my words.

(Banquo enters again.) Oh, Banquo, Banquo! Our royal

master has been murdered!

Lady Macbeth : Woe, alas! In our house?

Banquo : It would be too cruel anywhere.

Dear Macduff, I beg you, say it is not so.

(Macbeth, Lennox, and Ross enter.)

Macbeth : If only I had died an hour ago, I would have lived a blessed time. Now
there’s nothing serious in life. All is but toys. Honour, and grace, is
dead.

(Malcolm and Donalbain enter.)

Donalbain : What is wrong?

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Macbeth : The spring, the fountain of your blood, is stopped.

Macduff : Your royal father is murdered.

Malcolm : O! By whom?

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 English
Lennox : It seems that his own guards did it.

Their hands and faces were covered in blood.

So were their daggers.

Macbeth: Even so, I am sorry for the fury that made me kill them.

Macduff: Why did you do it, then?

Macbeth: My love for Duncan made me do it.

Anyone who had a heart to love would have done the same.

Lady Macbeth: (fainting) Help me!

Macduff: Look after the lady.

Donalbain : (aside to Malcolm) We are not safe. Let’s get away.

We can cry over our father’s death later.

Banquo : Look after the lady. (Lady Macbeth is carried out.)

Let’s all go and try to learn more about it. I will fight

against the unknown forces of treason and evil.

Macduff : And so will I.

All : And so will we all.

Macbeth : Let’s put on our armor, and meet together in the hall.

Let’s see what next.

Extract 7 (Adapted from Act III Scene I)

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[Setting: Forres. A room in the palace.]

Banquo : (to himself) You have it now, King, Cawdor,

Glamis, all, as the weird women promised. I fear you played foul for
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it.

(Trumpets sound. Macbeth enters as king, followed by Lady Macbeth

as queen, Lennox, Ross, lords, ladies, and attendants.)

Macbeth : A banquet is being held tonight, sir, And I want you to be there.

Banquo : Your wish is my command, highness.

Macbeth : Are you going riding this afternoon?

Banquo : Yes, my good lord.

Macbeth : Do not fail to come to the feast.

Banquo : My lord, I will not.

Macbeth : Is Fleance going with you?

Banquo : Yes, my good lord.

(Banquo exits. Macbeth speaks to the others.)

Macbeth : You may do whatever you like until seven tonight.

To make the company even sweeter then, we will stay alone this
afternoon. God be with you.

(All exit but Macbeth and a servant.)

Macbeth : (to the servant) We sent for some men. Are they here yet?

Servant : Yes, my lord. They are at the gate.

Macbeth : Bring them before us. (Servant exits.)

Macbeth : To be king is nothing, unless one’s position is safe.

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Our fears about Banquo run deep. He threatens my greatness.

Have I murdered the gracious Duncan just to make Banquo’s sons

kings? (He hears a noise.) Who’s there?

(Servant enters again, with two murderers.) Go to the door until we call.

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(Servant exits.)

Was it not yesterday we spoke together?

Murderer 1 : It was, your highness.

Macbeth : Well, then, have you considered what I said?

Do you understand that it was Banquo who was responsible for your
bad fortune in the past?

Murderer 1 : You made it known to us.

Macbeth : I will give you a special assignment. I need their loyalty.

It must be done tonight. Fleance, Banquo’s son, will be with him.

His death is no less important to me than his father’s. Wait outside

the gate. I’ll come to you soon with more instructions.

(Murderers exit.)

Now, it’s time to read Extract 8 (Adapted from Act V Scene I)

[Setting: Dunsinane. A room in the castle. A doctor and a gentle woman enter.]

Doctor : When was it she last walked?

Gentle Woman: Since his majesty went into the field with the army,

I have seen her do it many times. She rises from bed, takes out a
paper, folds it, writes on it, and reads it.

Then she seals it and again returns to bed.

And she does all this while she is fast asleep.

Look—here she comes!

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(Lady Macbeth enters, carrying a candle.)

That is just how she looks. See, she’s fast asleep. Watch her. Stand close.

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Doctor : Look, her eyes are open!

Gentle Woman: Yes, but she sees nothing.

Doctor : Watch how she rubs her hands!

Gentle Woman: Yes, she seems to be washing her hands.

Lady Macbeth : Still, here’s a spot.

