Learning Outcomes

Concept of Test, Measurement &Evaluation in Physical Education and Sports

" Classification of Test in Physical Education and Sports
Test Administration Guidelines in Physical Education and Sports

What can be measured can be classified, quantified and improved upon. This applies to all fielde.
life but tis particularly importantin physical education and sports. Performance and its
can only be charted if baselines are established and performances are re-evaluated after an improvemert
adequat
period of training and other methods of:improvement. Once we have the baseline of any parameter
we can define actions needed to be performed to meet the desired goals.

6.1 Concept of Test, Measurement &Evaluation in Physical

Education and Sports
Ina physical education and sports programme, it is important to have a goal. Any improvemet:
is based on the assessment of the athlete's ifferent aspects of fitness. Test and measurement
physical education help to get the various details regarding the needs,abilities and attitudes of the
athlete. Responses collected from the athlete are then measured qualitatively and quantitative
using tests and scientific techniques. This helps reinforce the need as to where more emphasis nevi:
to beput so as to achieve the goals.
It is important to evaluate the performance at all levels - from learners to skilled athletes. This i
vital especially in the field of physical education and sports and the results help in evaluating te
learner's ability as well as requirements to enhance performance.
Measurement and evaluation are independent concepts, though interrelated, using standard and
sometimes sports-specific tests.
Test
It is an instrument or activity used to accumulate data on a person's ability to perform a specte
task. Thus, test is a tool which is used to evaluate the skills, performance and reliability of the tas
completed by a sportsperson. Test scores vary between being objectiveor subjective. The mai
reason teachers test the students is to measure their learning and growth in terms of understandu
and skills. Tests also provide feedback on the effectiveness of the teacher's teaching methods an.
the study material provided.
For example, the Revised AAHPER Youth Fitness Test is a battery of six tests designed to gve
measure of physical fitness for boys and girls in grades 5to 12. The tests are selected to evalua
the specific aspects of physical status which, taken together, give an overallpicture of fitness.
This is a widely accepted method of sports testing. AAHPER stands for American Associatiou
Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
 81
Test, Measurement & Evaluation

Measurement
Measurement is the process of collecting data about the performance or task completed by a
sportspersonby using a test or aseries of tests. This correlates and helps collect information and
skillssand fitness level of the athlete, Measurement is also useful in assessing
dataaboutthe specific
performance, fitness, ability, knowledge, personality and skills of the sportsperson.
thelevel of process thatt uses measurements. Measurement is a collection of data of performance
EvaluationisSa
by a sportsperson by using these tests and scientific techniques. This, thus, helps
rtask completed emphasisis needed to achieve the target.
know where increased
to

Evaluation
qualitative performance, such as"superb or"excellent", based on the evidence gained
It refersto a evaluation of an athlete's performance is
mthe data. In competition or traiming in sports, the the media. It involves first defining the
generally done bythe coaches and other experts including measurement. Evaluation determínes
characteristicto be measured, then
selecting the method of
performance.
the worth or value of the
is important to set a target. The desire to improve in
Inaphysical education and sports programme, itvarious fitness programmes. Test and measurement
diferent aspects of fitness involves undergoing
and attitude of a sportsperson. A
in nhvsical education collect details about the needs, abilities collected from the subject. These
responses are
test is basically a situational method where specific
quantitatively.
responses are measured both qualitatively and

6.2 Classification of Test in Physical Education and Sports

performance and reliability of the task
Test: A test is a tool which is used to evaluate the skills,
completed by a sportsperson.
performance or task
Measurement: Measurement is collection of data about a sportsperson's
completed by him/her by using a test.
students physical fitness level. The
Fitness assessments are a series of tests that measure and monitor
fitness: cardiovascular
series of tests assess the five components of physical fitness that make up total
endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition.
what they can do. Test
Testing is a part of learning and shows the students what they know and wherein
results show student strengths as well as weaknesses, thus enabling themn to focus on areas
they can excel.
Importance of Test and Measurement:
" To frame the objectives
To evaluate the learners
" To evaluate teaching
programme
To know the capacities and abilities of the participants
" To discover the needs of the participants

Use of Test Data

The data which the tests provide iscompared to standards. This, in turn, helps in comparisons with
the general population. Fitness tests are only relevant when the scores are compared to existing,
Standard data. For highly trained athletes,the comparisons are with data of other athletes or even
With their own previous fitness testperformances.
82 Essentials of Physical Education-X|

While there are many methods to classify tests in Physical Education and sports, the
accepted method is to focus on two main facets -health and skills.

