HISTORY INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD-II . THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE . NATIONALISM IN INDIA . THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD . THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION . PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD aor wn =—a Q@: ia Basic Concepts—A Flow Chart tmportant Terms/Lmportant Events NCERT Textbook Questions Competency-Focused Questions > Multiple Choice Questions (Picture based and Sequencing questions) > Correct and Rewrite » Assertion-Reason Questions > Source-based/Case-hased Questions Constructive Response Questions » Very Short Answer Questions > Short Answer Questions » Long Answer Questions Map Questions Self-AssessmentThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe France was under Therevalution vansfetved the Ideas like’‘La Patrie (the ‘The Royal flag was ‘Abealtemenatery, — govemmentalponeror ing fala) and'teCtoyer’ replaced by the nnn ponerirommonstchytoFierch (he civzer)nere adonted, New French Fag Brkertscizne —< ——— Fiench became Unfomweighis Abolshmewot —_Acenwalced National Assembly was renained theratonalandmess.res internal customs administatve system be 'Sstate Gerera which was rane were adopted. duties anddues. was established! ‘looted by the otizenc. —y ay a (ay Ruler oi France Became the frst Hapoleonis Code from 1700.1815 ‘nau by seauming io) ———" absclte poner ete SE tn y Simalfestionc ——_-Fightto [Abotshmentfall Equal before law adbiniorative ‘property fo Piideqestaced aisions. French etizens oabith ght. — | Removed Abslshmentot _Theie was improvement restiators on feudal aystem& in ranaport and geen serfdom Communication system History: India and the Contemporacy Woeld-Il 3¥ Y ¥ v Y ‘Anistsia 18th and Alagong Whenan Female figures Gurrg French Revdution «WaFrenchishe Tacs” stadia esareataiay iceimniamanatagey footie Seelie) jemeate nation Tpovayidess lhe, Meroe con ny jonce aciepbic —- Setar wes ores _ (person) ‘Allegory. Germaris becarne —Germmeria wears « cronn of the Allegory oF ‘tk leaves as the German Germany. sak stands fochercism — Before 1ethcantixy, Constantgrowthin’ —Enclendentrenoned a3 AnActof the Union wes Scotsrd end land was nota nation _powerhelped English snaton The power af formed between wore dominated by state nations to extond thee themanctchy wae EnglandandScotland England mall aspects ~ ""W contrcl vercther taken overby the bythe Unites Kingdom © nations andtisiands. Enclish patarment. of Great Sritin, he eae Ditish Nation wos formed ~ Aster the falled revolution lec by which ineluded various symbels— the Wolfe Tone and his United flag, National Anthom and the Inghmen (1798), itch tooke Engish language ver Irland fore. ——EE———————— IMPORTANT TERMS i's a state where the supreme power is held by the people and their elected 4, Republi representatives. The president is either appointed through elections or nomination, 2. Democratic republic: it is a form of government operating on principles adopted from a republic and a democracy. 3. Socialism: it is an economic theory, system or movement, where the production and distribution of goods is done, owned and shared by the citizens of a society. 4, Socialist Republic: This refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism 5, Absolute monarchy: It is a form of monarchy in which all governmental power and responsibilities arise from a monarch. Louis XIV of France is the most famious example of absolute monarchy. 6. Utopia: An imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. 7. Nation-state: A sovereign state, resided by comparatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality. 8, Nationalism: Loyalty and devotion towards a nation. iso: Indisandthe Contomporsey Wodd-UL 59. Aristocracy: A class or group of people believed to be superior (asin rank, wealth, or intellect). 40, Serf: A person in the past who belonged to a low social class and lived and worked on a land owned by another person. 14, Universal Suffrage: The right of all adult citizens to vote in an election. 12, Conservatism: Commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation. 413. Habsburg Empire: The Empire that ruled Austria, Hungary, including the Alpine region of Tyrol, Sudetenland, and Bohemia, tealso included ttalarrspeaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia 14, Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire ruled by the Caliph - the spiritual and temporal head of the Muslims 45. Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision. 46. Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal 17, Ethnic: It relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims. 18. Allegory: When an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, cne literal and one symbolic. 49. Romanticism: A cultural movement, which aimed at developing a particular form of national sentiment and promoted a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of a nation IMPORTANT EVENTS 1707 ~ Act of Union - Between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. 1789 ~ The French Revolution occurred. 1797 ~ Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin. 1801 ~ lteland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom. 1804 ~ Napoleonic Code or the Civil Code was introduced, abolishing privileges based on birth. Upheld equality before law and secured the right to property. 1814-1815 - Defeat of Napoleon by European powers—Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria. 1815 - The European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The treaty of Vienna was signed 1815 = Conservative regimes were set up. 1821 ~Greek's struggle for independence began. 1830s Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put togetiier a coherent programme for a Unitary Italian Republic. 1832 Treaty of Constantinople was signed and Greece was recognised as an independent nation. 1848 ~ 831 elected representatives marched towards the Frankfurt parliament and drafted the constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarch subject to a parliament. 1859-1870 ~ Unification of Italy. 1861 = Victor Emmanuel Ii was proclaimed King of United Italy. 1866-1871 - Unification of Germany. 1867 = Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians 1905 = Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires. 1914 = Beginning of World War |. Xam ides Social Science yQL Write a note onz (a) Giuseppe Mazzini (6) Count Camille de Cavour (©) The Greek war of Independence (@) Frankfurt Parliament (¢) The role of women in nationalist Struggles (a) Giuseppe Mazainis He was an Italian revolutionary, who played an important role in promoting the idea of unification of the Italian state. He was sent into an exile at the age of 24 in 1881 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two secret underground societies, under the name af ‘Young Italy’ and ‘Young Europe’, which aimed at infusing the spicitof fraternity among Italians. Their members were from Poland, France, July and the German states. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of cemocratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich clescribed him as “the most dangerous enemy of our social order.” (b) Count Camillo de Cavour: He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was a revolutionary or a democrat. Like many of other wealthy and educated members of the Tualian elite, he spoke French much beter than he did Taian. Through a taceful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour. Sardinia. Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859 (6) The Greek war of independence: An event that mobilised nationalist feclings among the educated elite across Europe was the Cireek war of Independence. The war of independence began in 1821 among the Greek revolutionaries against the Owoman Empire. The Greek nationalists were inspired by he idea of Liberal nationalism. They got support from the other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. There were poets and artists who hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1882 recognised Greece a8 2m Independent nation. (d) Frankfust parliament: A large number of middle class professionals businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to different regions of Germany came together in a political association and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly in the city of Frankfurt. Un 1848, 831 people were elected and decided to organise the Parliament at Frankfurt in the Church of St. Paul. This Assembly drafied a Constitution for a German nation ta be headed bya monarch, subject to parliament. When the deputies offered the erown on these terms to Friedrich Withelm TV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end, woops ‘were called in and the assembly was lorced to disband, () The role of women in nationalist struggles: Over the years, a significant role was played by women in the national struggle, all over the world. They were active participants, who suffered the torture, stood in the protests, founded newspapers, taken part in political meetings and demonstrations, spread the idea of Liberal nationalism and also formed few revolutionary organisations. Though dey were given either very liwle or no political rights; an example being the Frankfurt parliament, where women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor's gallery. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? OR Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create 2 sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [CBSE Delhi 2016 (32/1/D) OR “The first clear expression of nationalism eame with the French Revolution in 1789.” Examine the statement. [CBSE (Al) 2017) History: India and the Contemporary id 78, Following image is the personification of Germany commonly associated with the Romantic Era and the Revolutions of 1848, Identify its name from among the following options. CBSE Sample Paper 2022 Term-1) Options: @ Marianna ® Philip View (© Germania @ Latalia 9. What did the eustoms union or zollverein do? (a) Abolished tax (b) Abolished tarill barriers and reduced the number of currencies {rom over thirty to two (@) Abolished tariff charges and reduced the eurrencies to 5 @) Only abolished tariff barriers 10. Why did the delegates draw up a Treaty of Vienna of 1815? (a) With the objective of making more changes in Europe aller Napoleonic wars (6) To distribute resources afier the Napoleonic war (©) With the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars (@) All the above 11, The term Plebiscite means: (a) Adult Franchise (6) A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal (©) When the rich and the aristocrats select their leaders (d) A vote by the people to elect their leaeler 12, Who claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people das volk? (@) Grimm brothers () Johann Gouiried {¢) Louis Philippe (@ Friedrich Wilhelm 13, Which of the following artists painted the image of Germania? (@) Philip Veit (0) Frederic Sorrieu — (@) Ernst Renan lu) Richard M Hoe 14. Women were admitted in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, but only as: oppose www tem eo Oheenwee 15. What emphasised the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution? (a) La patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) () French people in common (©) French Flag @) Idea of one nation state 16. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. @) Greece (b) Balkans (© France (@) Germany together with the = 12 Xamides Social Science-X y(di) Disintegeation of Ottoman Empixe: A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Quoman empire. The ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Otwoman Empire made this region very explosive. (ii) Subjugation: Soon many foreign powers auempied Lo subjugate these newly independent states. The Balkan people tried to elaim independence by using history to prove that they had onee been independent. Hence, the rebellious nationalities struggled to win back their Jong-lost independence. (@) Jealousy: There was jealousy among the Balkan states and each hoped to expand their boundaries at the expense of others. During this period, the ideulogy of Europe was changed, the liberal feclings were narrowed down with limited ends. Intolerance followed among the groups and they were ready to fight war. (0) Power struggle: Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Britain, the European powers were interested to expand their own imperialism, Trade, colonies, naval and military powers ‘were some of the major factors which all une European powers were struggling for. They were all very keen on contzolling the hold of the other powers and extending their own. Choose and write the correet option. L. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries women and non-propertied men organised ‘opposition movements demanding: (@) equal work rights @) equal education rights (©) equal political rights @ None of these 2. Why were type of conservative regimes set up in 1815 in Europe? (@) Autocratic ©) Aristocratic © Democratic @) Dictatorial 3. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of ‘Nationalism’ [CBSE 2020 (32/1/1)) (a) French Revolution () Russian Revolution (©) Glorious Revolution @ The Revolution of the liberals 4 Identify the major aspect that helped in the formation of « nation-state in Britain. [CBSE Sample Paper 2022 Termet | (@) In 1688, the monarch of Britain fought war with English Parliament, (®) The Parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy. (©) The British nation was formed asa result ofa war with Ireland and Wales. @ The formation of a nationestate in Britain was the result of many revolis, What did the Civil code of 1804 bring about? (@) Did away with all privileges based on birth(b) Established quality before the law (@) Secured the right to property @ Allofthese 6. Who hosted the ‘Treaty of Vienna’? (@) Frederic Sorrieu @) Vietor Emmanuel (©) Duke Metternich (@) Giuseppe Garibaldi 7. Which one of the following was NOT the result of the Treaty of Vienna 18157 [ERSE 2020 (32/2/1)) (a) The Kingdom of the Netherlands was set up in the North. (6) Austria was given control of Northern Italy. (©) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers (@) Russia was given German Confederation of 39 states. iso: Indisand the Contemposcy Wodd-IL_ 11 —17, Observe the map given below which was used during the 19th century to display the power of Britain. [CBSE Question Bank] Which of the following is the map MOST LIKELY about? (a) Different kinds of people who are found in Britain (6) Sea routes from only Britain to different parts of the world (© Celebrating the British rule over different parts of the world (@) People of different countries moving to Britain to lead a better life 18, “When France sneezes,” Metternich once remarked, “the rest of Europe catches cold.” What did Duke Metternich mean by this statement? (a) France's Bourbon dynasty was the most influential fine of kings in Europe () French trade guilds wielded enormous powers over European trade. (0 France had begun annexing neighbouring nations after 1315. (d) France’s nationalist movement inspired other nations 19. Eenst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because: (@) it ensures protection to all inhabitants, (6) it ensures liberty w all inhabitant citizens. (© itensures Parliamentary form of government to @ it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants. 20. Which set of symbols of nationalism of Europe and their significance is INCORRECTLY habitants. paired? [CBSE Question Bank] SYMBOLS SIGNIFICANCE. P| liberty red cap, broken chains Q | justice blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales | heroism the trieolour S_| readiness to fight sword @r OQ OR @s History: India and the Contemporary World 13 — = ww21, Study the picture and answer the question that follows: Name the artist of the above image. (a) Frederic Sorriew (6) Mazzini () Garibaldi (d) None of these 22, Arrange the following in the correct sequence. () Unification of Germany (i) Unification of Italy (iii) Greek struggle for independence began (iv) Fall of Napoleon @) (8) -L)-H-) © i-(e)--—— @) O-)-H)-@) 23, Read the facts regarding the Revolution of the Liberals in Europe during 1848 and choose the correct option: [CBSE 2022 (32/1/4)| 1, Abdication of the monarch 2. Universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. 3. Political Rights to women were given, 4, Froedom of the press had been asked for (a) Only | and 2 arc correct. (@) Only 1, 2 and 3 are correct, (© Only 1 and 4 are correct. @ Only 1, Zand 4 are correct 24. Identify the characteristics of Cavour among the following and choose the correct option: [CBSE 2022 (32/1/4)] 1, He was an Italian statesman 2. He spoke French much ‘better than Italian’ 3. He was a tactful diplomat 4, He belonged to a Royal family (a) Only 1 and 2 are correct (@) Only 1, Zand 3 are correct (© Only 2, 3and 4 are correct (@ Only 1, 2and 4 are correct 25. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct about Balkan nationalism? I. The Balan region became part of the conflict because of the Ottoman Empire. IL. The region comprised of ethnic groups included Greeks, Serbs, Montenegro, ete. III. British and ethnic nationalities struggled to establish their identity. [CBSE Sample Paper 2022 Term-1 | Opti @ 1&0 ® usu (© Only 1 @ Only 1 ANSWERS Lo 2@ 3.@) 40 5.@ 6.66) .@ 8) 9.0) 10. (©) (6) (8) 13. a) 14 @) 15. @) 16. (b) 17. 