Doctor : Listen, she speaks! I will write down what comes from her.

Lady Macbeth : (her hand to her nose) Here’s the smell of the blood still. (sighing):
All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.

Doctor : What a groan! Her heart is heavy.

Gentle Woman: I would not have such a heart in my body for anything!

Doctor : This disease is beyond my practice.

Lady Macbeth : Wash your hands. Do not look so pale. I tell you: Banquo’s buried!
He cannot return from his grave. To bed, to bed, to bed.

(Lady Macbeth exits.)

Doctor : Will she go to bed now?

Gentle Woman: Right away.

Doctor : She needs divine help, not mine! Look after her. Good night.

(Both exit.)
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Let’s read Scene 9 (Adapted from Act V Scene V)!

[Setting: Dunsinane, within the castle. Macbeth, Seyton, and soldiers enter.]

Macbeth : Hang our flags on the outer walls. Our castle’s strength will laugh
at them. Here let them lie until starvation and fever eat them up.

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(Wailing cries are heard from within.) What is that noise?

Seyton : It is the cry of women, my good lord. (Seyton exits.)

Macbeth : I have almost forgotten the taste of fears. I’ve become so accustomed
to the horror that not even such a shriek startles me. (Seyton enters
again.) What was that cry all about?

Seyton : The queen, my lord, is dead.

Macbeth : She should have died later—when there would have been time for
mourning. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor
player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard
no more. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying
nothing.

(A messenger enters.) You came to say something. Say it quickly.

Messenger : As I stood my watch upon the hill, I looked toward Birnam. It seemed
the wood had begun to move!

Macbeth : You say a wood moves toward Dunsinane? Every man, take up
arms! Prepare to fight! Ring the alarms! Come, attack! At least we’ll
die with armour on our backs. (All exit.)

Time to read Extract 10 (Adapted from Act V Scene VII)!

[Setting: A plain before the castle. Drums sound. Malcolm, old Siward, Macduff, and
their army enter, carrying tree branches.]

Malcolm : Now we are near enough.

Throw down your leafy screens and show who you are.

(to old Siward): You, worthy uncle, shall lead our first battle along with my cousin,
your noble son. Brave Macduff and I shall lead the others.
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Siward : Fare you well. If we find the tyrant’s army tonight, let us be beaten, if
we fail to fight.

Macduff : Make all our trumpets speak. Give them the breath to loudly sing of

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 Macbeth
blood and death.

(All exit.)

Let’s see what happens in Extract 11 (Adapted from Act V Scene VIII)!

[Setting: Another part of the field. Macbeth faces Macduff]

Macduff : Turn, you villain, turn!

Macbeth : Of all the men here, I have avoided you.

Get back, back! My soul is too heavy with your blood already.

Macduff : I have no words: My voice is in my sword.

You are a bloodier villain than words can describe!

(They fight. Macduff defeats Macbeth and kills him.)

It’s time to read the last one, Extract 12 (Adapted from Act V Scene IX)

[Setting: Within the castle]

Macduff : (to Malcolm) Hail, king!

See this, the tyrant’s cursed head.

We are now free. Hail, King of Scotland!

All : Hail, King of Scotland! (Trumpets sound.)

Malcolm : I shall not waste any time before rewarding all of you for your efforts
today. We shall soon call our exiled friends home. We will bring to
trial the cruel ministers of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen,
who took her own life. So, thanks to all at once, and to each one,
whom we invite to see us crowned at Scone.
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(Trumpets sound. All exit.)

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 English
12.3.11 Read the characters and their descriptions in the following
grid. Then, discuss in pairs and match the following characters with
their descriptions. Finally, share your responses with the class:
নিচের েোরনিচে দেওেো েনররিগুচ�োর িোি এিং েোচের িি গুিো পচড়ো। দ�োড়োে আচ�োেিো কচর িি গুিোর
েোচথ েনররিগুচ�ো নি�োও। েিচেচষ দরেনিচে দেোিোর উত্তরগুচ�ো দেেোর কচরো।

