Journal of Modern Physics, 2024, vol.

15

Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena, Extraterrestrial Life,

Plasmoids, Shape Shifters, Replicons, Thunderstorms, Lightning,
Hallucinations, Aircraft Disasters, Ocean Sightings
Rhawn Gabriel Joseph1, Olivier Planchon2, Christopher Impey3, Richard Armstrong4,
Carl Gibson5*, Rudolph Schild6
1Astrobiology Research Center, California,
2CNRS UMR 6282 Biogéosciences - Université de Bourgogne, France
3Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721
4Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK,
5*Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

University of California at San Diego, CA, USA

6Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA

ABSTRACT
As documented by NASA space shuttle films, and detailed in this report, self-illuminating,
pulsating, plasma-like UAP/UFO (“plasmoids”), have multiple shapes and sizes, are attracted to
electromagnetic activity, and travel at different velocities from different directions, making 90 to 180
degree turns, as well as colliding, intersecting and piercing other plasma; and have been filmed by U.S.
Navy personnel and a U.S. Customs and Border Protection DHC-8 flying above and diving/sinking
beneath the ocean; and by NASA following, circling, and hovering near the space shuttles, satellites, and
the MIR International Space Station and congregating above and descending into thunderstorms and the
lower atmosphere which is the air corridor favored by commercial and military aircraft; and this may
account for reports of UAPs following, harassing, chasing, and “toying with” aircraft. Plasmas also have
explosive properties, negatively affect electronics and mental activity (possibly inducing hallucinations of
“alien abductions”), and pass-through glass, plastic, metal, and enter the cockpits of airplanes and have
been observed by astronauts inside spacecraft, the MIR and ISS. It is hypothesized that given their
propensity to collide, plasmoids may be responsible for at least some unexplained, inexplicable aircraft
disasters. Thunder-lightning-storms are the main drivers of Earth’s GEC and direct positive currents into
the ionosphere which attract plasmas. The troposphere also has a positive charge, and the ocean surface
under white water and turbulent conditions develops a positive charge; and we hypothesize that this
accounts for sightings of UAP in the lower atmosphere and soaring above and diving into the oceans;
including, as reported here, shape-shifting UAP replicons that split into or generate additional shape-
shifting UAPs as filmed by NASA and U.S. Customs. Plasmoids appear to purposefully interact and
engage in complex behaviors, and it is suspected they are sentient and represent a fourth domain of life.
Although plasmas in the lower atmosphere may be responsible for UAP sightings over the centuries,
including those that appear to “battle” over cities or follow and harass military ships and planes,
plasmoids cannot account for all UAP which may include extraterrestrial spacecraft from other worlds.

Key Words: Fourth Domain of Life, Extremophiles, Unidentified Flying Objects, Unidentified Ocean
Phenomenon
Acknowledgements: Robert Powell of the Scientific Coalition for UAP studies, provided the authors with the 3-
minute video of the Aguadilla, Puerto Rico UAPs filmed by U.S. Customs Border Protection.
Video Supplement: A 17-minute video compilation of official NASA space shuttle films is linked to this article
(1) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383116954

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Introduction:
As documented in this report (Figures 1-49) and a supplementary video compilation of NASA
space shuttle films (1), pulsating, self-illuminated plasmas (aka “plasmoids” / Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomenon, UAP) target and collide with other plasmoids (Figures 4, 8, 10, 16), and have followed,
approached and congregated near the MIR International Space Station (Figure 1), NASA’s space shuttles
(Figures 2) and satellites (Figures 3-5, 21, 24, 25) and have been filmed flying toward and engaging in
complex interactions above thunderstorms (Figures 6-8, 10), cities and the ocean (Figures 31-40)
including changing shape and replicating (Figures 8,9,16, 18-20, 29). These are established facts [1,2,3].
Thunderstorms are major sources of positive charges directed to the ionosphere and likely
provide excitatory charges to plasmoids congregating above and those descending within these raging
storms. Thunderstorm also provide negative charges to Earth’s surface which is surrounded by insulating
lower atmospheres that are also positively charged; i.e. the stratosphere and troposphere [4,5]; whereas
the ocean surface under white water and turbulent conditions, may develop a positive charge [6-10].
As documented here and in NASA space shuttle films [1], plasmoids will congregate near the
space shuttles (Figures 2, 41-42) and descend into lightning storms and the lower atmosphere (Figures
9-12) which is the air corridor favored by commercial and military aircraft; and we hypothesize this
accounts for reports of UAPs following, harassing, chasing, and “toying with” aircraft. Plasmas also have
explosive properties, negatively affect electronics [11-14] and mental activity [13]--(possibly inducing
hallucinations of “alien abductions” [15] and pass-through glass, plastic, metal, and enter the cockpits of
airplanes and have been observed by astronauts inside spacecraft, the MIR and ISS [11, 16-22]. Coupled
with their propensity to chase, target and collide (1-3; 23-25], and coupled with related concerns
expressed by members of the military and the U.S. Congress, we hypothesize that plasmas descended into
the lower atmosphere may be responsible for many unexplained, inexplicable aircraft disasters (Table 1).
The thermosphere-ionosphere is a positively charged environment, and plasmas are electrically
charged physical, electrical and magnetic phenomena, comprised of negative, positive and neutral
charges and cellular layers [3, 26-30] Those of the upper (ionosphere) and lower atmosphere
(troposphere) have various shapes, sizes and colors, and some consist of multiple plasmas (Figure 9) and
can replicate forming additional plasma, as well as change shape (Figures 1-3, 6-8, 10, 14-17, 21, 25).
Glowing, pulsating plasmoids have been filmed in the ionosphere and lower atmosphere flying
in V-formations (Figures 45-46); and as verified by quantitative analysis [2, 31], will accelerate to hyper
speeds and make 90 and 180 degree turns as well as colliding, merging, and piercing one another (Figures
7-8, 24-29). A recent quantitative analysis of 20 seconds of stable film footage from the STS 115 tether
incident, indicates that some plasmoids range in size from 0.1 to 4km2 and travel at speeds up to 28 Km
(17.4 miles) per second which yields a velocity of 1680 km (1044 miles) per minute and 100,809 km
(62,640 miles) per hour [31]. Others travel at much faster rates but whose velocities have not yet been
determined. Collectively these plasmoids exhibit aerodynamic characteristics well beyond those of any
known aircraft or missile—either manned or unmanned [1-3].
Presumably, those that descend into thunder clouds and appear in the lower atmosphere and
above the ocean engage in maneuvers similar to those in the ionosphere; and this may partially explain
why plasmas (AKA UAP) have been detected by U.S. Navy personnel descending at hyper-velocities
from the upper atmosphere and filmed soaring above the ocean [32-34]. Glowing, pulsating, brightly lit
plasmas have also been filmed in the thermosphere traveling across America and descending toward and
above the ocean (Figures 22, 30-36,). As noted, during periods of turbulence and white-water conditions
the surface of the ocean and air and atmosphere directly above are also positively charged [6-10]--as is
the ionosphere ([35-36]. Thus, the ocean may be attractive to plasmas, thereby accounting for numerous
observations of UAPs above the ocean by navy ships and naval aviators [32-34].

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As reported here, a shape-shifting plasma (UAP)--filmed by a U.S. Customs and Border