Health-Related Components
These are five in number for most tests:

HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS OF FITNESS

Cardiovascular Muscular Muscular Flexibility

endurance endurance strength Body
" Cardiovascular endurance: The ability of the heart, lungs and Compositicn
blood to transport
" Muscular endurance: The ability to use voluntary Oxygen..:
muscles repeatedly without feeling
" Muscular strength: The amount of force a muscle can exert
against a resistance.
Flexibility: The range of motion (ROM) at a joint.
Body composition: The percentage of body weight which is fat, muscle and bone.

Skill-Related Components
The six most commonly used skill parameters are:

SKILL-RELATED COMPONENTS OF FITNESS

Agility Speed Reaction Time Balance Coordination Power

Agility: The ability to change the position of the body quickly and control the movement.
Speed: The ability to put body parts into motion quickly.
Reaction time: The time taken to respond to a stimulus.
Balance: The ability to maintain the body's centre of mass above the base of support.
Coordination: The ability to use two or more body parts together.
Power: The ability to do strength performances quickly.
Some classifications are more extensive and focus on eight different facets:
1. Motor ability tests 2. Physical fitness tests
3. Physical capacity tests 4. Physical efficiency tests
5. Physical intelligence tests 6. Strength tests
7. Proficiency tests 8. Achievement tests
 Test, Measurement &Evaluation 83
tAdministration Guidelines in Physical Education and Sports
Test.
termthat describes an
is a athlete's ability to perform efectively during
sports or
itness

sor
Iactivity.
StandingStart
/Walk
Run/
ReachFlexibility Test
and
tPartialCuurl-upTest
; Push-ups(Boys)
Modified
|Push-ups(Girls)
tandingBroad Jump
st: Shuttle Run
- 4 x 10 m
Agility
&
Test
drinistrationofTests
canbe administered indoors or in a gymnasium.
Thesetests
1-50m Standing Start
TESTNO.
aim of this test is to determine acceleration and speed.
Purpose:The
Measuring tape or marked track, stopwatch,
Equipmentrequired:: clear surface of at least 70 metres.
markers,flat and
Cone
Procedure: The test involves running a single from
maximumsprint
metres, with the time recorded. Start a stationary
over50 with one foot
shnding position (hands cannot touch the ground),
behind the starting
in front of the other. The front foot must be
line. Once the subject is ready and mnotionless, the starter gives the
instructions "set" then "go.

TEST NO. 2-600m Run/Walk

marking is laid out. A distance of 600
This is to be organised on atrack or on a field where the
the finish line is counted. The
metres is to be covered. Walking is permitted but the time to cross
Objective is to cover 600metres in the shortest time.

TEST
NO,3-Sit and Reach Flexibility Test
die lower % test is a common measure of flexibility; it specifically
measures the flexibility of

This test is im and hamstring muscles. area is implicated in lumbar lordosis, forward pelvic
lt and Simportant because tightness in this
lower back pain.
84 Essentials of Physical Education-XI

fingertips lean forward slowly

allgned and hold position

feet slightly apart and

flat against the step remove shoes legs straight

TEST NO. 4Partial Curl-up Test

The partial curl-up abdominal fitness test requires the subjects to perform as many sit-us
possible following a set rate.
Purpose: The curl-up test measures abdominal strength and endurance, which is important in ha
support and core stability.

Equipment required: A flat, clean,cushioned surface, recording sheets, pen.