Name of the character Their description

Duncan King of Scotland

Malcolm and Donalbain Duncan’s sons

Macbeth General in the king’s army

Banquo General in the king’s army and murdered at

Macbeth’s order

Lennox, Ross, Angus, Macduff Noblemen of Scotland

Lady Macbeth Macbeth’s wife

Three witches Evil forces that misguide Macbeth

12.3.12 Read the following sentences and in pairs, decide if they are
‘true’ or ‘false’. If false, write the correct information. Then, check
your responses with the next pair.
দ�োড়োে নিচের িোকট্যগুচ�ো পচড়ো এিং দকোিটি েেট্য অথিো নিথ্যো েো নিধ গুোরি কচরো। যনে নিথ্যো হে
েঠিক েথ্য েোও। দেোিোর উত্তগুচ�ো পোচের দ�োড়োর েোচথ যোেোই কচরো।
a. Lady Macbeth drugged the servants so they would not awaken while Duncan
was being murdered.
b. Lady Macbeth says that Duncan reminded her of her father as he slept.
c. Macbeth smears the servants with Duncan’s blood as they sleep.
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d. It is Banquo who first discovers that the king has been murdered.
e. Macbeth killed the servants so they could not claim that they had not murdered
Duncan.
f. Upon hearing the news of Duncan’s death, Duncan’s wife faints.

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g. Duncan’s sons run away to save their lives.
h. Macduff is crowned King of Scotland at the end of the play.

12.3.13 Here check your understanding of the plot.

Read the following events that take place in Macbeth. They are not
in the correct order. Discuss in pairs and rearrange them in their
correct order. Later, summarise the plot of Macbeth and share your
write-ups with the class.
িোটচকর plot টি যোেোইচের পো�ো!
Macbeth িোটচক ঘটো নিচের ঘটিোগুচ�ো পচড়ো। এগুচ�ো েঠিকভোচি েো�োচিো দিই। দ�োড়োে
আচ�োেিো কচর এচেরচক েঠিকভোচি েো�োও। পচর িোটচকর plot টির েোরিিগু দ�চ�ো এিং
দ��োটি দরেনিচে দেেোর কচরো।
Hope that can you remember that a plot is the sequence of events and actions that
take place in the play. It refers to the main events, conflicts,
and developments that occur throughout the play.
a. The witches predict that Macbeth will one day be the King of Scotland.
b. Macbeth and Banquo meet three mysterious witches on a heath in Scotland.
c. They also tell Banquo that his sons will also sit on the throne.
d. Macbeth decides to kill Banquo and his sons.
e. Lady Macbeth, tormented by guilt, commits suicide.
f. Macbeth is killed by Macduff, and Malcolm is crowned king.
g. Persuaded by his wife, Macbeth kills King Duncan and becomes king.
h. Malcolm, Duncan’s son, raises an army to oppose Macbeth.

12.4.1 Let’s showcase our understanding of Shakespearean tragedy by

comparing and contrasting Macbeth and Sirajdullah/ Kabor. You
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can choose any other Bengali tragedy from any source.

Macbeth এিং Sirajdullah/Kabor িোটচকর নি�-অনি� তু�িো কচর Shakespearean
tragedy দিোঝোর দেষ্টো কনর। কো�টি করোর �ন্য দয দকোি উৎে থচক িোং�ো নিচেোগোন্ক দয দকোচিো
িোটক িোছোই করচে পোচরো।
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Follow the instructions to complete the activity.
• Make groups of 4-5.
• Read the plays carefully and identify all the characteristics of a tragedy.
• Write your first draft of the list of characteristics and do the necessary corrections
with the help of your teacher.
• Now, write the description using the references from the plays. Use examples
and opinions if necessary.
• Use a grid to list your responses.
• Take help from other groups and the teacher if you need it. Do the necessary
edits and make the final presentation.
• Now, your group is ready for presentation. While presenting, invite other groups
to share their feedback after your presentation.

You can use the following grid or you can use your own. Add as many rows as you
need.

Characteristics Compare Contrast

a. The rank of the hero

b. The tragic hero

c. Use of supernatural element

d. Tragic flaw

e. Theme of the play

f. Conflict
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New Words: creatures, withered, inhabitants, strange, vanish, witches, prophecies, supernatural, trance,
suspicious, beast, hesitation, daggers, hail, melted, hallucinating, fantastic, wandering,
appreciation, unguarded, filthy.

