CONTENTS

• LED
• B E N E F IT S O F L E D
• E M E R G IN G T R E N D S
in L E D
• F IB E R O P T IC
L IG H T IN G
 W H A T IS
A s e m ic o n d u c to r d e v ic e DwIO
ithD tw
E ?o te rm in a ls ty p ic a lly a llo w in g th e
flo w o f c u rre n t in o n e d ire c tio n
W H A T IS A
A lig h t-e m ittin g d io d e (LLE
EDD?) is a tw o -le a d s e m ic o n d u c to r lig h t
s o u rc e . It is a p n - ju n c tio n d io d e , w h ic h e m its lig h t w h e n
a c tiv a te d . W h e n a s u ita b le v o lta g e is a p p lie d to th e le a d s ,
e le c tro n s a re a b le to re c o m b in e w ith e le c tro n h o le s w ith in th e
d e v ic e , re le a s in g e n e rg y in th e fo rm o f p h o to n s .
D E F IN IT IO
N
A n L E D L a m p is a lig h t e m ittin g d io d e (L E D ) p ro d u c t w h ic h is
a s s e m b le d in to a la m p (o r lig h t b u lb ) fo r u s e in lig h tin g m ix tu re s .
T h e s e a re m o re e ffic ie n t a n d e n e rg y s a v in g th a n th e o ld in c a n d e s c e n t
la m p . L E D B u lb s h a v e a lm o s t 1 0 tim e s th e life th a n a n o rd in a ry C F L
o r In c a n d e s c e n t L a m p s .
 W hy a re LE D s B e n e fits o f U s in g
im p o rta nt? L E D L ig h ts
1. Durable Quality
In this 21st Century, people are opting for latest technology.
2. Zero UV Emissions
LED Lamps have desired wavelengths due to which it supports
3. Design Flexibility
greenhouse effects which results in plant cultivation.
4. Operational in extremely high and cold
Incandescent Lamps require large bases & sizes which are
temperatures
replaced in this new technology.
5. Light Disbursement
P la c e s w h e re L E D s
a re u s e d
 B a s ic W o rk in g
P rin c ip le

When a p-n junction diode is forward biased, the electrons and

holes move in opposite direction.
During this free movement, an electron may fall into hole
releasing some energy.
This energy is emitted in the form of proton hence light is
emitted.
This phenomenon is known as Electroluminescence.
 EFFICIENCY
DISADVANTAGES
LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs.
The efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape HIGH INITIAL PRICE
and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes. LEDs are currently more expensive (price
COLOR per lumen) on an initial capital cost basis,
LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color than most conventional lighting
filters as traditional lighting methods need. technologies.
This is more efficient and can lower initial costs. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE
SIZE LED performance largely depends on the
LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2[) and are easily ambient temperature of the operating
ADVANTAGES attached to printed circuit boards. environment – or “ thermal management "
LIFETIME properties.
LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates EFFICIENCY DROOP
35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete The efficiency of LEDs decreases as the
failure may be longer. electric current increases. Heating also
SHOCK RESISTANCE increases with higher currents which
LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage with compromises the lifetime of the LED. These
external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which effects put practical limits on the current
are fragile. through an LED in high power
WARMUP TIME applications.
LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will
achieve full brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in
communications devices can have even faster response times.
LIGHT INTENSITY COMPARISON
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA

 One-fifth of electricity consumption in India is through lighting Lighting contributes

significantly to peak load
 A large portion of total lighting is used in inefficient technologies
 About 400 million light points in India today are lighted by incandescent bulbs; their
replacement by CFLs would lead to a reduction of over 10,000 W in electricity demand

WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN LIGHTING?

 High and rising energy prices

 Change in Global Climate
 Exhaustion of Non Renewable Sources for electricity Generation
 Leads to reduction of investment for expansion of electric power sector
COST COMPARISON
The lighting technology has constantly evolved with the advent of time. From the conventional incandescent
bulbs to fluorescents and now LEDs, the technology has seen major modifications and taken some of the most
unexpected turns.

The world is experiencing a technological shift in this digital era, and so is the lighting technology. After all,
who would have thought some time back that we’ll be able to control lights from our mobile devices?

It was just over a century ago that people accustomed to using candles and kerosene lamps first caught sight
of incandescent lamps. When incandescent bulbs came on the scene in the 1880s and 90s, they became the
ideal light source except for their poor energy efficiency. Since the 1970s, many more efficient light sources
have been introduced but none as innovative as the LED.