Protection DHC-8 off the coast of Puerto Rico-- continuously changed shape and size as it flew over an
airport then the ocean and repeatedly split off to form additional shape-shifting structures (Figures
32-36). Although these Puerto Rico UAPs are most likely a transient lower atmosphere plasma, those in
the ionosphere also change shape and size and split off to form additional plasmoids (Figures 8, 37, 44).
As documented in NASA videos [1] and in this report, plasmoids in the ionosphere will arrive
off camera, sometimes in pairs, and approach and descend into thunderstorms (Figures 11-16). In other
instances, hundreds of brightly glowing plasmoids and other unknown entities will congregate above a
raging storm and engage in a variety of behaviors, including turning, following, targeting and colliding
and piercing one another--behavior also observed when they gathered around a satellite tether generating
electromagnetic energy into the space medium (Figures 4, 8, 10, 16, 24-29, 37, 39, 44]. This is not
speculation. These are established facts based on official NASA films [1-3].
Thunderstorms typically rage 10,000 to 20,000 km above sea level [37]. Therefore, plasmoids
from the ionosphere that dive into thunderstorms are also descending to an altitude where commercial
and military jets typically fly [38-39]. Plasmas in the lower atmosphere would account for the numerous
observations over thousands of years of glowing orbs flying above cities and encounters with UAPs by
civilian and military pilots prior to during and after the second world war [1-3] and who not uncommonly
report that brightly lit UAP have followed, confronted and nearly collided with them as exemplified by
the following report.
Dr. Harvey Wichman [40], a professor at Claremont College, reported an encounter with a
UFO (AKA plasma) when working as a flight instructor on a Cessna 150 training plane, accompanied by
a student, on a night cross-country assignment. As they departed Lindbergh Field, San Diego, on the
night of May 28, 1968, he and his student were confronted by a “UFO... in the form of a bright light
approaching on a collision course at a very high rate of speed—a rapid deceleration and hovering—a
rapid acceleration away from the author's plane followed by another deceleration and hovering. This
apparent reconnoitering activity was repeated approximately ten times after which the object failed to
reappear.” Wichman, therefore, did not see an object with a solid structure, but a bright pulsating light
that repeatedly circled, followed, targeted, and nearly collided with Wichman’s plane, and then vanished.
Wichman reported that he felt confused and disoriented by the experience, and struggled to control his
plane, alluding to a temporary electrical disturbance and near loss of control.
The term "flying saucer" has been attributed to Kenneth Arnold who, on June 24, 1947,
observed a “flash of light” like “a mirror reflecting sunlight” [44] and a chain-like formation of nine
brightly scintillating lights that were “flipping from side to side” and “flying erratically... weaving,
dipping... like the tail of a kite” and “like stones being skipped over water” and that “flew like a saucer
would if you skipped it across the water” and “flashing brightly” and changing shape, from a “disk” and
“platter shaped” to a “crescent” [14,42] with some having a shape "like sky jellyfish" [43] “with a
pulsating thing in the middle of them” [44].
Arnold has repeatedly emphasized that initial news accounts misquoted him and he does not
believe in “little green men stories” or that these shape-changing crescent- and disk- and jellyfish-shaped
objects and “lights” are spaceships from other worlds but that they are “living organisms” [43]; “space
and atmospheric organisms that they have the natural ability to change their densities at will” [44]. “After
some 14 years of extensive research, it is my conclusion that the so- called unidentified flying objects that
have been seen in our atmosphere are not spaceships from another planet at all, but are groups and masses
of living organisms that are as much a part of our atmosphere and space as the life we find in the oceans”
[44]. The first author of this report, based on analysis of NASA’s extensively censored space shuttle
films, came to identical conclusions [ 1,2,3,46].

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These observations, fact-based hypotheses and conclusions that many (but not all) UAP are
actually cellular electromagnetic plasma [1-3, 13] are supported by an analysis by the British Ministry of
Defense [45] which conducted a multidisciplinary analysis of UFO-UAP phenomenon based on
information collected over 30 years, i.e. UAP-UFO “are comprised of several types of rarely encountered
natural events within the atmosphere and ionosphere...the events are almost certainly attributable to
physical, electrical and magnetic phenomena in the atmosphere, mesosphere and ionosphere. The fact
that the objects reportedly have the maneuver and acceleration attributes of an inertia-less vehicle
reinforces the hypothesis that they are buoyant charged bodies.”
We hypothesize, based on factual evidence, that some plasmoids may be sentient and conscious
of their surroundings and engage in purposeful interactions; i.e., they may represent a fourth domain of
life [1-3, 46]. As documented in NASA film-footage compiled by the first author [1,46], and as
documented via freeze frames reproduced in this report, some plasmoids engage in complex behaviors
and what could be construed as curiosity and evidence of intelligence. Moreover, astronauts have
reported that glowing plasma-like entities have appeared outside shuttle windows, often traveling from
window to window --as if looking inside and, in so doing, upsetting the crew [1,46]--and glowing plasma
have entered homes, businesses [11,13, 47-48], and even through cockpit windows; in one isntance it
then slowly moved about the interior of the plane as if reconnoitering [49]. Moreover, plasma-UAP
encountered in the troposphere have been accused of “surveillance,” mimicry, “toying with” and
harassing aircraft and so on [13, 40, 41, 50-54]. As reported by Navy Cmdr. David Fravor, the UAP he
and his fellow pilots encountered, behaved with conscious intention: "it was aware we were there."
Further, plasmoids appear to be aware of each other, as evident by numerous examples of
turning, following, targeting, colliding, and merging. To speculate: Although not all plasmoids behave
the same; when considered as a collective, their behavior and their conglomerate structure could be
likened to eukaryotic algae, e.g. Eudorina Elegans [1,2,46]. For example, although Eudorina may look
like a single organism it is actually a conglomerate consisting of up to 64 cells loosely grouped together.
Likewise, as documented in this report, what looks like single cloud-like plasmoids, in some cases,
actually consist of dozens of individual plasmas grouped together (Figure 9), forming plasma
conglomerates that engage in coordinated action to produce what appears to be purposeful behavior.
Like Eudorina Elegans, plasmoids can generate additional plasmoids; i.e. they reproduce and
generate plasmas that also engage in complex behaviors as documented in this report and by NASA video
[1,46]. For example, as depicted in Figure 16A,B, Plasma # 1 travels toward a thunderstorm, intersects
plasma # 2 as a hyper-velocity plasma speeds by. Then, another plasma, # 3 materializes or suddenly self-
illuminates, then changes shape as it follows plasma # 1, then intersects the same # 2 plasma, then
passes close to # 1, and continues upward and finally hovers above a thunderstorm. And then, plasma # 1
replicates and produces a new plasma # 4 that travels toward and interacts with # 3, who heads back
toward and merges with # 1.
It is important to avoid anthropomorphizing what may be purely electromagnetic push pull
attraction repulsion when exposed to highly charged environments and surrounded by plasmas of
opposite or similar or changing electric charge. However, according to Alfvén [26,27] these plasmas
contain cellular membranes; whereas plasma with a nucleus have been repeatedly observed and which
contain glowing spheres within (Figures 1, 6, 7, 10, 29, 34-36). To speculate, these internal spheres could
be construed as ganglia and neural networks, or circular, double-stranded DNA “plasmids” that have the
ability to replicate and self-clone. Based on laboratory experiments, a number of scientists have proposed
that “dusty plasmas” may form crystalline RNA-DNA helixical structures and may represent a non-
biological form of life or pre-life [1-3, 46, 55-58].
Plasmoids appear to be electrical phenomenon, attracted to and with some possibly produced by

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lighting. It been hypothesized that dusty plasmas in the thermosphere may have incorporated all the
necessary elements for the synthesis of RNA leading to DNA and thus life [3]. Stanley Miller and Harold
Urey, in their famous experiments designed to produce life, exposed a mixture of gases and elements to
a continuous electrical spark simulating lightning and produced organic chemicals and 33 different
amino acids, including 11 of those necessary to create the proteins required by all living organisms [59].
If life can be created via interactions between lightning and an enclosure containing the necessary
elements, it can be predicted that every world with a gaseous atmosphere and thunder clouds is inhabited
by plasmas; and that these dusty plasmas spawned life on innumerable earth-like planets billions of years
older than Earth; life that may have evolved. Thus, some UAP may be spacecraft from other worlds [60].
This latter hypothesis is not mere speculation as it is evident NASA has heavily censored and
added layers of noise/snow to space shuttle films [1], the U.S. military refuses to release all relevant
information; and space shuttle film-footage that escaped NASA’s censors [1,46] depicts glowing forms
that established a V-formation and followed a space shuttle (Figure 45) and then NASA turned off the
camera [1]. And another object that followed a space shuttle but as it grew closer NASA turned off the
camera. Or, maybe these film sequences were never released to the public. Further, optical analysis
employing optical filters revealed a cylindrical form hidden within the pulsating cloud-like object that
was approaching a NASA space shuttle (Figure 2); whereas in another instance (Figure 23), as a pulsating
form emerged from the clouds and approached the shuttle NASA again turned off the camera [1].
Numerous credible eyewitnesses, often military pilots and astronauts, as well as the British and
U.S. governments have expressed the concern that some UAP might possess “advanced technology.” For
example, former Navy Commander David Fravor also observed “vehicles” (UAP) with “superior”
“technology.” While commanding a squadron of F/A-18F fighters, Commander Fravor reported that
“advanced radar” detected “multiple vehicles.” Fravor, a graduate of the Top Gun naval flight school, re-
ported that “the technology that we faced is far superior to anything that we had.” There is no evidence
that plasmoids have technological capabilities.
In addition there is visual evidence of anomalous structures and specimens that were
photographed by NASA on Mars, that resemble crash sites, the wreckage of space craft, and forms that
resemble bones and humanoid bodies and skulls; all observed within 100 meters of each other [60]. In
fact, this latter evidence --as yet unconfirmed-- is the only “hard” evidence of visitations by
technologically advanced extraterrestrials.
It would therefore be presumptuous to claim that all UAP/UFO are plasmas/plasmoids. On the
otherhand, the authors of this and related reports [1-3], have provided hard irrefutable factual evidence--
all of it based on authenticated NASA (albeit heavily censored) night time films and freeze frames from
those films--of not just extraterrestrials but hundreds of specimens that engage in complex and life-like
behaviors including congregating and crawling upon a satellite tether generating electrical impulses into
the space medium, and approaching space shuttles and the MIR international space station.
Based on these findings and observations [1-3] and the fact that plasmoids in the thermosphere are
attracted to sources of electromagnetic activity, we have also proposed a means to scientifically study and
examine these plasmas as they form, congregate, and interact. This can be accomplished via the
launching of a tethered satellite generating electromagnetic pulses and equipped with multiple cameras
with infrared, x-ray, telescopic, and other sensory capabilities; i.e. an alien-hunting satellite. If this same
alien-hunter satellite is equipped with an electrified net --and if such a project is judged to be ethical and
humane-- perhaps it would be possible to attract and capture one or more of extraterrestrial plasmoids, as
depicted in the following photographs from official NASA nightime space shuttle films [1].