18.(@) 19. (6+) 2) BL) 22) 8) 25. (a) = 14 Xam ides Social Science o anANSWERS 1 @ 2@ (0 4. ib) - (a) 6 @) EXPLANATIONS OF SELECTED ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS 1. The fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground, during the years following 1815, 8. Afierthe Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. 4. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment 5. It was Giuseppe Mazzini who sought to put together a coherent programme fora unitary [talian Republic. Read the passages given below and answer the questions that follow: PASSAGE-1 From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la pattie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of 4 united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of setive citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised ad ministrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, beeame the common language of the nation. ‘The revolutionaries further declared thet it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations. When the news of the cvents in France reached the different cities of Europe, siudents and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacohin clubs. Their activities and eampaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. (i) Who elected the Estates General? (i) What was the purpose of centralised administrative system? (iii) What happened when news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe? PASSAGE-2 Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of ‘conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, uaditional institutions of state and society — like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family ~should be preserved. Most conservatives, however. did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, irom the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact suengthen taditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state poner more ellective and stronger. A modern army, an ellicient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers who had colleetively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke 16 Xamil cial Seiance-XAns. Ans. Q12, Ans. Q13. Ans. Qu. Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. What was the objective of the Treaty of Vienna? OR What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna 1815? [CBSE (#) 2016} The aim wasto reverse most ofthe changes that had comeabout in Furope during the Napoleonic war: The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power |. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? seppe Mazzini was an lalian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807. He was one of three revolutionaries who made a significant contribution to Italian unification, Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini? ( Young Italy in Marseilles. (a) Young Europe in Berne. Who were liberal nationalists? The liberal nationalists belonged to the educated middle class elite, among whom were the professors, school teachers, clerks and members of the commercial micidle classes (@ Name the Treaty of 1892 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. [CBSE Delhi 2016] (ii) Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848. [CBSE Delhi 2016) @ Treaty of Gonstamtinople of Treaty of 1832. Gi) Event that mobilised nationalist feelings: The Greek War of Independence. Who supported the Nationalists of Greece in their Independence war? Nationalist in Greece got support from the other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. (@ What was ‘Romanticism’ during the age of revolutions? (ii) Who was Otto von Bismarck? (@ Acultural movement, which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. (i) Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and was the architect of the unification of Germany, (@ Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? [CBSE (A1) 2016] (ii) Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”? [CBSE (AI) 2016) (@ Victor Emmanuel-IT was proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861. (@) Duke Metternich. What is an Allegory? State any one example to clarify the same. [CBSE Sample Paper-2016] Allegory: When an abstract idea for instance; greed, envy, freedom, liberty isexpressed through a person or a thing. It is symbolic. Examples: Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, ete. Each of the following questions is of 3 marks. Qi Ans. ‘What changes were introduced after the French Revolution in France? © A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated u Gitizens within its territory. form laws for all ( Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and 2 uniform system of weights and measures were adopted. (ii) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the motion of 2 united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (@) Anew French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. = 18 Xamidea Social Seience-XMeuernich, The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing ‘most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napokon. A series of suates were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. (@ Describes European conservative ideology? (id) What are the purpose to convene Vienna of Congress in 1615? (iif) What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of Vienna? ANSWERS: 1. (@_Tewas elected by the body of active citizens. (a) Te formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. (ai) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle dlasses began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s, 2.) European conservative ideologies upheld traditional institutions like the monarchy. (@) Conservatives argued that long-standing, conventional institutions of government and society should be upheld, but modernization could strengthen these institutions and increase the effcetiveness of state power. They did not advocate going back to the society before the revolution (ii), Metcrnich’s goal was to restore peace by reviving old dynasties and creating sale havens. Each of the following questions is of 2 marks. Ql. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? What type of series of paintings he prepares? ‘Aus. A Freach artist, who prepared a series of four primts, visualising his dream of world made up of democratic and social republies. His series of paintings called Modern Utopias of Democracy. 2 Why did French artist Frederic Sorrieu prepare a series of prints based on democratic and socialist republics in 1848? [CBSE Sample Paper-2017) Ans. To depict his Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinet nations, identified through their flags and national costumes offering hemage to the Statue of Liberty. Q.3, @) What was the concept of a ‘modern state"? (di) What does ‘Nation-state’ me: Ans. (@) A centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory. (i) ILtefers toa counuy with welldefined boundaries, resided by people with similar culture, shared history and ethnic character. Q4. What new name was given to ‘The Estates General’? Name three delegates of the estates. Ans. Thenew name was given to the Estates General was‘ National Assembly’, Three delegates were the clergy, the nobility and the common people. Q.5. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during the nineteenth century? [CBs () 2016) ‘Ans. The strong demand of emerging middle classes in Europe was freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement ai goods and capital Q.6. (i) When and why was Zollverein formed? (ii) What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? [CBSE Dethi 2016) Ans. Tt was formed in 1834, to eradicate tariff barriers. (@) To oppose monarchical forms of government, iso: Inds andthe Contomptscy Wodd-ML 17 —Ans. Ans. Q12, Ans. Q13. Ans. Qi. Ans, Qs. |. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini What was the objective of the Treaty of Vienna? OR What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna 1815? [CBSE (F) 2015} Theaim wasto reverse most ofthe changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic war. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored. to power Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807. He was one of three revolutionaries who made a significant contribution to Italian unification. Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini? (@) Young Italy in Marseilles (w) Young Europe in Berne. Who were liberal nationalists? ‘The liberal nationalists belonged to the educated middle class elite, among whom were the professors, school teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes. (®) Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation, (CBSE Dethi 2016) i) Name the event tat mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848. (CBSE Dethi 2016) @ Treaty of Constantinople of Treaty of 1882 (i) Event that mobilised nationalist feelings: The Greek War of Independence. Who supported the Nationalists of Greece in their Independence war? Nationalist in Greece got support from the other Creeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. (®) What was ‘Romanticism’ during the age of revoluti (ii) Who was Otto von Bismarck? (@ A cultural movement, which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist senti (i) Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and was the architect of the unification of Germany, (@) Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? [CBSE (Al) 2016} (ii) Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”? {CBSE (Al) 2016) (@ Victor Emmanuel-Il was proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861. (i) Duke Metternich. What is an Allegory? State any one example to clarify the same. [CBSE Sample Paper-2016] .. Allegory: When an abstract idea for instance; grced, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. It is symbolic. Examples: Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc. Each of the following questions is of 3 marks. Qn Ans. ‘What changes were introduced after the French Revolution in France? {@) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its tersitory. {#) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a unilorm system of weights and measures were adopted! (ii) The ideas ofa patrie he fatherland) and le cioyen (the citizen) emphasised the motion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. Gv) A new Freneh flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. = 18 Xamides Social Science yQ2 Ans. Q3. Ans. 4 Ans. Qs Ans. Q65. Ans. Q7. Ans. a8. Ans. Qo. ‘Ans. “Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation,” Explain, (i) Htalians were scattered over several dynastic states (if) Sarcinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. Gai) Ttaly was unified in 1851 and Vietor Emmanucl IT was proclaimed the King of United aly. () Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a programme for a unitary Italian Republic. (») The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Chief Minister Cavour. After becoming the Monarch what changes were introduced by Napoleon? He had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient, @) Napoleonic Code or the Civil Code of 1804, (i) Simplificd administration abolished the feudal system and {reed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues (ii) In towns t00, guild restrictions were removed. (@) Transport and communication systems were improved. What kind of conservative regimes were set up in 1815? (@) Conservative regimes did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy ofan autocratic government. (i?) Mostofthem imposed censorship laws to conuel what wassaid in newspapers, books, playsand songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the Frenich Revolution What was Mazzini’s role in the unification of Italy? @ Maceini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. (i) So, Haly could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. (iii) [chad to be foxged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. How did the Polish use their language as a weapon of national resistance against Russia? (#) Polish language was used for church gatherings and all religious instructions (i) Asa result, @ large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by Russian authorities as punishment for their relusal to preach in Rus: (fii) The use of Polish came t be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. How did Prussia outstrive in Germany? ( The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. (ii) The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. (ji) Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany. What do you mean by conservatism? Highlight the main features of the belief. Conservatism was 2 political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual development to quick change. Features of the believers of conservatism: {) They believed in established, traditional institutions of state and society. (ii) They believed in a monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, etc (if) They did not propose a return to the socicty of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised that modernisation could in faet, strengthen the traditional institutions like the monarchy. Write three features of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu. Features; @ Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage. (wt) Statue of Liberty has a torch of enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man, (ii) On the Earth ie the shauered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions History: India and the Contemporacy Wodd-II 19Q. 10. ‘Ans. QL ‘Ans. Qi ‘Ans. Q.15. Ans. Qu. Ans. Qt. How was France responsible in spreading nationalism to other parts of Europe? (i) Students and other members of educated middle classes in European countries began setting up Jacobin clubs like in France. (i) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for French armies which moved into Holland, Swivzerland, Belgium and much of Haly in the 1970s. (@i) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nnationalistn abruad Give a short note on the Habsburg Empire. () Ivruled over Austria-Hungary. Gi) Te was a patchwork of many different regions and people, (iii) It included the Alpine regions — the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetealand — as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly Germansspeaking. ) Icalso included the [talian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Which conditions in France depicted their political liberalism? (9) The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men {) Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. (iii) The Napeleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of father and husband. Explain the role of romanticism in national feeling. OR “The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.” Elaborate upon the statement. [CBSE Sample Paper-2016) Gulture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation; art and poetry, stories and music. They all helped express and shape nationalist feelings. (@ Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural ppast, as the hasis of a nation (i) Twas through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised, (iii) Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore to carry the ‘modern nationalist message to large audiences. ‘What kind of policy was followed by Bismarck? How did he manage to oust Austria from the German federation? () He was the architect of this process, which he carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. (i) Three wars were fought for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in the victory of Prussia and completed the process of unification. (i) The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power Gv) Persian measures and practices offen became a model for the rest of Germany. How had Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French control? Explain with examples. (CBSE 2019 (32/1/2)) Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French Control: @) Simplified administrative divisions. (2) Abolished feudal system, (é#) Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. (iv) In towns, guild restrictions were removed. (@) Transport and communication systems improved. “Any other relevent point [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (32/1/2)] = 20 Xamidas Social Science -X oQ. 15, Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans? ‘Ans. ()) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ostoman Empire. (i) The spread of ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Owoman Empire made this region very explosive. (ii) One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. (@) The rebelion nationale inthe Balkane thought of tei ruggles as atiemptsto win bach their long lost independence. Q. 17. Describe any three conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation State. (CBSE Foreign 2017) oR In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. Validate the statement with relevant arguments. [GBSF Sample Paper 2016) ‘Ans. The conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation State were: {i) The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones = such as English, Wels, Seot or Irish. All of hese ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other mations of the islands. (#) The Fngtish