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 Appendix
1. Opinion Matters
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Procession parade/ march নিনছ� They brought out a
procession on the occasion
of Pahela Baisakh.
Profound deep গভীর We have a profound love for
our country
Initiatives steps উচদ্োগ The government has taken
many initiatives to improve
the condition of the life of
the people.
Poaching hunt illegally অবিধভোচি Poaching wildlife is a great
নেকোর করো offence.
Additionally In addition এছোড়োও The animals are additionally
protected by the government.
Intricate complicated �টি� The AI mechanism is
extremely intricate and very
difficult .
Inaugurate initiate শুরু করো The chief guest inaugurated
the sports competition.
Immense Enormous / huge নিেো� They made an immense
improvement in English.
Distinguish differentiate পোথগুকট্য করো You should have the
knowledge to differentiate
between right and wrong.
Demonstrate reveal প্রেেগুি He demonstrated his skill at
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the time of need.

Contemporary Living at the same েিেোিনেক Christopher Marlowe was a
time contemporary dramatist of
Shakespeare

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 English

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Charismatic charming আকষগুিীে Bangabandhu was a
charismatic leader and
inspired millions of people
for our independence.
Emphasize Give special দ�োর দেওেো We should emphasize on
importance corruption free Bangladesh.
Strive Make great effort to প্রচেষ্টো We all must strive to do the
achieve something/ best for our country .
endeavour
Encompass enclose দিষ্টি করো The whole place was
encompassed with a wall for
the safety of the animals.

2. Nature’s Tapestry
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Anticipation expectation আেো He had a great anticipation
about his Master’s result.
Symbolize signify প্রেীকী করো Flowers symbolise love and
beauty.
Gesture sign অগেভনগে The stranger made a gesture
with his figure that everything
was fine.
Transition shift/conversion থিোিোন্র We expect the transition
period to be smooth

Serenity tranquillity/calmness পনিরিেো The face of the beautiful girl

has an expression of absolute
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serenity.
Mortality death মৃতুট্য Infant mortality rate has
been dramatically reduced in
Bangladesh.

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Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Evocative reminiscent উদেীপক Watching your famous
movies have been very
evocative.
Abandoned Having been deserted পনরেট্যক্ত The abandoned child was
brought up by a doctor’s
family.
Captivate fascinate মুগ্ধ করো I was captivated by the
natural beauty of Tangoar
Haor.
Explanation clarification ব্োখ্ো You committed a blunder and
I want the explanation how it
happened.
Distract confuse/divert নিভ্রোন্ করো Nowadays mobile phone
distracts the children from
their education
Impression An idea, feeling ধোরিো He has done a lot of generous
or opinion about deeds so I have a good
something or impression about him.
someone, especially
one formedwithout
conscious thought
Progression development অগ্রগনে/উন্ননে His progression was
outstanding since he was
determined about his success.

Collapse downfall পেি The building was collapsed

after a heavy earthquake.

Professional specialised দপেোেোর He is very professional at his

work.
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Fundamental important দিৌন�ক We need fundamental changes

in every aspect of our life.

Compassion sympathy েহোনুভূনে You must have compassion

for the helpless of the society.

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3. The Sense of Beauty
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Speech address িক্তব্ The chief guest delivered his
speech and handed over the
trophy to the winners.
Profound heartfelt গভীর Bangladesh team got
profound reception after
winning tri-nation series.
Satisfaction contentment েন্তুনষ্ট One cannot win everybody’s
satisfaction.
Remarkable extraordinary উচলে�চযোগ্য The Independence day is a
remarkable day in the history
of Bnladesh.
Inequality inequity অেিেো Inequality creates anarchy
among the people.
Aggression aggressiveness আরিিি In 1971, our freedom fighters
stood against the aggression
of Pakistani Army.
Wildlife wild animals িন্যপ্রোিী We should protect our
wildlife to protect ourselves.
Initiative enterprise পেচক্ষপ It is time, we took initiatives
to reduce pollution.
Poaching hunting illegally পোেোর Poaching animals is a severe
offence.
Monumental commemorative স্োরক The National Parliament
Building is a monumental
architectural site.
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Envision imagine কল্পিো করো I always envision to stand by

the poor and distressed.
Encompass surround দিনষ্টে করো A floral garden encompasses
our house.