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Figure 1. Plasma approaching the MIR International Space Station from multiple directions. Top, second
and bottom row: Processed with Fotor Anti Blur Image Software. Note void/nucleus in second (red
arrow) and bottom row, and what resembles ovoid ganglia within the interior of the plasma (bottom
right). The blue-green colors are due to the colorized layers of “noise” introduced by NASA into
nighttime film footage. Filmed by STS 75 [1].

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Figure 2. An anomalous elongated pulsating object followed NASA’s space shuttle as it orbited into the nightside
of Earth. As the tail of the shuttle disappeared in the darkness the pulsating object grew brighter as it approached
the shuttle; at which point, the camera was turned off [1]. The blue, green, yellow, red colors are due to the
colorized layers of “noise” introduced by NASA into nighttime film footage. Bottom and above bottom right
processed with Fotor Filters and Anti Blur Image Software and magnified over 1600 times. Plasma photographed
in the thermosphere have a variety of shapes and this elongated pulsating object resembles a metal cylinder, length
and width unknown. Filmed by STS 96 Discovery [1].

Figure 3. Filmed by STS-75. Plasmoids swarming together and gathering around an electrified tether. These
entities range in size from 0.1 to 4km2 Structures A-E document these plasmas contain a void-nucleus and
possibly two internal forms that may not (C,D) be interconnected.

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Figure 4. Plasmoids engaged in frenzied collisional behavior adjacent to electrified tether 12 miles in length [1].

Figure 5. Computerized analysis of flight paths and velocity, based on 20 seconds of stable sequences of
film footage from STS-75. Many objects display 45 ̊ , 90 ̊ , and 180 ̊ shifts in trajectory and make sudden
or slow turns around the electrified tether [1].

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Figure 6. Hundreds of cone- and cloud-shaped glowing plasmoids with an internal nucleus filmed congregating
200 miles above an electric-thunderstorm by STS-80. Processed via Fotor Filtering Software. Very small forms,
and those that are not illuminated have also been detected in this footage.

Figure 7: Ring-shaped plasma (red circle) hovers above a thunder storm as a plasmoid (white circle)
materializes and disappears as it descends into the lower atmosphere [1]. (Bottom row): Fotor filters
applied, revealing internal oval structures and “tail/nose” directed toward the storm. Filmed by STS 80.

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Two Plasmoids Near a Thunderstorm, One Replicates

Figure 8. Two glowing shape-shifting plasmoids (near a thunderstorm), one of which (far right) becomes
elongated and from which a third plasmoid emerges then makes contact with the plasmoid on the far left,
and then detaches: plasmoids became three [1].

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Some Plasmoids May be Multi-Plasmoid Conglomerates

Figure 9. Some colliding plasmoids may be multi-plasmodic conglomerates consisting of numerous

plasmoids loosely joined together forming a composite single cloud-like entity up to or greater than a
kilometer in size. To speculate, each individual plasma may be multi-polar --similar to a multi-polar
cloud-- thereby enabling different aspects with a positive vs negative charge to attach to its opposite. This
also implies that the composite and each separate plasma are acting like a cooperative supra-organism
that may detached plasmoids that become replicons or satellites.

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The Plasmasphere
Plasmas have been filmed in the thermosphere, appearing from off-camera, approaching and
descending into thunderstorms (Figures 11-12) whereas others have suddenly materialized and begin
glowing in the space medium above thunderstorms (Figures 7, 10, 13-16). These and others plasmoids
may hover in place or travel in a trajectory that leads to a thunderstorm within which they descend
(Figures 6-7, 11-15, 44), or which makes them a piercing target for plasmas (“hunters”) and entities as
yet unidentified coming from a different direction (Figures 10, 16, 27-29, 39). We hypothesize that those
that suddenly materialize in the thermosphere either (A) travel and arrive at near light speed and come to
a sudden halt, (B) or they are formed by localized electromagnetic activity generated by lightning storms.
(C). Often, within masses of illuminated and pulsating plasmas, there those that are not illuminated and
appear as shadows. Therefore, it is possible that plasmas may “turn on” or “turn off” their illumination.
(D). It is also possible that they and other plasmoids originate in and seep across from a 5th dimension
when electromagnetic activity produced by a massive thunder bolt is transformed into mass that becomes
a small black hole [63] that pierces a “brane” separating that 5th dimension from those four comprising
our “known” universe. Some of those that materialize also appear to be emerging from a surrounding
darkened area [10] that could be likened to a “hole” in spacetime.
It is also likely that those that arrive from off camera descending downward, originated in the
plasmasphere--a region of Earth's magnetosphere well above the ionosphere--and which consists of low-
energy (cool) plasma [64-66]). In 2014, satellite observations from the THEMIS mission have shown that
density irregularities such as plumes form in the plasmasphere [67] and which may encapsulate electrons,
protons, ions, neutrinos, and electrified dust, thereby forming a cold plasma [64,65]. By contrast, the
outer boundary of the plasmasphere may be relatively devoid of plasma.
The existence of the plasmasphere was first deduced by detection and analysis of very low
frequency “whistler” radio waves which in turn are believed to propagate and possibly originate--along
with transient plasma--in upward directed bolts of lightning that pass through the ionosphere into the
plasmasphere and which propagates in the whistler-mode along geomagnetic field lines to the opposite
hemisphere [68-70]. Possibly these whistlers direct plasmas to the most energetic lightning storms; thus,
accounting for those that arrive off-camera approaching and descending into storms raging in the
troposphere (Figures 11-12). “Whistlers” are produced by plasma (lighting) and can be heard on radios
on Earth and, to speculate, it is possible that plasmoids communicate via “whistlers.”
Plasma In The Ionosphere
Interstellar space, the plasmasphere, and the ionosphere of Earth are permeated by plasmas
(1-3, 71-75) and a variety of illuminated forms, that at present, are best described as “plasmoids’ [1-3] or
a form of life that is not carbon based and devoid of DNA [1, 2, 46]. In the lower layers of the
atmosphere transient, self-illuminated, colorful entities, best described as plasmas, are produced by
lighting, thunderstorms, or in association with seismic events, volcanoes, dust storm, geomagnetic
anomalies or the buildup of electric charges in fogs or ice-crystals in the atmosphere [11, 13, 16, 17, 49,
76]. Arnold, who is attributed with coining the term “flying saucer” but who believes these are “living
organisms” also noted an association with seismic events [43,44]; a belief now shared by many others.
Plasmas of the thermosphere-ionosphere, regardless of their origins, appear to be
electromagnetic entities and constitute a fourth state of matter that are produced by complex
electromagnetic interactions [28, 71]. Although these plasmoids may have a metallic sheen it is not
known if they have solidity.
According to Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfvén [26,27], plasmas have “a cellular structure”
consisting of inner and outer layers which differ in positive vs negative charges. These double layers act
to repel plasma of the opposite charge, but combine with plasmas of the same charge, such that plasmoids