parliament, which had seized power {rom the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged. (Gi) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was hencetorth dominated by its English members. Q.18. Were the anti-imperial movements nationalist? Could the anti-imperialists movements be considered as nationalist movements? Ans. Yes, the anti-imperial movements could be considered as nationalist as it was the struggle to form an independent nation-states and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people everywhere developed their own specific variety of nationalism, But the idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal Fach of the following questions is of 5 marks. Q. 1. Briefly explain the process of unification of Italy. OR “Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.” Explain. [Sample Paper 2020-21) ‘Ans. Political Fragmentation: Like Germany, Taly was also politically fragmented. During the middle of the 19th century, ltaly was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia = Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Prince. Role of Mazzinis Giuseppe Marrini made efforts to unite the Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ for achieving his goal (iif) Role of Count Cavour: He was the Chief Minister of Prussia who led the movement to unify Jtaly. He formed a tactlul diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian lorces, (j») Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi also formed armed volunteers. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers In 1861, Victor Emmanuel (1 was proclaimed King of United Taly. History: India and the Contemporary Woeld-II 21Q2 ‘Ans. Ans, Qa Ans. What conditions led to the development of a new middle class in Europe? (@ Tn Western Europe and parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence ‘was based on production for the market. (2) Incustrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century, but in France and, parts of the German States, it occurred only during the 19th ceatury. (iii) In its wake, new social groups came int being, a working class population and middle Classes made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals ((») In Central and Eastern Europe, these groups were smaller in numbers till ate 19th century: (») It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. Who hosted the ‘Vienna Congress’ in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the ‘Vienna ‘Treaty. (CBSE Delhi 2017) OR Describe the main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815. The main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were: Vienna Congress: The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor “Duke Metternich’. {@) The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power. (i) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. Gi) A series of states was set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French exter Faure, (@) Kingdom of the Net (») Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers. lands, including Belgium was set up What kinds of conservative regimes were set up in 151.5? What did liberals think about them? Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. ( They diel not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of tyrannical governments, (i The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless, continued to inspire liberals. (i) Most of them imposed censorship laws w control what was said in newspapers, books. plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution (2) One of the major issues taken up by the liberal nationalists (who criticised the new conservative order} was freedom of the press Explain the Napoleonic Code. OR What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Napoleonic code? Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and ellicient Advantages: () Established equality before law. (i) Abolished all privileges based on birth.a6. Ans, Qz Ans. ii) Simplified administrative divisions. Gv) Gramed the right property to French citizens, (#) Abolished feudal system and freed peasants irom serfdom (ei) Eliminated restrictions on guilds in town. (ii) Made elforts to improve transport and communication. (iti) Standardised weights, measures and a common national currency was introduced Disadvantages: But this initial enthusiasm soon turned into hostility and opposition when it became visible that the new administrative arrangements do not go hand in hand with political freedom. Censorship, increased taxation, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed wo outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes. “The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Aust regions and peoples.” Justify the statement with suitable examples. () Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people. (i) They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. Hungary, was a patchwork of many different (i) The Habsburg cmpire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and people. @) It included the Alpine regions—the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland— as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German speaking, (@) Ivalso included the Lalian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. (8) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects (ei) In (vil) Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundary of empire, a ‘mass of subject peasant peoples — Bohemians, Slovaks to the orth, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats in the south and Romans to the east in Transylvania. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor. jeia, the aristocracy spoke Polish, “Vernacular language and local folklores carried modern nationalist message to large audiences, who were mostly illiterate.” Justify with suitable examples. (@ Vernacular languages and local folklore played an important role in creating the idea of nation in Europe. (This was especially so in the ease of Poland which had been partitioned by the great powers — Russia, Prussia & Austria, (i) Karol Kurpinski of Poland celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the Polonaise, Mazurka into nationalist symbols. (@) After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian Janguage was imposed (») Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. ‘ywhere. (ei) Polish was used for church gatherings and all religious instructions. (oii) Asa result a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities. (bi) The use of Polish eame to be seen asa symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. History: India and the Contemporacy Wodld-Il 23Q.8. How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe ally to the ideology of liberalism? Explain. [EBSE 2020 (32(5/1)] OR How did Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? Explain. [CBSE 2020 (32/1/1)] ‘Ans, Ideas of national unity in Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism: @ Liberals emphasised the concept of government by consent. (i) Liberals supported ereation of unified economic territory. (@) Liberals supported the demand of middle class about freedom of markets and end of state- imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital. () For the new middle-class liberalism stands for individual freedom and equality ofall before law. (2) Acommon custom union, sovereign, at the initiative of Prussia was formed. (Wi) Liberalism stood for end of autocracy and special privileges, (ofl) The creation ot'a network of railways stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests 16 rational unification. (vit) A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time, Any other relevat point “Any five points to be explained. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (32/3/1)] OR Greek War of Independence mobilised nationalist feelings: (® The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europesparked offa struggle for independence amongst the Greoks (Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile (iii) Sympathies for ancient Greek culture. (») Poets and artisis landed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. (2) The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the War. (#) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe led to struggle for independence among the Greeks from Ottoman Empire. (vil) Finally, The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recogniscd Greece asan independent nation, “Any other relevant point Any five points to be explained. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (32/1/1)| Q.9.. Why is it said that the 1830s were the years of great hardship in Europe? Explain. oR How did nationalism aligned with imperialism become the cause of the First World War? Explain. [CBSE 2020 (32/4/2)) ‘Ans. 1880 as the year of great hardship: (@ First half of 19th century saw an enormous increase in population in Europe. (8) Number of jo’ seckers greater than employment. (Git) Migration of a large population from rural to urban areas. (2) Stil! competition from imports at cheap machine-made goods from England (2) The aristocracy still enjoyed power privileges Go) Peasants struggled under the burden of Feudal dues. (ii) Rise of food prices due to bad harvest, Any eiher relesunt point Any five points 1 be described. — 24 Xamises Social Science-X oAns. Qi Ans. OR Nationalism aligned with imperialism became the cause of the First World War. @ The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ouoman Empire. (i) Intense rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies, naval and military might. (ii) The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist. () They all struggled to form an independent nation state. (@) They were inspired by sense of collective national unity. (v) European ideas of nationalism developed their own variety of nationalism. Any other relevant port [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (32/4/2)] |. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse. (CBSE Delhi 2016] The female figures as an allegory of the nation: (@ Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form ofa person (if) Then nations were portrayed as female figures. (Gif) The fernale figure was chosen to personify the nation, It did not stand for any particular woman in teal life. Gv) Ie gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. (v) Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation (oi) During the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. “Culture had played an Important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.” Support the statement with examples. [CBSE (F} 2016] {(@) Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings, @) Emotions, intuition and mystical feelings were not focused (ii) Their effort was to share collective heritage, 2 common cultural past, as the basis of a nation (f») They criticised the glorification of reason and science, (v) German philosopher Johann Gottiried popularised true spirit of nation through folk song, folk poetry and folk dance. ‘The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism became a narrow ereed with limited ends.’ Support the statement in the context of Balkan nationalism in the early 19th century. [CBSE Sample Paper-2017) OR “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe.” Analyse the statement with examples, [CBSE (F) 2016] OR What conditions of Balkan areas led to World War-I. . The Balkans comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. (#) The disintegration of the ruling Ottoman Empire and the spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism made this area explosive. (i) The European subject nationalities siarted breaking from itseontral todeclareindependence. (iii) The Balkan revolutionaries’ acts were directed to gain back the long-lost independence. (@») The Balkan States were fiercely jealous of each other and wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the other History: Indinandthe Contemporaey Wodd-Il 25 —(v) There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies, naval mightand military might. European powers such as Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary were keen on opposing the hold of other powers over the Balkans for extending their awn, area of control. (ci) All these events ultimately triggered the First World War (1914). On the map given below the four territories which defeated Napoleon are marked as ¥; Q, R, and . [CBSF Question Bank} P-Brtain Q-Austia R-Prussia S-Russia ‘Which one of them has been marked INCORRECTLY? (@) Pand Q () Qand R (© Rand (© Sand P Aus. (©) = 26 Xamides Social ScienceSSS SSSI Time allowed: | hour Max. marks: 40 General Instructions: @) The testis divided into two sections: A and B. (a) All questions are compulsory. (ai) Section-A contains Multiple Choice Questions. (i) Section-B contains Subjective Type Questions (2/8/5 marks each) SECTION-A 1. Choose and write the correct answer for each of the following. (xt=7 (@) The term “absolutist’is referred to (@) monarchical government (@) abstract theory © avision (@) none of these (i) What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolise in the utopian vision? (a) Equality among people (0) Fraternity among nations (©) Freedom of nations (@) Resentment against nations (i) What tervitories did the Habsburg Fmpire rule over? (@) Austria (®) Romania (©) Hungary (@) Both (2) and (¢) (f2) Choose the correcily matched pair from the following: [eRsE 2020 (32/5/1)) (@) Otto Von Bismarck — Germany (®) Napoteon — Spain (©) Giuseppe Garibaldi — France @ Bourbon Kings — lly (») What issue was criticised by the liberal nationalists? (@) Censorship laws to control the press (@) Preservation of the Ghurch (© Amedern army (@) Eflicient bureaucracy (ei) Arrange the events in sequence. ( Act of Unions (a) Victor Emmanue I became king Gi) Treaty of Constantinople (e) William I became king of Germany Options (@) >), @, @), @) O) @), (8), =D, ©) Gi, @), i), () @ @, Gi), @, Go) History: India and the Contemporary Woeld-I 27 — wo(vif) In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (2), Read the statements and choose the correct option: Assertion (4) : A large part of Balkans were under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Reason (R) = Ideas of Nationalism in the Balkans with the integration of che Ouoman Empire made this region very peaceful Options: @) Both Aand Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A. (@) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais correct but R is wrong. @ Aiswrong but Ris correct. SECTION-B Answer the following questions. 2. Why was the issue of liberal women raised during the [848 revolution? 3. The Greek War of Independence sparked nationalist sentiment for what reason? 4. Give any two justifications for the changes Napoleon made after assuming the throne. 5. Write thice features of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu. 6. What was the impact of Treaty of Vienna? 7. “The idealistic fiberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism became a narrow creed with limited ends.” Support the statement in the context of Balkan nationalism in the carly 19th century. [CBSE Sample Paper. 2017] 3 8. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in eueNnn Europe? Analyse. [CBSE Dethi 2016) 8 9. Highlight the strange case of Britain. 5 10. Explain the statement, “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.” 5 IL, How was Europe closely allied o the ideology of liberalism? 5 0 = 28 Xamidas Social ScienceNationalism in India iwiNolves a suena ‘Modein nationalism in Europe nti, sin many other culenies, identification ofa group of was associated with tre ‘the growth of rationalism is individuals with apolitical Fesmation of natonrstaies ‘connestedto the ant: colori entity defines inrational ‘movement urder the leadership of jews ie,aneton Mehaime Gandhi Or — The war nlayed — Inrensein delence During 1A18-7Bend 7200-23 food xem harhins aniworart —eipencttedustotiewar —shorlagesduetoihe falureof cers and bowel and forced yoleinshaging —_ led to the increase in taxes, famines anc epidemics, that tooke heavy —recruitnents in the Inds reecom customs does prices orc the | tolonie crates sentmertamorg he em made people svuggle. introduction of income tax. people of India against the foreign cule. hostile to the British. _, — Sayagraha means Jetway, 1015 Champsran(Binar)—_Kheda Salyagraha ‘Ahmedatad Mil ‘eppeal for ruth, Mahatma Sotyagraha, 1917; 1917:Ganchijilec the Stree, 1912 Manatra Gandhi Gare Fis Gandhian movermentinKheca arch erganed invoduced this feusned io massmovement district of Gujarat, ‘a Satyagrara coweptdutnstis indisfiom nine agamstine demancingreleton agains the eoton ‘stay in South Africa South Africa. oppressive of the revenue tax mill owners Netaeed onthe. Tr plantation system. oni wih pores) geranng an Isat ruth eee experience incase a non-violence. ” farmers because of the — workers’ wages: outbreak ofthe plague, = and bonus. — ey History: India and the Contemporacy Wosld-Il 29 wo, at i | {ot Passed bythe The Act gave the EthApil 1819 Shops wereclosed Government. Pallonitele oe, emen Gaudi sited downlice me Bray |, ooh ment _snormnous powers nonviolent organised andrail ——represuedthe secre ner Ferraprosaing oni workshop merters nationalists. Tath April politcal actuities ‘sobedience went on strike, Mabel lew wig and atowee movementfor Widespread war mpored etencion of poltcal —cpposingthe attacks cn benks, and General fisonersfortwo Bowls Act postoffcesend Dyer took yearsuittout any wtha fainaysiatons ——_cornmand al Fation-nide ‘her pelice Fy ror best ‘stacked the nr pesca procession. ——— y y |Anumber of people had assembled at Jallanwala Bagh in ametsar for atiending the arnial Belsakfy ‘ait Gereral Dyer surrounded the park anc opened fire on the crone,killng hundrecs of people: . ry - AFTERMATH OF JALLIANWALA BAGH yO The Bish voed brutlrepresion, Crowes took tothe steetsin many north ‘hia vilenoe seekng to hurmiiate and teronse indian tons. Strkes,cleshes with Ue police fercee Gandhito people, People were fogged and and ettacks cn government buldirgs were stopthe Wilages were bornbed. extensively witnessed mover + 7 7 + ” BO Xamides Social ScienceKhofet issue Aterthe est World War the Brtish sought to overtrow the Kealfe. the spiritual head of he stam ‘worl an he Tush Empeto. Tis was deeply feserted oy ‘uss al over the word ineucirg the ders — Rowatt Act: The dissatisfaction from the Roelatt Aotard the failure cf the Fowlatt Act. oe Jollisnale Bagh: The auocious Ailing of fundieds of nocent peeple by the British at Jalen Bagh had madethe Indian revert towaids the Baishirule ‘Surrende‘ing Few Congress cf members government _werenotin thles boycott surportof the of ci tes of services, doyectting army. polce ——speecuncl courtsand elections as legislative they wanted courei, toring about schoo'sard —_chancesin foreign goods; the sysiemn by andatulcwi engin Gsobedience power CR. cempeign Das and nesleunched. ste Nera - "% srerajParty within the Congress to sigue toca retursto ‘counel poiites — Some leaders Tearedihe movernent to ‘urn violet. Merch, 1978 @ombay} Khiefet Commitee wes formed with leaders such as Muhammad Ali ard Sheuicat Al September, 1920. Gandhi, in the Celcutia session of the Conctess, Convinced ther leaders of the need to start a non-cooperstion rroverrent n surportof Khilaat as well as for Swag. —E——EE ‘eeember, 1920 (Nagpur! Non-cooperation programe adopted by the Congress. ~ . _ ‘The Meverent in the Towns: The student left goversment schools ‘and colleges, hesdnasters and teachers resignéc, lawyers gave up thei legal practices and the counci elections were boycoited in most provinces except Madras. —E———— 1921 and 1922: Theimaort of foreign cloth dropsec. Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods cr france foreign fede Production of ind textilernils and hanclooms went up ——— Rebellion inthe Countryside: he peasants had io do begar and work without pay in the farms of oppressive andlorcs The pezsant ‘overren demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of bayar 20d Social Loysott of oppressive anciords ~ | v Octobe, 1020 The Cush Kisan Sabha wes Set up headed by Jawahatal Nehru, 3aba Ramchandra and s few others. —————e Revolt by Trbale The government had closed large forest sreas, preventing people ‘rom entoring the forest to graze their cattle orto Dollec fuel wood and fruts, The rebels attacked police stations, aitempied to lll itch officials and Catied cn guerilla warfare for achieving swaray, —————e rata it the Plaations: Under tie inland Evvigration Act of 1859, the plantetion workers were not alowed to eave the tea gardens Without permission. Thousands of workers defi the authorities, left the plantations and headed tome. They beleves that Ganch 19} waa coring and everyone would be given land in ther Onn villages. eee February, 1922 Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdrew the Nowcooperation Movernent because of i's velert face in many places and saiyagrabis needed to be properly rained, History: India and the Contemporacy Wodld-II 31t ¥ 1 t y Consttuted by SrJohn Simon Sought taleckinto rived in ini in 1028. Ociote" 1920: The the Tory was the thedemendscfthe Congreseandhe Muslim Commission recornmandes government of Chairman. Tationalists end League along uath tre other 2 Gorrinan status'for diz ‘tain under Commision did. guggest crargesin -_—Sartes recelved the incoming future and = Pressureofmass _nothavezny —theconstitutioral commission with tleck ound! Table Conference for ‘movementsin Indian members, strusture ofindia. _flagsand siogens ‘Go back discussing a ‘utue India Al British, simon constitution for india ~ _ py Ye ” December, 1229 Under the areci¢ency of Jawaharial Nenru,the Lahore 1930-0 8A. Ambedkar ‘sessi07 of Congyess faimal sed the demand o* "Purna Swaray’ festablishec the Depressed ‘eth Janwary, 1920 was celebraied 2s Independence Day. Classes Association, t t } + + eo ke Ge Ge mee ne eh came ste a, Set ee ee See = = for protesting frwin. demands by - Y _—— 2 |) Ge ees pee Ge ase 4 v r beginning of mMovernent Addu ‘This pact Tn especially the Cll ‘spread ‘othe Ghaftar Khare was = oe bee eo salttax, Moeret a py the Round ey —- Table Peasants refused May, 1930: Conference ‘Stated from topayrevenue —Ganchijwas.=andihe Gandhi's ‘and chaukidan ‘arested,——_ goverrrnent sehramin tees, Tr aaeatto Sharaie yr reease the the Gujarat ‘Women and politcal coastal‘own —vdlétad forest ——childtenwere prisoners. of dard lawsby beaten by the lr cing irto genre SY Ka reserved forests anc peace’ —_ecermber, oth Api ‘orcolecing ——_satyogrehis: 1931 1280. vlad wood were sanchi went thelenby Wy _otatted = London rranufectuneg Tr beseoond seltfiomsea Colonial laws were Found Table water. vies sakse Meow rae ‘marufacturedin % =] SE numerous pisces. people were 7, — - 32 Xamides Social ScienceIMPORTANT TERMS 1. Nationalism: A feeling of collective belonging to one's nation, sharing common feelings of identity. 2. Satyagraha: A method of agitation and protest, based on truth and non-violence. 3. Rowlatt Act: An Act passed by British Government in India in 1919. It authorised the government to arrest and imprison a person without a trial 4. Martial Law: Law of military government. When martial laws were imposed, ordinary laws are suspended. 5. Boycott: A method of resistance used by Indian nationalist under which they refused cooperation with the British in every sphere, like not buying foreign goods, not attending British institutions etc.. 6. Folklores: The traditional belie‘s, customs and stories of a community that are passed through generations by word of mouth 7. Colonialism: It is a way of occupying another country or a weak region by a powerful country by using the military force and all other possible methods to increase its ruling area 8. Vernacular Act: The act through which the British government got extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular languages. 9. Inland Emigration Act: It was an Act through which plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission 10. Khilafat movement: It was movement by Indian Muslims allied with Indian Nationalists, led by the famous Ali brothers, Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali to protest against the injustice done to Turkey after World War | 11. Non-cooperation Movement: This movement was launched by Gandhiji in 1920. Its aims were to show the resentment to actions considered oppressive like Jallianwala Bagh and Rowlatt Act. 412. Gandhi-trwin Pact: It was an agreement signed in March 1934 under which the Civil Disobedience Movement was called off. 13, Dandi March: Gandhiji, along with 78 of his followers, started from his Ashram at Sabarmati to Dandi on the sea coast on foot, and broke the salt law by making salt. 414, Poona Pact: It was a pact which was signed between Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The Pact gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils. IMPORTANT EVENTS 1859 — Inland Emigration Act 1909 ~ Hind Swaraj by Mahatma Gandhi 1915 = Mahatma Gandhi retuned to India from South Africa 1917 ~ Gandhi travelled to Champaran (Bihar) to inspire peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system 1917 ~ Gandhi organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda (Gujarat), History: India and the Contemporacy Wodd-II 33 wo1918 = Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton will workers. 1918-19 - Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra. 1919 ~ Government of india Act 1919 — Rovdatt Act 1919 = Gandhian hartal against Rowlett Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre. 1919 — Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay. 1920 (Sept)- Congress session at Calcutta. Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj. 1920 (Dec) ~ Congress session at Nagpur, the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted. 1921 (Jan) - Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement was launched. 1922 (Feb) ~ Chauri Chaura incident, Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement. 1924 —_Alluri Sitarama Raju arrested, ending a two year armed tribal struggle. 