In the short time LEDs have been in the marketplace, their technology has rapidly evolved. Lumen output
and efficacy numbers have improved and other technologies such as thermal properties, substrate materials
and light distribution patterns have progressed as well. As a result of these improvements, combined with
the 3 trends listed below, customers are more willing to upgrade to LEDs across a variety of applications.
 1. Higher Efficiency/Lower Cost
In the early stages of LED development, industry experts often quoted Haitz’s law: “Every decade, the amount
of light generated by LEDs increases by a factor of 20, and the cost per lumen falls by a factor of 10.” Although
this trend appears to be leveling off in 2016, improvements continue. We are seeing streamlined mechanical
and optical designs coupled with more efficient LED packages (including phosphors) and more efficient
electronic drivers.
2. Better Color
Today’s LEDs provide pleasing cool to warm tones, along with enhanced red and white, while maintaining
high efficacy levels. A good example is the new GE TriGain™ phosphor which offers improved narrow red
band performance, resulting in reds that are sharper and cleaner, enabling richer picture quality and
increasing the color range for backlit displays.
3. Smarter Lighting Fixtures
Fixtures are becoming smarter. For example, in indoor lighting, there is technology focused on indoor
positioning systems that can send high frequency modulation signals through the LED. These signals can be
picked up by a smartphone or tablet, and provide the precise location of customers within a facility. Outdoor
wireless control systems now offer remote operation and monitoring of all fixtures through a web-enabled
central management system that collects data from sensors and cameras.

So where does the LED go from here?

While many customers just want to be able to turn their lights on and off, many customers want LED systems to be
smart and efficient. Today’s LEDs are over twice as efficient as some produced only 5 years ago. This trend should
continue as new technologies are developed, leading to an increase in efficacy and a reduction in production costs.
As the cost of LEDs become comparable to that of compact fluorescents, the adoption of even more LED lighting
should be accelerated.
 Lighting for smart cities: In the cities of the future, smart lighting infrastructure will become a part of the
primary city infrastructure. Due to its presence throughout the city, connected streetlights will also offer
enormous potential to be part of a city-wide network capable of acquiring data and delivering information
and services to and from tons of devices, from garbage bins to autonomous vehicles. Lighting poles with
smart streetlights will also provide Wi-Fi and RF connectivity, pollution level detection, monitor parking
areas, identify road hazards, public notification system, smart screens for advertising, and more.

Autonomous vehicles will be able to navigate safely with the aid of sensors in streetlights that scan the road
and pavements. Therefore, smartly managed city lighting will fulfill many functions for municipal
governments, enhance the beauty of the cityscape and enable drivers, pedestrians, and autonomous
vehicles to navigate the roads effortlessly. Usage of networked technology win Smart Lighting for Smart
cities represent an interesting opportunity that want to get smarter. Compatibility, scalability in terms of
the overall network size as well as in terms of upgrades of future applications/functionality should be
considered.

Solar lighting: The energy demand is endless and increasing every day.
Solar lighting is a great alternative to traditional lighting. The adoption
of solar lighting is expected to rise due to more and more people opting
for renewable sources of energy. In 2018, the global market of solar
lighting was valued at USD 3,128.3 million and the market is expected
to grow at a CAGR of 12.9% from 2019–2027. Solar based LED lighting
solutions will fulfill the requirements of the consumers at a lower cost,
which is predicted to boost the growth of the market.
 Technology has revamped numerous trends by far, but the most significant change brought by the
technology can be seen in the lighting industry.
There are plenty of different new technology trends in the lighting industry has been emerged in the last few
years. But, the dynamic changes which are going to be a major part of our lighting industry that will change
the trends of the future also are mentioned ahead.

1. Internet of Things 2. Wireless Lighting

Internet of Things is a technology which will not only Today, everything is going wireless and compact so
connect your smartphone and computer with the the lighting industry is also adopting the wireless
internet but no it will also connect your gadgets with trends, especially in retrofit projects.
your fridge, coffee makers, lighting fixtures and much
more. As well as radio-frequency-based systems, there are
technologies such as power-line communication,
It is a technology which has enabled us to remotely which uses mains power lines to carry data to and
regulate our lighting fixtures using our smart gadgets. from your fittings.
This means now you can switch on and off lights from
anywhere with the help of inbuilt sensors which Even the traditional wired lighting systems are
establish a connection with your smartphone or using the wireless lighting technology where
computer. everything is controlled without any cabled
connectivity
3. LEDs for All 4. Connectivity

 LED light bulbs are the new technology trends in  With the comprehensive use of the LED lighting
the lighting industry which can’t be avoided today. technology in the mainstream, the control or we
LED lighting fixtures have numerous benefits from can say connectivity has improved a lot.
environmental health to your own health.  The dimmers and sensors are part of the lighting
 These lights are energy-efficient and they consume industry for ages now, but with the advanced
less electricity which eventually results in the digital connectivity, this trend of controlling has
reduction of energy bills. Moreover, they impart become an utterly important part of the lighting
less heat that helps in reducing the carbon dioxide industry.
produced by the lights. 6. LiFi
5. Built-in Lights  Light is just not anymore the source to brighten up
your home, it has become data technology such as
 The new lighting trend that has been surged by LED LiFi. It is like a WIFI technology where indoor LED
technology is built-in lighting sources. That’s because luminaires are used to create a light
LED lights don’t require frequent replacements. communication system.
 Today, manufacturers are fittings lights inside the  It is set to transform our shops, museums and
walls and ceiling to make them look as much as indoor spaces into efficient places where data can
possible seamless. The builders are creating the be transformed using the available lighting
designs which are integrated with the lighting sources.
fixtures.  These are just a few new technology trends in the
lighting industry which are completely changing
the old method of lighting. Apart from these trends,
there are plenty of numerous lighting trends
 What is Fiber Optic Lighting?