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may repel or be attracted to one another and exchange energy and engage in related behavior which have
been filmed by 10 separate shuttle missions [2,3] as documented in this report and a compilation of
NASA shuttle films [1, 46].
Ions have a positive (cations) or negative charge (anions), and form positive or negatively
charged layers that can attract, repel or neutralize each other (via the transfer and equalization of
electrons), and which may enable plasmas to maneuver, accelerate or hover via interaction with other
plasmas and the charge of their localized environment [26,27, 28, 71, 72, 77]. Possibly, the cellular
structure of the plasmoids of the ionosphere have incorporated and include cations and anions, which
also form layers and encapsulate dust and debris that also have an electric charge.
Plasmas observed and filmed in the ionosphere-thermosphere and those produced in laboratories
include those of many types, and which may have high or low density, high or low temperatures, and
consist of positively and negatively charged particles, ionized atoms of gas; and whose basic interactions
are electromagnetic [26-28, 71-74, 78]. Therefore, many of those that have been filmed within the
ionosphere-thermosphere are believed to consist of a double membrane, a nucleus, as well as electrified
particles of dust and fragments from carbonaceous chondrites [3]. However, there are other entities that
have not been identified, including those that travel at hyperspeeds, and those that are not illuminated but
appear as shadows. Furthermore, employing Fotor image filters, it appears that some specimens are
distinctly different from the globular shaped nucleated specimens that target them. For example, in one
instance captured on space shuttle film [1], four different multi-layered nucleated forms, coming from
different directions at different speeds, penetrated dual-cloud shaped specimen devoid of any nucleus but
which hovered in place near a satellite tether generating electricity into the surrounding space medium.
To speculate: the sea of space may harbor innumerable life-like forms.
These UAP-plasma-like entities of the upper atmosphere are up to several dozen meters in
diameter, and have ovoid-, elongated-, cloud-, saucer-, donut- cone- snake- and cylindrical shapes
(Figures 1-3, 6-7, 14, 17) and some even resemble transient phenomenon commonly referred to in the
scientific literature as “elves” “sprites” and even “jellyfish” (Figure 17, 18). These plasmoids react to and
possibly form in response to lightning and thunderstorms, as well as the waxing and waning of
electromagnetic fields, the Van Allen Belts, geomagnetic storms, coronal mass ejections, solar flares,
atmospheric waves, radiation from radio transmitters and heating facilities, volcanic eruptions,
geomagnetic anomalies, seismic activity and electrified dust; all which affect the shape, velocity, and
behavior of plasmas [74, 77-79]
As documented in this report and supplementary NASA film footage [1] these plasmoid-life-
like entities, can turn their illumination off on or, and will glow in the dark and are self-illuminating and
many pulsate with light. The amount of light emitted may be determined or influenced by the type of
particles that are shed and via electron discharge and a reduction in or conversely an increase in electron
density. The glow may also be a form of bioluminescence and/or is produced via the transition from
bipolar charging to a more dominant role of ions in particle charging [22, 79-81]; and this may also
account for the stroboscopic waxing and waning patterns of light oscillation that is not uncommon as
plasmoids traverse the thermosphere (Figures 22, 23, 30). If plasmas can “turn off the lights” and appear
in a dark mode, is strongly suspected.
They also appear to have the capacity to shed or acquire electrons and to increase or maintain or
change their electrical charge or that of different layers via accumulation or shedding of neutrinos and
electrons [3]. Via charge separation or substitution, this may enable these life-like plasmoids to engage in
complex behaviors as well as accelerate to hyper speeds.
Plasmoids in the thermosphere will turn and follow or collide with other plasmoids which hover
in place or triangulate their movements so the two intersect (Figures 8, 10, 16, 25-29, 37, 39, 44). Often,

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they will briefly merge (Figures 16, 37). In addition, those about to collide and especially after they
collide may split off to form an additional plasma (Figure 25), and emit a glowing plasma trail (Figures 7,
8, 12, 20-23), presumably consisting of emitted electrons and electrified dust that create a trailing particle
“glow” (afterglow).
Plasmas created in the laboratory have a variety of colors, are ionized and are made up of
negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions [27, 30, 55, 73, 78]. The atoms in these
laboratory grown plasmas also engage in charge separation; that is, they separate from their negatively
charged electrons and cease to have a neutral or negative charge [30, 75, 83]. Instead, they become quasi-
neutral such that the overall charge can approach zero. Therefore, plasmas engage in “charge separation”
and “charge coupling” (Figure 25) and can change their charge or the charges of different layers or
locations within these layers [23, 27], and this would enable them to maneuver, accelerate or slow down,
hover, make sudden turns, as well as follow and collide and even merge with other plasmas; as well as
completely change shape and split off into additional plasmas of opposite charge (e.g. charge separation).
Collectively they travel at different velocities from multiple directions, with many stopping and
hovering while yet others travel at hyper-speeds, sometimes in tandem, nearly side by side as they pierce
other plasmoids one after another (Figures 7, 20-23). That some plasmoids are attracted to and collide
suggests that some plasmas consist of positive (or quasi-positive-neutral) charges and others negative (or
quasi-negative-neutral) charges [27]. Yet others may have a neutral charge making them attractive to
those with a negative or positive charge [27]. It has also been speculated that this may be a form of “alien
sexual reproduction” [1,2,46] or they are merely engaged in energy cannibalism, or a complex “alien”
form of communication [2]. Hence, not all plasmoids, even in the same group or vicinity, behave the
same.
Assuming these are plasmoid-like entities, and not a completely novel (non-plasmodic) fourth
domain of life, then the attraction and repulsion and reciprocal and non-reciprocal interactions between
plasmas including asymmetric acceleration and collisionality are likely affected by their degree of
magnetization and electric charge (positive, negative, neutral) which can differ dramatically between
plasmas [23, 27, 75, 83] Presumably, when plasmoids collide they are engaged in electron and ion
transfer and are recharging a waning charge or changing charges; e.g. charge coupling. Likewise, those
plasma that target other plasmoids, may be acquiring or shedding electrons, ions, or electrified dust;
observations consistent with the likelihood they are capable of increasing, decreasing (charge separation)
and changing their charge, which in turn would affect maneuverability and enable them to increase or
decrease velocity and rapidly alter their trajectory.
Plasmas also divide and fragment into additional plasma [27 30]. As documented here the
splitting may be an example of “charge separation” or an example of DNA- or non-DNA alien “mitosis/
meiosis.” Moreover, the portion that splits off can be smaller and have a different appearance, and most
likely an opposite or neutral charge. However, using Fotor Image processing, it has also been determined
that what appears to be a single cloud-like plasmoid, actually consists of dozens of smaller plasmoids
(Figure 9]--reminiscent of algae conglomerates that resemble a single algae [1]-- and it is these smaller
entities that might be jettisoned as satellites.
In summary, plasmas will glow, as well as oscillate and pulsate with light, and can display a
range of colors and behaviors, including swarming, aligning, congregating, clustering, crowding; all of
which contributes to collective or individualized behavior including pursuit, head-on collisions and
energy cannibalism [23-25]—as observed in the thermosphere [1-3] and documented in this report It is
this propensity to collide and intersect which puts aircraft at risk if plasma are encountered in the
troposphere.

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The Ionosphere and Earth’s Global Electric Circuit

The highly electrically active ionosphere provides the ideal habitat for these putative energy
radiating and consuming plasmoids. Extending 85 to 600 km above the Earth’s surface the ionosphere is
coextensive with the thermosphere (50 to 400 km) and exosphere (400 Km on up). The ionosphere is an
energetically active waxing and waning region of the atmosphere within which swirl ions, particles and
dust that are positively charged with an overall potential of about 250-300 kV [35,36]. However, the
ionosphere grows or shrinks in response to thunderstorms, lighting, solar radiation, galactic cosmic rays
originating outside the solar system and precipitation from the Van Allen radiation belts, all of which are
a source of negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions [35,36].
Ultraviolet radiation also causes the photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating
ions--particularly in the thermosphere which constitutes the major portion of the ionosphere [35,36] and
within which plasmas congregate and engage in complex behaviors [1,3]. Upper atmospheric
conductivity in fact accelerates with height due to the increased ionization produced by cosmic rays and
extreme ultraviolet and X-radiation [36].
The ionosphere obtains its positive charge primarily from thunderstorms (35, 36, 68-70).
Thunderstorms (disturbed weather) produce electric fields and cause positive charges to jet upwards
toward the ionosphere (O~ 250kV positive) whereas negative charges are directed to Earth’s surface[5]--
a phenomenon known as “charge separation” and which may also characterize the cellular layers and
mutual behaviors of plasmas, including splitting into additional plasmas.
Atmospheric charge separation occurs because the lower atmospheres are weakly conducting,
and function more as a leaky insulator, thereby enabling AC (positive) and DC (negative) charges to
attract and pass between the ionosphere and Earth’s surface with minimal loss of current [4, 68-70].
Because it is weakly conducting, the lower atmospheres also provide a corridor through which plasmoids
may descend without losing charge; and instead acquire charge.
In addition to “charge separation” there is another electrical phenomenon known as
“atmospheric electrical coupling” which takes place at or near the speed of light [68-70] and which links
“couples” the negative charge of Earth with the positive charge of the ionosphere [35-36]; also made
possible by the weakly conducting stratosphere and troposphere. “Electrical coupling” may explain why
plasmas target collide, and sometimes merge, whereas the exchange of charges (separation) results in
repulsion--phenomenon which would also enable plasmas to accelerate.
It is important to stress that many of these entities engage in behaviors that cannot be explained
as automata guided by push-pull electromagnetism. There are pulsating entities that will strike and pass
through numerous other “plasmoids” but then turn, follow and pursue a plasmoid coming from a different
direction the latter of which appears to eject a smaller plasmoid that contacts the pursuer which reverses
direction [1, 3]. As also documented in this report, entities will suddenly appear (materialize or self-
illuminate) and then follow another plasmoid which just struck and passed through a smaller plasmoid,
and the pursuer will pass through the same smaller plasmoid, make contact with the plasmoid it followed
then continues toward a thunderstorm, only to hover as the first plasma ejects a plasma that makes
contact with the now hovering pursuer. In yet other instances, a plasmoid will split into two, one of which
contacts a nearby plasmoid and hovers beside it. Then then there are those that hover in place as yet other
plasmoids strike and pass through it, one after another. These complex behaviors can’t be explained by
plasma physics or electromagnetism. Perhaps the answers would become apparent if NASA did not
obscure space shuttle film footage with four layers of visual noise [1,2,46] and repeatedly shake and
change the focus of and turn off the camera.
These complex behaviors and more, can be viewed in a 17-minute film of supplementary data
consisting of a compilation of NASA space shuttle video footage that escaped NASA’s censors [1].