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4. Tones in Statements
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Masterpiece outstanding work দেরো গ্রন্থ Rabindranath Tagore
got Nobel Prize for his
masterpiece, Gitanjali.
Deficiency insufficiency স্ল্পেো The deficiency of vitamins
and minerals causes different
types of diseases.
Guidance direction নেকনিচে গুেিো Children need the guidance
of their parents to prosper
in life.
Illiterate unable to read or নিরক্ষর There are many illiterate
write people who are wiser than
literates.
Miserly close fisted কৃপি People do not like a miserly
person.
Acquaintance familiarity পনরেে We should maintain good
acquintance with our
neighbours.
Humility modesty ভদ্রেো Introverts can not do many
works due to their humility.
Consequential following as a result আনুষোনগেক After Covid people are now
suffering from cosequential
maladies.
Prosperity affluence প্রোচুর্যগু Education is the best
prosperity in the word
Fortunate lucky ভোগ্যিোি I am fortunate enough to
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be able to serve my parents

during their needs.
Recommended suggested as suitable সুপোনরে করো My teacher recommended
me for my admission abroad.

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5. Expressing Solution to A Problem
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence

make focus or hold িচিোচযোগ please concentrate on your

Concentrate
attention দেওেো studies.

The student has profound

Profound deep, intense গভীর, প্রগোঢ়
respect for his teacher

set boundaries of েীিোিো নিচে গুে The fence of garden was

Delimit
something করো built to delimit the boundary.

with the
েহোনুভূনের He listened emphatically to
Empathetically understanding of
েোচথ the sufferer.
other’s feeling

He is passing a crucial time

Crucial important, critical গুরুের
of his life.

Show power or
Dominate প্রভোি নিস্তোর Her husband dominates her
authority, control

He is hesitant in taking
Hesitant indecisive নবিধোগ্রথি
decisions

He feels apprehensive about

Apprehensive worried উনবিগ্ন
his future

characteristic of েন�ে ভোষোর He wrote the letter in a

Colloquial
informal language তিনেষ্টট্য colloquial style

contribute to growth, The tax cut will boost the

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Boost দ�োরেোর করো

raise economy

আন্নরকেো His smile was strained as he

Strained not natural
শূন্য was asked the question

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6. The Art of Expressing Comparisons

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Replication act of making copy প্রনেন�নপ I don’t pay a huge price for
the replication of the design

Transmit transfer to another দপ্ররি করো Many metals transmit heat

Localize identify the location থিোি নিচে গুে The doctor localized the
করো source of infection

Attribute assign আচরোপ করো The biologist attributed the

mushroom to proper class

Preservative A chemical যো েংরক্ষি We use preservatives in

compound which কচর making jelly and pickles
protects against decay

Antioxidant substance that inhibits �োরিচরোধক Antioxidants support the eye

oxidation health

Chronic being long lasting েীঘ গুস্হোেী TB is a chronic disease

Contrarily perversely প্রনেকূ�ভোচি She enjoys sunny day,

contrarily, her sister prefers
the rain

Hassle something annoying ঝোচি�ো The work was a bit of a

or bothering hassle

Negotiation discussion to produce আপে- After negotiations, the two

agreement আচ�োেিো companies finally achieved
the desired benefits
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Genetic hereditary �ীিগে িো The child’s talent is a result

িংেগে of genetic influence from
parents

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7. The Power of Inclusive Language
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Potential capable of েনক্তেো�ী Bangladesh has
becoming real (েম্োিিো) enormous potential
for economic
development.
Specific clearly defined নিনে গুষ্ট The teacher gave us
specific instructions to
solve the problem.
Associate deputy েহকোনর Her associates respect
her for her helping
attitude.
Persuade induce to do প্রভোনিে করো I persuaded her to do
something the right thing.
through
reasoning or
argument
Strategy a plan of action দকৌে� I knew the strategy
designed to so I achieved my goal
achieve a long easily.
term attempt
Inhumanity extremely cruel অিোিনিকেো The Pakistani army
and brutal were accused of
behaviour inhumanity in their
treatment to us.
Agonising causing extreme কষ্টকর She went through
physical and agonising few weeks
mental pain before her death.
Recognise know again নেিচে পোরো At first I could not
recognize her since I
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met her after ten years.

Proficiency expertise েক্ষেো Her proficiency
in English is
praiseworthy.

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 Appendix

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Privilege a special সুনিধো They were wealthy and
advantage privileged elite.
Appreciate admire প্রেংেো করো People appreciate her
for her benevolent
deeds for the helpless.