Fiber optic lighting utilizes optical fiber (flexible fiber made of glass or plastic) to transmit light from
a light source to a remote location for illumination as well as communications. It is comprised of a
core and cladding (coating) that trap light, allowing light to travel long distances. In fact, fibers are
made to not only transmit light but to glow along the fiber itself, so it resembles a neon light tube

Applications for fiber optic lighting are many, generally based on utilizing the special attributes of
the fiber as well as its unique characteristics.

Museum displays Pools

Starfield Ceilings
 Why Use Fiber Optics For Lighting?
U s in g fib e r fo r re m o te lig h tin g h a s m a n y a d v a n ta g e s , s o m e o f w h ic h a re m o re im p o rta n t fo r
s p e c ia l ty p e s o f a p p lic a tio n s th a n o th e rs .
H e a t-F re e L ig htin g: S in c e th e lig h t s o u rc e is re m o te , th e fib e r tra n s m its th e lig h t b u t is o la te s
th e h e a t fro m th e lig h t s o u rc e fro m th e illu m in a tio n p o in t, a n im p o rta n t c o n s id e ra tio n fo r
lig h tin g d e lic a te o b je c ts , s u c h a s in m u s e u m d is p la y s , th a t c o u ld b e d a m a g e d b y h e a t o r
in te n s e lig h t.
E le ctrica l S a fe ty: U n d e rw a te r lig h tin g s u c h a s u s e d in s w im m in g p o o ls a n d fo u n ta in s o r
illu m in a tio n in h a z a rd o u s a tm o s p h e re s c a n b e d o n e s a fe ly w ith fib e r o p tic lig h tin g , s in c e th e
fib e r is n o n c o n d u c tiv e a n d th e p o w e r fo r th e lig h t s o u rc e c a n b e p la c e d in a s a fe lo c a tio n .
E v e n m a n y lig h ts a re lo w v o lta g e .
P re cise S p o tlig htin g: O p tic a l fib e r c a n b e c o m b in e d w ith le n s e s to p ro v id e c a re fu lly fo c u s e d
lig h t o n e x tre m e ly s m a ll s p o ts , p o p u la r fo r m u s e u m e x h ib its a n d je w e lle ry d is p la y s , o r s im p ly
lig h t a s p e c ifie d a re a p re c is e ly .
D ura bility: U s in g o p tic a l fib e r fo r lig h tin g m a k e s fo r m u c h m o re d u ra b le lig h tin g . O p tic a l fib e r,
e ith e r p la s tic o r g la s s , is b o th s tro n g a n d fle x ib le , m u c h m o re d u ra b le th a n fra g ile lig h t b u lb s .
T h e L o ok o f N e on: F ib e r th a t e m its lig h t a lo n g its le n g th , g e n e ra lly c a lle d e d g e -e m ittin g fib e r,
h a s th e lo o k o f n e o n tu b e s fo r d e c o ra tiv e lig h tin g a n d s ig n s . F ib e r is e a s ie r to fa b ric a te , a n d ,
s in c e it is m a d e o f p la s tic , is le s s fra g ile . S in c e lig h tin g is re m o te it c a n b e p la c e d a t e ith e r o r
b o th e n d s o f th e fib e r a n d s o u rc e s c a n b e s a fe r s in c e th e y a re lo w v o lta g e s o u rc e s .
V a ry th e C o lo r: B y u s in g c o lo re d filte rs w ith w h ite lig h t s o u rc e s , fib e r o p tic lig h tin g c a n h a v e
m a n y d iffe re n t c o lo rs a n d b y a u to m a tin g th e filte rs , v a ry c o lo rs in a n y p re p ro g ra m m e d
sequence.
S im ple r In sta lla tio n: F ib e r o p tic lig h tin g d o e s n o t re q u ire in s ta llin g e le c tric a l c a b le s to th e lig h t
 HOW FIBER OPTIC LIGHTING WORKS
Fiber optic lighting uses optical fiber as a “light pipe,” transmitting light from a source
through the fiber to a remote location. The light may be emitted from the end of the fiber
creating a small spotlight effect (also called “end glow”) or emitted from the outside of the
fiber along its length, looking like a neon or fluorescent tube (also called “side glow”).
The light source is usually called a “fiber optic illuminator” and consists of a bright light
source and often some optics to efficiently focus light into the fiber. Sources must be bright,
so quartz halogen or xenon metal halide lights are commonly used. Smaller fibers may also
use LEDs which very efficiently couple light into fibers but do not achieve the light levels of
the other lamps.
The difference between fibers used in lighting and those
used in telecommunications is that the lighting fibers are
optimized for transmitting light, not high-speed signals.
The core of fiber optic lighting cables also contains
optical cladding to trap light.

Fiber optic cables used specifically for lighting are made

of glass, or in some instances, plastic. Glass cables have
very small diameters and require bundling many of
them to achieve sufficient lighting.