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Plasmoid Materializes, Moves Toward Thunderstorm, Is Targeted for Collision and Pierced

Figure 10A: The plasmoid (circled in white) materialized (or suddenly self-illuminated) in the
thermosphere, and maneuvered itself above a thunderstorm and in the direct path of one of two twin
“hunters” [1] indicated by the Red and Blue arrows (continued in Figures 10B,C).

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Figure 10B. Plasmas gathered above a thunder storm as two in hunters strike one after another, at hyper-
velocity. NASA Mission Control referred to these “twins” as “shooting stars” despite the fact they did not
burn up and were “wiggling” (Hunter “B”) and sightly altering their trajectory as they struck and pierced
other plasmas. Note the glowing ovoids within specimen “B.” Filmed by STS 101 Shuttle Atlantis [1].

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Figure 10C. The globular plasmoid circled in white materialized (Figure), flew above a thunderstorm where it
hovered directly in the path of a (Red arrow) “Hunter” that pierces and exits multiple plasmas until striking the
globular plasmoid. Processed with Fotor Filters and Anti-blur software. (Top right) Note the multiple ovoid forms
and the nucleus/void at its center of the target plasma (Top) and when the two collide (Bottom) above the
thunderstorm, Filmed by STS 101 [1].

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The ionosphere’s positive charge is maintained largely by thunderstorms. However, earthquakes,

tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and even rocket launches can contribute to positive charges in the
ionosphere [36, 84,85]. As such, these same factors would be expected to influence the behavior and
even the formation of plasmas,
As a good electrical conductor, the overall neutral to positive charges within the ionosphere are
generally equipotential and spherically symmetric around Earth and its continents (which generally have
a negative charge) and oceans (negative and positive); the surface also serving as a conductor [69, 70,
86]. Specifically, Earth’s soil, rocks, metals, have a negative charge of around 500,000 Coulombs with
the ionosphere having a fairly equal positive charge [36, 69,70]. Land masses are also electrically
conductive and natural electric currents flow on and beneath the surface. Land conductivity ranges from
10−7 S m−1 for rocks, to 10−8 Sm−1 for marble and up to ∼10−2 Sm−1 for limestone or wet clay [68,
86]. In addition, ore, rocks, pipes and cables, respond to electrical changes in the ionosphere, so that a
telluric current is induced in the ground [36, 86, 88].
In contrast to extraterrestrial spacecraft--the existence of which is yet unproven-- it is unlikely
that a negatively charged plasmoid would land on Earth but instead would prefer the positively charged
atmosphere that extends up to 20 km above Earth. Moreover, given that coastal areas and the surface and
air above the ocean develops a positive charge under white water and turbulent conditions [6-10] it can
be predicted that negatively and neutrally charged plasma would be attracted to this environment as
documented in this report.
Thunderstorms and Plasmas (UAP)
Plasmas need energy to survive [30] and thunderstorms serve as one of the major supplier of
electric currents to the ionosphere and Earth [69-70]--and thus thunderstorms would attract plasmas.
Observational data captured on film by missions STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, and STS-106 (see Figures
3-13) documents that hundreds, and possibly thousands plasmoids are attracted to, fly toward, and
congregate above localized thunderstorms and massive bursts of lightning [1-3, 46]. In so doing, these
plasmas may hover or engage in complex behaviors, including colliding and piercing one another
(Figures 7-8, 20-24).
Thunderstorms form, on average, at a height of 12,000 to 20,000 meters [5]. Likewise, the
maximum production rate of ionization (up to 3 × 107 ion pairs m−3 s−1 [89, 90] occurs at altitudes
between 12,000 to 20,000 meters, i.e. in the troposphere-stratosphere. This region of the atmosphere is a
major corridor through which passes commercial and military jets [38, 39] and that not uncommonly
encounter UAP that hover, follow, “toy with” circle, and then abruptly speed off at incredible velocities
despite no obvious means of propulsion [32-34, 41, 45, 51-54].
Lightning is also a plasma that can produce or trigger the formation of multiple transient plasma
[16, 76, 91-93]. Moreover, a single lightning bolt can produce up to 1,000,000,000 joules of energy and
anywhere from 130 million volts to 1.3 billion volts of upward directed positive current. It is predictable
that lightning (which is a plasma) would be very attractive to and would produce plasmas.
STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, and STS-106, however, present, at best, only a limited picture of the
tremendous amount of plasmoid activity above lightning storms, as Earth is constantly buffeted by
thunderstorms and lightning. Each day at least a thousand thunderstorms rage over Earth and
approximately 2000 thunderstorms are simultaneously active around the globe [94. 95]. These storms of
lightning continuously release positive charges into the upper atmosphere and negative and positive
charges toward Earth’s oceans and land masses.
Thunderclouds consist of both positive and negative charges [5]. These currents, in turn, would
attract plasmas with a negative charge and those with a positive charge. Specifically, as thunderclouds
and storms develop, complex microphysical processes cause the buildup of reservoirs of positive electric

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charge in the upper regions of the cloud, and reservoirs of negative charge at the lower portions such that
a vertical electric dipole is formed.
Rycroft at al. [96] and Odzimek et al. [97] estimated that thunderstorms contribute about 60%
to 80% of the upward positive currents flowing to the ionosphere, with electrified rain/shower clouds,
dust storms, volcanoes, and earthquakes responsible for 40% to 20%. However, the lower portions of
thunder clouds contain a negative charge and direct negative charges toward the ground [5, 98].
It is believed that on average a thunderstorm generates an upward D.C. current of ~ 1 A to the
ionosphere, which is an excellent conductor (with an equipotential VI of ~ + 250 kV) and an A.C. current
toward Earth [99]. Thunderclouds, therefore, constitute giant “batteries” which drive a downward
negative electric current toward Earth, and an upward current (i.e. positive ions that accumulate in the
troposphere and within the clouds), through the stratosphere and mesosphere up to the ionosphere and
which attracts plasma [3]. The upward conduction current of a single thunderstorm can cause the charge
potential of the ionosphere to reach ∼+250 kV with respect to that of the Earth’s surface [35, 36]
Because thunderclouds generate potential differences exceeding 100 MV between the positive
charges at their tops and the negative charges near their bottoms, they serve as both a D.C. (negative to
positive) and an A.C. (positive to negative) battery/generator that continually recharges the global
electric circuit maintained between the ionosphere, the lower atmospheres, the land masses and the
oceans. Moreover, the thundercloud’s “D.C. Battery” creates a series of horizontal charge fields above
the cloud--basically creating an “all roads lead to Rome '' multi-pathway that plasmoids may traverse as
they fly toward and then descend into a thunderstorm. By contrast, the A.C. generator at the bottom
creates vertical charge fields leading downward to a dozen meters above the ground and ocean and thus
providing yet another pathway to the lower atmosphere and the surface [98]. However, in so doing, the
coupling of a downward charge with the positive charge in the lower atmosphere, may result in a
plasmodic collision that also produce transient plasmas, e.g. ball lightning.
This physical separation of oppositely charged particles within the cloud and the creation of the
dipole occurs, in part, because the larger negatively charged cloud particles fall toward Earth and smaller
positively charged particles are transported to the ionosphere [100]. However, the thunder cloud may
become layered or pocketed with negative and positive charge centers. Thus, the dipole connection with
Earth vs the ionosphere may become multi-polar-- a function of the dynamic nature of the thunderstorm
and the many factors (such as temperature, amount of moisture, humidity) which can affect the temporal
evolution of charge.
Thunderclouds, which generate potential differences exceeding 100 MV between the positive
charges at their tops and the negative charges near their bottoms [101], are the most important source of
currents through the atmosphere. They are both a D.C. “battery” and an A.C. generator in the global
electric circuit and are immensely attractive to plasmas in the ionosphere.
Lightning discharge from the top of a thundercloud commonly generate energetic electrons so
powerful they are transformed into an upward gamma-ray burst and electromagnetic waves that travel in
a variety of direction and across a broad range of frequencies including whistler radio waves that jet
through the ionosphere into the plasmasphere [102, 103]. It is possible that these whistler radio waves
alert and direct plasmoids in the ionosphere and plasmasphere to an active thunderstorm.
Thunderstorms-- in conjunction with Earth, its land masses, oceans, clouds, and thermosphere-
ionosphere-- are primarily responsible for maintaining Earth’s Global Electric Field and Circuit [70, 101].
Thunderstorms also appear to provide an electrically recharging “way-station” for plasmoids descending
from the ionosphere, mesosphere, and stratosphere to the positively charged lower atmosphere--the
troposphere-- and the oceans of Earth.