8. Imaginations
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Enigmatic difficult to interpret রহস্পূি গু She had an enigmatic smile
so I could not understand it.
Unconventional not conventional প্রথোগে িে His unconventional behavior
made him famous in his
community.
Interpretation explanation ব্োখ্ো His interptretation regarding
his crime could not satisfy
the authority.
Extensive covering or affecting ব্োপক Extensive measures should
a large area be taken against corruption.
Meditation the action of যেোি Yoga is considered as a
meditating meditation for keeping good
health.
Furthermore in addition আচরো We gave him food and
shelter furthermore we gave
him some money.
Exploration the action of অনুেন্ধোি Extensive exploration is
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exploring an needed in the field of mineral

unfamiliar area resources of Bangladesh.

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 English

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Controversial giving rise or likely to নিেনকগুে He always discusses
give rise controversy controversial issues to be
famous.
Demonstrate reveal প্রকোে করো They demonstrated their
agony before the concerned
authority
Perspective attitude দৃনষ্টভনগে Your perspective may differ
with me but still I do support
you
Proactive bold/creating or েনরিে You should be proactive and
controlling a situation show your response against it
rather than just
responding to it has
happened
Intensity make more intense েীব্রেো They intensified their attack
during night

9. The Essence of Being a Responsible Student

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Prioritize give importance or set অগ্রোনধকোর My mother always prioritizes
urgency দেওেো on my health care
Constructive formative, creative, গঠিমূ�ক He gave constructive criticism
positive on the issue
Perspective position, view পনরচপ্রনক্ষে He considers which follows
from the positive perspective
Embody personify মূেগু করো He embodied all wrong with
the system
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Crucial critical গুরুের We should consider this

crucial moment of time.
Proactive controlling situation েনরিে We are not going to take a
rather than responding proactive role

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Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Clarification explanations for স্পষ্টেো The teacher’s clarification
understanding made the students confident to
solve the problem
Runoff overflow িন্যো In the monsoon we see lots of
runoff flowing to rivers.
Ecosystem A system formed িোস্তুে্রি Living things exists in the
by the interaction of earth for ecosystem
organisms with their
physical environment
Revolutionize change radically আমূ�-পনরিেগুি Computer revolutionized the
েোধি করো communication in every sector

10. The Curse of Bullying in Society

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Vice Illegal and immoral অপরোধ/পোপ The chief of police said that
activities that hewas committed to wiping out vice in the city.

Bully To threaten to hurt নিরক্ত করো He managed to bully her into

someone giving him her car.

Aggressive Showing anger and a উচদেযে Aggressive behaviour

willingness to attack প্রচিোেীেভোচি will not be tolerated in
other people. কোউচক কষ্ট the classroom.
দেওেো
Humiliation A feeling of being অপিোি The election result is a
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ashamed or stupid humiliation for our party.

and having lost the
respect of other
people.

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Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Mistreatment The act of treating a দুব্গুিহোর She suffered years
person of mistreatment from
or animal badly, her violent husband.
cruelly,
or unfairly.
Ethnicity The fact of belonging �োনেেত্তো Ethnicity is not considered when
to a particular group reviewing applications.
of people that share a
cultural tradition
Expectations The feeling that good প্রেট্যোেো The holiday lived up
things are going to to all our expectations.
happen in the future:
Inferiority the state of not being হীিিন্যেো Women had a position of social inferiority
good, or not as good as compared with men
as someone or
something else.
Confident Being certain of আত্মনিশ্োেী They don’t sound confident
your abilities or about the future of
having trust in the industry.
people, plans, or
the future.
Accomplishment Something that অ�গুি/েম্পোেি Getting the
is successful, or that two leaders to sign
is achieved after a a peace treaty was
lot of work or effort. his greatest
accomplishment.
Traumatize To shock and upset আঘোেপ্রোপ্ত She was completely
someone severely and হওেো traumatized by the death of
for a long time. her mother.
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Victims A person who has নেকোর She’s just a victim

suffered the effects of circumstances
of violence or beyond her control.
illness or bad luck.

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Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Abusive Using rude and অপিোি�িক He was apparently abusive to
offensive words. the flight attendants

Eradicate To get rid of নিমূগু� করো The government claims to

something completely be doing all it can to
or destroy something bad. eradicate corruption.