Procedure: The starting position is lying on the back with knees flexed and feet 12 inches from t
buttocks. The feet cannot be held or rest against an object. The arms are extended and are rested
the thighs. The head is in a neutral position. The
subject
until the shoulders come off the mat two inches, then back curls up with a slow controlled movemer
down
every three seconds (1.5 seconds up and 1.5 seconds down, with no again. The curl-up is performe
until exhaustion (e.g., the subject cannot maintain the hesitation) and this is continu
rhythm). There
position;the curl-ups should be continuous with the abdominal is no pause in the up or dow
muscles engaged throughout.
Scoring: Record the total number of curl-ups. The
One. completion of one complete curl-up counts
Advantages: This test is simple and quick to perform requiring minimal
groups may be tested at once. equipment and lar
TEST NO. 5Push-ups (Boys)
Keeping muscles toned and strong is important. Since a child's
growing, lifting weights may pose an injury risk. muscles, bones and tendons are S
But body weight exercises like pusn-ups are safe and
effective.
86 Essentials of Physical Education-XI

TEST N0.7-Standing Broad Jump

The standing long jump is also known as the standing broad jump. In performing the standing los.
jump, the jumper stands at aline marked on the ground with feet slightly apart. The athlete tat.8
oft and lands using both feet,swinging the arms andbending theknees to provide forward d
Not only used as a test but correctly implemented into a workout programme, the broad jum
movement can be a highly functional way to improve overall athletic performance. The
benefit of the broad jump is that it helps athletes improve lower body power. biggest

TEST NO. 8-Agility - 4 x 10 m Shuttle Run

This test measures agility and speed while running between two lines 10 m apart to pick up small
blocks.
Purpose: This is a test of speed, body control and the ability to change direction (agility).
Equipment required: Two wooden blocks for each runner (each block should measure 10 x 5 x5
cm), marker cones or marking tape, measurement tape, stopwatch, a flat
lines 10 metres apart. non-slip surface with two
Procedure: Mark two lines 10 metres apart using marking tape or cones. The two
on the line opposite the line they are going to start at. On the blocks are placed
their front foot behind the starting line. On the signal signal "ready", the participant places
"go!",
line,picks up a block of wood, runs back and places it on or the participant sprints to the opposite
without a rest, they run back to retrieve the second beyond the starting line. Then turning
block and carry it back across the finish line.
Two trials are performed.

10 metres

Scoring: Record the time to

is the better of the two timescomplete
the test in seconds to the nearest one
recorded. A trial is void if a block is droppeddecimal place. The scole
or thrown.
Advantages: This test can be conducted on large
required. groups relatively quickly with minimal equipment
 Evaluation 85
Test, Measurement &

3 feet away from a wall with your feet positioned a little wider
than shoulder-
Stand 2 or the
Step1: so that your weight is on your hands on the wall. Perform push-ups on
Lean forward
width.
are comfortable with the motion. Move your feet
back a little farther when this
wall until you
you.
movement becomes easy for
apush-up by doing a
Shen 2: Practice getting your body into the plank position required for
and toes with your bodystiff and
stationaryelbow plank. Get on the floor and rest on both elbows
offthe floor. Practise keeping your bottom
down but don't let it sag as these are problems
straight push-ups.
many kids experience when they first try
Step 3: Position yourself in the same plank position but take your elbows off the floor and place
Lower your body straight down until your
vour hands there instead with your palms facing down. plank position. Keep your head up
chest almost touches the floor, and then push back up to the
and gaze straight ahead.
feet if you want to perform the real movement
Step 4: Place your knees on the floor instead of your Bend your legs so your feet are up off
but can't push all your weight up from the plank position.
the floor as you perform push-ups.
TEST NO. 6Modified Push-ups (Girls)
on the floor.
Modified push-ups are push-ups done with knees
Todo these, the procedure is as follows:

knees behind hips so

I. Begin in a kneeling position on amat with hands below shoulders and
back is angled and long.
Keep
2. Tuck toes under, tighten abdominals and bend elbows to lower chest towards the floor.
your gaze in front of your fingertips so that the neck stays long.
3. Press chest back up to start position.
4. Repeat for desired number of repetitions.
veients include strong and toned arms, great start-up before doing full push-upS, strong chest and
upper back, and increased core strength.