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Fair Weather Clouds

Each of the ~ 1000 thunderstorms active each day generates a downward A.C. current that
flows even to areas remote from those thunderstorms including toward fair weather (no clouds) and semi-
fair weather (non-precipitating layered clouds) areas [104-106]. Complex microphysical processes acting
within thunderclouds can also cause the buildup of reservoirs of positive electric charge at ∼10–16 km
altitude; i.e. in the troposphere and lower stratosphere [5]--airspace in which passenger and military jets
often cruise.
Once a localized storm has calmed, the atmosphere and remaining clouds continue to be
electrified in upper horizontal and lower vertical directions. For example, it has been estimated that 30
minutes after the last lightning flash a horizontal positive charge can be detected over 250 km2 distant;
and that even when nearly an hour has passed, the horizontal positive charge will still extend over 90
km2 at an altitude of 10 km [5, 107].
Thus, for over an hour or more, the interior positive charge extends well beyond the lifetime of
the thunderstorm and persists even during fair weather conditions and may infiltrate and charge distant
areas that are otherwise cloudless; and this is due to the fact that the stratosphere and especially the
troposphere act as non-conducting insulators and maintain a positive charge [88]. In addition, fair
weather clouds, including those fluffy white and pillow shaped, and in particular those that are layered,
are also electrically charged and contribute to the GEC (70, 104-106]. Such clouds are known to cover
around 30% of the planet at any one time [70]. Earth’s lower atmosphere, above much of the planet, is
therefore electrically charged.
Clouds in general accumulate charges. In the natural atmosphere, the global circuit drives
vertical current through layered clouds and fogs, such that the lower boundary of the cloud is subject to
rising moist air and water vapor saturation all of which contribute to a negative charge at the lower
boundaries of the cloud [109-109]. Calculations and measurements for non-precipitating (fair weather)
clouds have documented that the interior and upper boundary and interior charge of these clouds are
usually positive and the lower cloud boundary negative [70, 109]--similar to thunderclouds. Globally, the
total positive charge stored by layered clouds is approximately 105 C, which, combined with the positive
charge in the troposphere atmospheric column below and in the stratospheric column above the cloud up
to the ionosphere, balances the total negative surface charge of the land masses below [70, 109].
A positive charge also accumulates in these fair-weather clouds because of the horizontal
transmission of positive charges even from thunder clouds hundreds of kilometers distant. Because they
act as passive accumulators of charge these fair-weather clouds also serve as ‘generators’ of current
within the global circuit [70].
Plasmoids filmed by 10 shuttle missions are attracted to electromagnetic activity and the
positive charges at the top of thunder clouds and positively charged lightning (Figure 3-13). Therefore, it
can be predicted that plasmas would be observed not only during disturbed weather conditions, but on
foggy, cloudy, humid as well as on cloudless fair-weather days due to the attractive influences of this
positively charged environment.

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Plasmas in the Thermosphere Approaching - Descending into Thunderstorms

Figure 11. Multiple plasmoids, alone and in pairs, arrive from off-camera and approach, at different
velocities, and descend into a powerful thunder storm [1]. See: https://researchgate.net/publication/
383116954

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A Single Thermosphere Plasma Soaring Above & Descending into a Thunderstorm

Figure 12. A single plasma, alone approaches a powerful thunder and lightning storm; and then descends
into the storm and the lower atmosphere [1]. (Bottom). Processed with Fotor anti-blur imaging processing
software. Note multiple voids/nuclei in specimens magnified 1600 times.

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Plasmoid Materializing and Descending into a Thunderstorm

Figure 13. A plasma materializes above and descends into the storm and the lower atmosphere. (Bottom):
Note void/nuclei (top second row). Filmed by STS 80 [1].

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Figure 14. A plasma materializes and descends into the storm and the lower atmosphere. (Bottom): Note
multiple voids/nuclei. Filmed by STS 80 [1]

Figure 15. Plasmas materializing or suddenly self-illuminating above a thunder storm [1].

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Plasmoid Materialize Above Thunderstorms Target same Plasma. Engage in Complex Interactions.

Figure 16A. Plasmoid 1 (red circle) targets collides/merges with a plasma 2 (purple). Plasmoid 3
materializes (white box) after a hyper-velocity hunter strikes numerous plasmas. Plasmoid 3 follows and
also collides/merges with Plasma 2. (Continued with Figure 16B). Filmed by STS 101 [1].

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Figure 16B. As documented in Figure 16A, the white box plasma # 3 materialized and followed the Red
Circle plasma # 4, intersecting the same # 2 plasma that Red Circle had already penetrated. The Red and
White come close together, but White continues to just above the thunderstorm. Plasmoid 1 ejects a
smaller plasma # 4 circled in green, which makes contact with the White Box Plasma # 3, which then
reverses course, targets, collides, merges and intersects White Circle Plasma # 1. These complex
interactions could be interpreted as indications of communication, intelligence, and complex social
behavior. Filmed by STS 101 [1].

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Thermosphere Plasmoids That Form Rings, Cones “Jelly Fish,” “Sprites” “Elves”

Figure 17. Plasmoids in the thermosphere take a variety of forms and change shape, resembling clouds,
rings, cones, and multiple plasmas joined together. If these are representative of a “fourth domain of life”
then some may represent distinct “species.”

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Transient Luminous Plasmas

Figure 18. Transient plasmas, (Top Left) referred to as an “Elve.” Photographed on March 27, 2023
above Possagno, TV, Italy. The red ring marks where the pulse hit the ionosphere. (Top Right) A
transient plasma, resembling a “jelly fish” referred to as a “Sprite.”

Figure 19. (Left) Shape-shifting ring-shaped plasmoid filmed above the ocean; (Middle: “Hunter” and
Right “jellyfish”) thermosphere plasmoids.