Persuade To make someone do রো�ী করোচিো I was greatly persuaded by

something by giving my uncle to participate in the
good reasons for debate competition.
doing it

Intentionally To do something in a ইছেোকৃেভোচি I didn’t ignore your friend

planned or intended intentionally - I just didn’t
way recognize her.

Perceive To think of something উপ�নধি করো The way people perceive the
in a particular way real world is strongly influ-
enced by their experience.

Self-esteem Respect for yourself আত্মিয গুোেোচিোধ Recently I have attended a

program to build my self-es-
teem.

Substance abuse The use of drugs or িোেকদ্রব্গ্রহি The effects of bullying on a

alcohol in a way that করো child are anxiety, depression,
damages a person’s substance abuse etc.
life

Envy A negative feeling ঈষগুো/ I never envied her luxuri-

পরশ্রীকোেোরেো
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that involves a desire ous lifestyle and personal

to have something ostentation.
that another person
has

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11. The Last Leaf
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Genres Categories or types ধরি I enjoy exploring different
of artistic works, genres of music, from
such as literature or classical to rock.
music, characterized
by specific styles or
themes.
Fascinating Extremely interesting আকষগুিীে The documentary about
or captivating. marine life was absolutely
fascinating.

Gripping Holding one’s গভীর The suspenseful movie had

attention strongly; িচিোচযোগ ধচর a gripping storyline that kept
engaging or thrilling. রো�ো the audience hooked.

Mysteries Stories involving রহস্ I love reading mystery

secrets, puzzles, or novels that challenge me to
unknown elements solve the crime before the
that need to be detective does.
solved.

Escapism The act of seeking িোস্তিেো দথচক During stressful times, I turn
distraction or প�োেি to fantasy books as a form of
relief from reality escapism.
by engaging in
imaginative or
fantastical activities.
Enchanting Charming and আকষগুিীে The enchanted forest in the
delightful; having a story was described in such
magical quality. an enchanting way that I felt
transported there.
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Authenticity The quality of being নিচরট, �াঁটিত্ব The historical fiction

genuine, real, or true. novel was praised for its
authenticity in depicting the
time period.

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Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Horizons The range of one’s নেগন্ Traveling to different
understanding, countries broadens your
knowledge, or horizons and exposes you to
experience. diverse cultures.

Exhilarating Making one feel আিন্দেোেক Skydiving was an

excited, lively, or exhilarating experience that
invigorated. filled me with adrenaline.

Diverse Varied or different নিনভন্ন Our book club welcomes

in nature; having a people of diverse
range of elements. backgrounds who enjoy
reading.
Artifact An object made by নেল্পকিগু The museum displayed
humans, often of an impressive collection
historical or cultural of ancient artifacts from
significance. different civilizations.

Enigmatic Mysterious or রহস্িে The enigmatic message left

puzzling; difficult to by the anonymous sender left
understand. everyone wondering about
its meaning.
Eccentric Unconventional or উদ্ভট The eccentric inventor
unusual in behavior, was known for his quirky
appearance, or style. inventions that often
surprised everyone.
Obsession A persistent and দিোহ Her obsession with solving
overwhelming puzzles led her to become an
preoccupation expert in cryptic codes.
or fixation on
something.
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Cryptic Having a hidden রহস্িে The message left by the

or secret meaning; kidnapper was cryptic,
puzzling or leaving the detectives to
mysterious. decipher its code.

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 English

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Concealed Hidden or kept secret. লুকোনেে The treasure was concealed
in a hidden compartment
beneath the floorboards.

Culprit The person অপরোধী The police were determined

responsible for a to catch the culprit behind
crime or wrongdoing. the series of burglaries.

Jealousy Envy or resentment ঈষগুো Her success ignited jealousy

towards someone’s among her peers who wished
achievements, to achieve the same.
possessions, or
qualities.

Greed Intense desire for দ�োভ The story portrays the

material wealth negative consequences of
or gain; excessive greed and its impact on
ambition for more people’s lives.
than what’s needed.

Reveal A surprising or প্রকোে করো The final chapter of the

dramatic disclosure novel held a shocking reveal
of information. that changed the entire
perspective.

Conjure To summon or যোদু করো The wizard used his staff to

bring about through conjure a protective barrier
magical means; around the castle.
evoke.