1928 = Simon Commission arrived in India. 1929 (Dec) - Congress adopted the formalised the demand of 'Purna Swaraj’ under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru 1930 ~ Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. 1930 ~ Gandhi began the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law in Dandi 1930 = Ambedkar established the Depressed Classes Association. 1931 ~ Gandhi ends Civil Disobedience Movement ~ Gandhi-irwin Pact 1931 (Dec) ~ Second Round Table Conference 1932 ~ Civil disobedience relaunched. 1932 = Poona Pact 1942 = Quit india Movernent Q.1. Explains (Write in Brief) (@) Why is growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti-colonial movement? ‘Ans. Colonisation affected people's freedom, and nationalist sentiments rushed during the process ‘of struggle against the British domination. For people, the sense of oppression and exploitation became common bond, which gave rise to the nationalist ideas. Thus, the growth of nationalism in the colonies is very much important to an anticolonial movement, (6) How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India? ‘Ans. There was forced recruitment in the rural areas of India by the British army during the First World War: To finance the defeace expenditure, customs duties were saiscd and income taxcs introduced. This eaused widespread anger among the rural and common people. Atthis siage, a new leader appeared and suggested 4 new mode ofstruggke. Crops failed in many parts of Lada, during 1918-19 and 1920-21, which resulted in severe food shortages. (©) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act? Ans. Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act due to the following reasons: = 34 Xamidas Social Science y@ Ans, @) Ans, ( This act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council, even though it was completely opposed by Indian members. (i) Ihad given the government enormous powers to repress political activities. (fi) It also permitted the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years, Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Gooperation Movement? (i) In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement, He felt the movement was turning violent at many places and satyagraha is needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. (i) Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha? The idea of Satyagraha mainly implies a unique method of mass agitation that highlights the powers of ruth, and the need to search for truth. It fouuses on noneviclence and emphasis that if dhe ‘cause is true and the fight is against injustie> then there is no need for coercion. Gandhi believed in the institution of dharma ~ non-violence and that it could lead to national unity and harmony, Write a newspaper report on: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre On Baisakhi day, a large crowd of people, mostly from neighbouring villages, unaware of the prohibitory orders in the dty, had gathered in a sinall park to protest against the arrest of their leaders, Saifuddin Kitehlew and Satyapal. The army surrounded the gathering under order from General Dyer and blocked the only exit point end opened fire on the unarmed crowd Killing many people. The incident was followed by uncivilised brutalities on the inhabitants of Amritsar. The entire nation was stunned, Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest. Gandhi was overwhelmed by the wtal aunosphere of violence and withdrew the movement in April 1919. The Simon Commission There was a chorus of protest by all Indians against the appointment of an all-white, seven member Indian Statutory Gommission, popularly known as t pn (after the name of its Chairman Sir John Simon) in November 1928, The Commission was to recommend to the Government whether India was ready for further constitutional reforms and on what lines. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Butas reported, the commission did not have a single Indian member. The Indian response was against the commission and the basie notion behind the exclusion that foreig ¢ Simon Commis ners would discuss and decide upon India’s fitness for self-government. This notion was seen as a violation of the principle of sell-determination, and aa deliberace insult to the sell-respect of Indians. ‘The Commission landed in Bombay in Feb: organised and mass rallies were held. Wherever the commission went, there were black flag demonstrations, hartals and slogans of ‘Go back Simon’. Compare the images of Bherat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in chapter 1. Abanindranath’s image of Bharat Mata shows her as imparting learning, food and clothing. A mala is worn by her, which shows aesthetic quality. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism, One can say, itis similar to the image of Germania painted by Philip Veit, where she is holding a sword, but also looks more feminine. Whereas the other painting of Bharat Mata shows her more masculine in nature as it shows power and authority ary 1928. On that day, a countrywide strike was History: India and the Contemporacy Wodld-Il 3SQ6 Ans. which is denoted by a lion and elephant beside her in the painting. The lauer image is more parallel to the image of Germania by Lorenz Clasen, where she holds a sword and a shield, and seems ready fora fight. In a visual representations Germania wears. crown of Oak leaves, as the German Oak stands for heroise. List all the different social groups which joined the nom-cooperation movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement. The different social groups that joined the Non-cooperation Movements of 1821 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmaster, students, peasants, tribals and workers. () Peasants, Tribal and workers joined the movement from the counuyside, They did so with hopes of self-emancipation. Peasants rebelled against talukdars and landlords, who demanded high rents and had to do begzr or free labour, (i) Tribal peasants ~ They revolted against the enclosure of lange forest tracts by the British government, which left them devoid of a livelihood as well as traditional rights, (ii?) Plantation workers ~They desired freedom to move about and retain links with the villages they came from, (fo) All three believed that Gandhi Raj would come with the Non-Cooperation Movement, and this would mark an end to their sorrows. Hence, they joined the anti-colonial struggle. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism, Gandhi on January $1, 1930 sent a letter 10 the Vierroy Irwin, consisting 11 most essential demands. Some of these were of general interest while others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within the Indian society could idemiify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. But the most unusual of the demand was the abolishment of salt tax. The Salt Mareh was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against a commodity-salt, used by the rich and the poor alike. The wx on salt, and the government monopoly over its production was 2 severely oppressive administrative move. Gandhi's letter was an ulimatum. According to which if the demands were not fulfilled by Ith March, the congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. So, Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhi's ashiram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town Dandi and ecremonially violated the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Imagine you are a woman participating in the civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the ‘experience meant to your life. | participated in the National Movement for the first time by beingza part of the Givil Disobedience Movement. It was a feeling of pride for me. During Gandhi's ‘Salt March’, 1 participated with thousands of women who came out of their homes to listen to him, We also participated in manufacturing salt, protest marches, picketed foreign goods and liquor shops. Women like me who came from the high caste families also joined in the protests in the urban areas. We all took part in the movements with great enthusiasm, We all stood by men and sulfered physical blows with them. Even though it did not bring us any status in the movements but we all contributed in the struggle for freedom of our motherland, Even in Gandhi's views, a women's place was at home; as mothers, and good wives. The Congress also on the other hand did not give us any position in the organisation but we with all made our presence felt by our hard. work and enthusiasm. There were many lamous personalities amongst us like Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Nehru, Annie Besant, who contributed to the national movements,