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Lightning Over Land vs Sea

Lightning is an electrical discharge in the form of a thunderbolt, transmitting an electrical
charge of 5 coulombs and 500 Megajoules depending on the length of the thunderbolt; e.g. 3 million volts
per meter and about 1 billion volts for a lightning bolt of 300 meters (1000 feet). lightning also has a
velocity of 45 km per second (100,000 miles per hour) and a temperature of around 1700°C (3090°F). In
contrast to the upward thunderstorm dipole consisting of positive energy, lightning emitted from the
lower regions of a cloud usually (but not aways) consists of negative electrical currents ranging from 40
kAh to 120 kA [110]. Thus, downward directed lightning also excites the AC global circuit. However,
some lightning bolts carry an electric current of up to 120 kA, and transmit an electrical charge of 5
coulombs and 500 Megajoules [106].
Lightning is commonplace and when considered as a global phenomenon, is continuous.
Christian et al. [111] estimated the global rate at ∼44 flashes per second as based on space-borne sensors;
whereas Gurnett et al. [112] based on Cassini’s HF measurements during its Earth flyby in 1999, arrived
at an estimate of ∼70 flashes per second [102).
It is estimated that up to 90% of global lightning is diurnal and concentrated above the
convectively active continental tropical land regions and shows a clear maximum around 16–17 LT and a
minimum in the early morning hours 06– 09 LT. By contrast, oceanic lightning activity is spread evenly
throughout the day and early evening [113-115]. It is estimated that the number of upward directed
lightning flashes over land is hundred times greater than over the tropical oceans. [116]; and this may be
due to land masses having a negative charge whereas the electrical charge of the surface of the sea may
wax and wane between positive and negative.
Transient Plasmas in the Ionosphere: Elves, Sprites, Pixies, Streaks, Flashes, Jelly Fish
Lightning is a plasma that produces transient plasmas that linger near the ground and lower
atmosphere and those that rocket toward the ionosphere (17, 76, 117]. Whereas plasmas of the
Ionosphere will descend into thunderstorms, colorful transient plasmas will erupt from thunderstorms
and jet at incredible velocities through the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, with some taking
shape 50 to 90 km above Earth --including those resembling “jellyfish” “clouds” “streaks” “flashes”
“donuts” “stars” and rapidly expanding rings of light (91-93, 118, 119]. Astronauts have also reported
that three objects, two “ring” shaped, approached and were hovering near their space shuttle [1]
These upward directed transient “cold” plasmas are not rare events, but are produced on average
one every second [120-121] and are commonly referred to as “sprites,” “elves,” and “pixies” in the
scientific literature. Moreover, these upward directed plasma may intersect plasmas of the ionosphere
(Figures 7-8, 22-23) and based on reports by astronauts, they have penetrated and flashed through
spaceships, the MIR, the space shuttles, and ISS [19-22].
For example, sprites are believed to form during intense positive cloud-to-ground lightning and
propagate visible tendrils downwards and upward; whereas Elves likely form during an interaction
between the propagating electromagnetic lightning pulse and the ions of the ionosphere [122]. Other cold
plasmas produced by lightning storms have been referred to as “blue jets” “gigantic jets” “blue sprites”
“blue starters” “pixies” and so on. {118, 123, 124]
All these plasmas may extend from cloud tops all the way up toward the ionosphere. “Blue jets”
for example, are beams of blue light that streak upward from active thunderclouds but take unusual
shapes, resembling giant trees with filamentary branches and pierce the stratosphere into the lower
ionosphere at increasing speeds [123] By contrast, “giant jets” preferentially appear above the oceans,
and a single jet may speed up and brighten, slow down as it dims, and may split in two [123].
Collectively, these particular plasmas have been referred to as Transient Luminous Events
(TLEs), which is the collective name given to a wide variety of optical emissions and which have been

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studied from the ground, and via balloons, aircraft, the space shuttles, the ISS (International Space
Station) and orbiting satellites.
Plasmas that jet upward have various colors (predominately white, but also red, green, blue,
orange, and yellow; and have been described by astronauts as shaped like donuts (Elves), jellyfish
(sprites), clouds, rings, and flashes and streaks of blue or white light [1, 19-23].
These upward propagating plasmas are not always associated with thunderstorms. For example,
two weeks before it exploded on reentry in 2003, the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia observed an
intense flash of red light that continued to glow in the ionosphere despite the fact that no thunderstorms
were observed down below. Possibly this is because gravity waves, meteors, volcanoes, seismic events,
and even dust storms are believed to modify the local electrical properties of the mesosphere and
ionosphere [35, 26, 88, 106, 124] all of which can cause the formation of plasmas with a variety of shapes
and that engage in different behaviors. Therefore, in general these upward transient luminous plasmas
rise and take shape 50km to 90km above the surface.
TLEs are associated with “Whistlers” [125]. Whistlers “whistle” and are centered above intense
thunderstorm activity but pass through the ionosphere along geomagnetic field lines to the opposite
hemisphere and into deep space [126]. Whistlers may alert plasmas to the location of a particularly
intense electric storm.
TLEs, along with whistlers from lightning, trigger particle-wave interactions and collisions
with energetic electrons [125] and not only contribute to the ionization of the mesosphere and
thermosphere, but can affect spacecraft and satellites--even entering and exiting spacecraft-- before
radiating out into deep space.
Plasmoids (UAP) Approach Apollo Spacecraft, Satellites, the Space Shuttles and MIR
Upward directed lightning bolts with their positive charges form an electrical circuit between
the tops of thunderstorms and the ionosphere and produce transient plasmas, referred to as elves, sprites,
and blue jets. These transient, colorful plasmas can jet into the thermosphere and pass-through glass,
metal, brick, wood, plastic [12, 13, 18, 47, 49] and penetrate and enter various spacecraft and the
International space station--as reported by astronauts [19-22].
As documented in this and an earlier report [3] plasma have a variety of colors--including white,
blue, green, red; as well as a variety shapes (e.g., donut, cone, spherical, amorphous, cloud, blob, sperm),
and sometimes the glowing sheen of a non-solid clothlike metal. Moreover, they have approached,
gathered around, and passed by the MIR International Space Station (Figure 1), satellites (Figures 3-5,
20-21, 24) and space shuttles (Figure 33); and may have been first observed by astronauts aboard the
Gemini and Apollo spacecraft.
For example, on February 20, 1962, Astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth,
excitedly reported that he was seeing, outside his spacecraft, little colorful objects that “look like stars.”
He reported that they “are brilliantly lit up like they’re luminescent. I never saw anything like it. They
round a little; they’re coming by the capsule, and they look like little stars. A whole shower of them
coming by. They swirl around the capsule and go in front of the window and they’re all brilliantly
lighted. They probably average maybe 7 or 8 feet apart, but I can see them all down below me, also.”
NASA CAPCOM replied: “Roger, Friendship Seven. Can you hear any impact with the capsule?
Over.” Glenn replied: “Negative, negative... They’re going at the same speed I am approximately... They
do, they do have a different motion, though, from me because they swirl around the capsule and then
depart back the way I am looking.”
These “luminescent” “brilliantly lighted” “round” and “star” shaped optics were attracted to the
portal (window) of Glenn’s capsule and were briefly viewed during the first orbit, as the craft flew above
those areas of the ocean referred to as the Pacific, Indian, and Southern Ocean--an area where

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spectacular celestial lights (AKA Aurora Australis, Southern lights) and colorful, transient plasmodic
events are common [128]. The specific auras and plasmas have been attributed to heightened localized
geomagnetic activity down below and fluctuations in Earth’s magnetosphere, which, as noted, contribute
to the production and influence the behavior of plasmoids.
NASA later dismissed Glenn’s “fireflies” as “ice particles” traveling with his spaceship and
illuminated by the rising Sun, i.e. water that somehow froze on the outside of the ship after liftoff and this
frozen liquid remained frozen and attached despite the heat-friction of ascent through the atmosphere, but
once in space and despite the sub-zero temperatures, this ice melted because of the sunlight--creating the
“fireflies”-- and then somehow all this liquid became re-attached to the space capsule and froze again,
then melted again [129].
During the second orbit as Glen flew over the volcanic Canary Islands which are dominated by
an active volcano, Mt. Teide, his ship was again surrounded by “luminescent” “stars” and “round”
shaped optical phenomenon; and which he verified were not coming from the ship's engines and instead
repeatedly gathered near the window of his capsule. Space shuttle astronauts, have also reported that
objects shaped like “rings” but which were not solid, also gathered near the shuttle windows [1].
Although Mt. Teide is considered active, there has not been an eruption since 1909. Even so,
active volcanoes produce heightened electromagnetic activity [130] and are associated with lightning and
other atmospheric electrical phenomena. Volcanic gas is also mostly positively charged [131] as are
particles and liquid droplets which when combined with the ejection of ions provides several possible
charging mechanisms [132]. Volcanoes can also provide charges to thunderclouds [133]. Particles with
positive and negative charges also leak from active volcanoes but undergo charge separation [132],
triggering lightning as well as transient plasmas that may shoot up to the stratosphere and beyond .
What Glenn and other astronauts observed are most likely colorful transient plasmas;
electromagnetic entities with electric charges. These transient entities assume a variety of colorful
brightly lit shapes, including ovoids, balls, streaks, and little stars [63; 127, 134] that may or may not
have a reflective metallic sheen (Figure 15).
TLEs, like long duration plasmas in the ionosphere, are not solid and do not consist of metal.
For example, the commander of STS 115 described what are most likely thermosphere plasmas as
translucent, flexible, not a solid object, metallic but not made of metal, and giving off light and glowing:
“The best way I can describe it as some kind of reflective cloth—some type of metallic looking type of
cloth—a structure which is definitely not rigid—it’s not a solid metal structure” [1-3].
Many of the observations of astronauts are consistent with film-footage depicting what appear
to be colorful plasmas which are “not rigid” and “not a solid metal structure.” It is precisely because
they are a plasma, and (presumably) not a solid, that plasmas can pass through metal, brick, wood, glass,
and have entered and appeared inside spacecraft, the MIR International Space Station, and the
International Space Station; possibly gaining access by passing through windows which lack
electromagnetic shielding [47]; and this may explain why John Glenn and other astronauts have observed
these optical phenomenon outside and approaching windows; they were seeking access.
Plasmas Have Invaded Spacecraft, MIR and International Space Station
There have been numerous credible reports documenting that plasmas shaped like donuts,
spheres, and even “jellyfish” can pass through metal, plastic, wood, windows, and brick walls over 40
centimeters thick, and enter home, businesses, and the cockpits of aircraft [11, 12, 47-49], sometimes
burning or shocking those inside, and/or damaging power plants, electrical circuits and short-circuiting
television sets, radios, junction boxes, and other electrical devices
Astronauts, including the first and second man to walk on the moon, have reported seeing
flashes of colored light that had entered their sealed craft and which had various shapes. According to