Guide Led or directed পথ দে�োচিো The experienced hiker

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someone along a guided the group through the

particular path or treacherous mountain trail.
course.

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 Appendix

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Quest A journey or অনুেন্ধোি করো 1. The knight set
expedition out on a quest to
undertaken in order rescue the captured
to achieve a specific princess from the
goal. dragon’s lair.

Mythical Pertaining to myths দপৌরোনিক The unicorn is a mythical

or legendary stories; creature often depicted as a
imaginary or not horse with a single horn.
based on reality.

Climactic Pertaining to the ��িোয়ুগে The climactic battle between

highest point or most the hero and the villain kept
intense moment of a the audience on the edge of
story or event. their seats.

Banish To send away or নিেোনড়ে করো The evil spirit was banished
exile someone or from the village after the
something; get rid of priest performed a cleansing
or eliminate. ritual

Restoring Bringing back or পুিরুদ্ধোর The restoration of the ancient

returning something painting revealed its vibrant
to its previous colors and intricate details.
condition or state.

Realm A kingdom or রো�ট্য In the realm of science

domain; a field or fiction, authors explore
sphere of activity or futuristic technologies and
interest. space travel.
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Evoke To bring forth or উদেীনপে করো The old song evoked

elicit a reaction, memories of her childhood
emotion, or memory. spent by the seaside.

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 English
12. Macbeth
Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your
Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Creatures Any large or small �ীি Blue whales
living thing that are the largest
can move creatures ever to
independently have lived.
Withered To become dry শুনকচে দগচছ The plants withered and
and sapless. died.

Inhabitants A person or animal িোনেন্দো Only a tiny fraction of

that lives in the mass of a planet
a particular place can be useful to its
inhabitants.
Strange Unusual and unexpected, অদ্ভুে It’s strange that tourists
or difficult to understand: almost never visit this village.

Vanish To disappear or stop নিলুপ্ত The child vanished

being present or existing, while on her
especially in a sudden, way home from school.
surprising way.
Witches A woman who is ডোইনি Many people believed
believed to have her to be a witch.
magic powers,
especially to do
evil things.
Prophecies A statement that ভনিষ্যবিোিী These doom and gloom
something will prophecies are doing little
happen in the to help the economy.
future, especially
one made by
somebody with
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religious or magic
powers.
Supernatural Caused by forces অনেপ্রোকৃে Ghosts and evil spirits are
that cannot be explained supernatural.
by science.

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 Appendix

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
Trance A temporary mental দিোহ He sat staring out of
condition in which the window as if in a
someone is not trance.
completely
conscious of
or not in control of
himself or herself.
Suspicious Making you feel that েচন্দহ�িক The fire at the
something illegal is bank is being
happening or that treated as suspicious.
something is wrong.

Beast An animal, especially �োচিোেোর/পশু The room was not fit

a large or wild one. for the beast.

Hesitation The act of pausing নবিধো After a slight hesitation,

before doing she began to speak.
something, especially
because you
are nervous or not certain

Daggers A short pointed িড় ছুনর Each man was armed

knife that is used with both sword and
as a weapon. dagger.

Hail To describe অনভিন্দি The expedition was

somebody/ �োিোচিো widely hailed as a
something as success.
being very
good or special,
especially in
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newspapers, etc.

Melted Having turned soft or into গন�ে The sun had melted the
a liquid. snow.

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 English

Synonym/Meaning Meaning Your

Main word Sentence
in English in\Bangla sentence
To seem to see, hear, দিোহোছেোন্ন Mental disorders,
Hallucinating feel, or smell drug use, and hypnosis
something that can all cause people to
does not exist, hallucinate.
usually because
you are ill or have taken
a drug.
Fantastic Strange and wonderful েিৎকোর The palace was fantastic in design
like something
out of a story.
Wandering To walk around নিেরি She was found
slowly in a relaxed several
way or without hours later,
any clear purpose wandering the
or direction: streets, lost.
Appreciation The act of recognizing প্রেংেো Max has no
or understanding that appreciation of the finer things
something in life.
is valuable, important,
or as described.
Unguarded Not guarded or নিরোপত্তোহীি In an unguarded
protected. moment, I said that I
didn’t trust Charles.
Filthy Showing anger. দিোংরো He was in a filthy
mood.

Academic Year 2024

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