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Buzz Aldrin “Something was zapping through the cabin... I observed what I thought were little flashes
inside the cabin... I was able to see double flashes, at points separated by maybe a foot. At other times, I
could see a line with no direction of motion.” Neil Armstrong also admitted that he’d “seen some light”
that had flashed inside the cabin, and that his observations were similar to those of Buzz Aldrin [19,20].
The crews of Apollo 12 through 17 also “observed light flashes” inside the cabin [20] that were
“blue” “red” “white” and shaped like “stars” or clouds” or “steaks.” Nor were these illusions,
hallucinations, or due to cosmic or gamma rays affecting their eyes, because they were not observed
when astronauts closed their eyes or were wearing blindfolds. For example, Lunar Module pilot Harrison
Schmitt, reported that inside his craft, “we had light flashes just about continuously during the whole
flight” and he had seen another “flash on the lunar surface” during his moon-walk.
According to Schmitt and others, when “we had the blindfolds on for the ALFMED experiment
there were no visible flashes.” But when they removed the blindfolds, they again began “seeing the light
flashes again” inside the ship; and which were later attributed to the “flux of multiply charged nuclei”
from the Van Allen radiation belt [21] which in turn are a major factor in the formation and behavior of
plasma in the thermosphere and ionosphere.
Crews aboard the MIR space station also reported seeing the light flashes which they described
as having various and complex shapes. Out of 59 different astronauts who were members of the Shuttle,
MIR and ISS crews, 47 admitted they’d repeatedly seen light flashes inside their craft shaped like
“stars,” “clouds” and “blobs;” not only in darkness, but 11 saw them in dim light and two saw them in
bright light. Thirty nine of the 59 astronauts reported that the lights were colored red, green, blue, orange,
yellow, but most commonly white and almost all were in motion, swirling or streaking about inside the
craft [22].
Plasma-like UAP--shaped like “stars,” “clouds” “rings” and “blobs” but of much larger size
(Figure 14)-- have also been filmed flowing towards, circling, flying past or hovering near the MIR
International Space Station and the Space Shuttles and an electrified tether generating electromagnetic
pulses into the space medium [1-3; the latter of which include those shaped like jellyfish (Figure 14)
serpents (Figures 7, 12) and those that streak at hyper speeds above thunderstorms (Figures 7-8, 22-23).
Encounters With Plasmas that Descended into the Lower Atmosphere: UAPs
The ionosphere-thermosphere (and possibly the upper layers of the mesophere) are electrically
conductive, with thunderstorms and (less so) electrified clouds serving as the main current source and
providing continual upward positive charges. The atmospheric conductivity in fact increases with height
due to the increased ionization produced by cosmic rays and extreme ultraviolet and X-radiation [36]. As
a good electrical conductor, the positive charges within the ionosphere are generally equipotential and
spherically symmetric about the Earth and its oceans which also serve as a conductor.
Between these two conductors (the ionosphere and Earth’s oceans and surface) are electrified
clouds that circulate in the troposphere and lower stratosphere [106]. The troposphere (0 to 10,000
meters above the surface) and stratosphere (10,000 to 30,000 meters) comprise the non-conducting
positively charged layers of the atmosphere and behave more like a leaky insulated electrical cable
30,000 meters in height and which surrounds Earth in all directions and through which electrical charges
and related phenomenon may pass including charged plasmas that have a variety of shapes.
The lower atmosphere is weakly conducting [135] due to ionization by galactic cosmic rays,
electrified particles, and precipitation from the Van Allen radiation belts [106, 136]. These extremely
energetic (>100 MeV) charged particles--particularly those originating beyond the solar system-- are
incident from all directions at the top of the atmosphere. However, the maximum production rate of
ionization occurs at altitudes between 12 and 20 km [89, 136, 137]; i.e. in the troposphere: that region of
the atmosphere where aircraft not uncommonly encounter UAPs

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Because plasmoids are charged with electromagnetic energy, these non-conducting lower
atmospheric layers provide an insulated route that leads from the ionosphere (thermosphere, mesosphere)
directly to thunderstorms and electrified clouds that generally form between 10,000 meters (33,000 feet /
6.25 miles) to 20,000 meters (66,000 feet / 12.5 miles) above the surface [105, 106]. In consequence,
electromagnetic plasmas that have descended to the lower atmosphere will encounter airlines and
military jets that (respectively) usually fly between 9,144 to 12,800 meters and 13,715 to 15,544 meters
above the surface [38,39].
It is likely that the plasmas of the ionosphere, when they descend into the lower atmosphere,
account for many reports of UAP/UFOs including those that have followed, harassed, and “toyed with”
military and civilian planes [3]. As documented, plasmas in the ionosphere will also turn, follow and even
collide with each other.
During the second world war, American, English, German and Japanese pilots reported being
followed, confronted and challenged by UFOs-UAPs that were white, silver, and red, and often glowing
or translucent, and shaped like clouds, donuts, balls, spheres, and stars [41, 51-54, 138]. Allied pilots
called them “Foo Fighters.” Hundreds of pilots and flight crews described the “Foos” as on fire [138]--
Japanese pilots in particular. The Foos were glowing, and sometimes changing colors from silver-white
to red-orange.
As reported by Allied Supreme Headquarters and numerous news media outlets, including in
1944, by the New York Times [52]: “Airmen of the American Air Force report that they are encountering
silver colored spheres in the air...either singly or in clusters. Sometimes they are semi-translucent... There
was no information available as to what holds them up like stars in the sky, what is in them, or what their
purpose appears to be.”.
One WWII crew member reported that his encounter with the "Foos" gave him nightmares:
"Some of them," he said, "looked shiny, metallic, and saucer shaped when viewed from far away. We
thought they were Nazi secret weapons, some kind of rocket-dirigible, capable of fantastic speeds and
maneuvers...On one mission, after we dropped a lot of fire bombs... the Foos surrounded our plane....
They didn't look like rockets or planes or made of metal; but more like giant colorful jellyfish. Alive...
toying with us” [41]. Two years after WWII came to a close, Kenneth Arnold observed nine shining
shape-shifting phenomenon flying at fantastic speeds, some of which resembled “sky jellyfish” [43].
According to the official military reports these WWII Foos were incredibly fast, capable of
amazing maneuvers and impossible turns, and would ride alongside, above, below, and directly in front
of U.S. fighter planes which proved incapable of shooting them down [41, 51-54, 138]. Military pilots
and others continued to have these encounters during the “Korean War '' and for every war thereafter
including numerous close calls that almost resulted in collisions. It can be assumed that when collisions
occurred, electronics may have failed and those planes crashed killing all onboard.
This suspicion is not mere speculation. In the last 80 plus years, military pilots have reported
hundreds of encounters with these brightly lit UAP including turning, following, hovering, and near
collisions, after which these UAP would suddenly disappear or speed off at hypersonic speeds--behaviors
typical of plasmoids in the thermosphere [1-3]. Nikitin [13] has documented numerous encounters
between Russian military and commercial pilots and UAPs that are most likely “ball lightning” and
which fly at fantastic speeds, make impossible turns, radiate beams of light, cause electronic failures, jam
radar, and which repeatedly confront jets in flight and have nearly caused numerous aerial catastrophes.
According to the June 25, 2021 report issued by the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence [32] these “UAP...appeared to remain stationary in winds aloft, move against the wind,
maneuver abruptly, or move at considerable speed, without discernible means of propulsion.” These are
also the characteristics of plasmas filmed in the thermosphere and which can change velocity and

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accelerate to hypersonic speed--possibly by altering their charges. The U.S. government 2021 report goes
on to state: “In a small number of cases, military aircraft systems processed radio frequency (RF) energy
associated with UAP sightings.”
It is noteworthy that plasmas radiate electromagnetic energy. If the plasma travels along
geomagnetic lines, they are accompanied by or generate radio-frequencies termed “whistlers” which are
named for the sound it makes. Whistlers are caused when plasma from lightning travels along the
geomagnetic flux lines [125]. Therefore, those RF waves sometimes detected in association with UAP
may be whistler radio waves which are produced by plasmas and which radiate throughout the entire
frequency range from VLF, ELF to ULF (125, 139] and which can be heard on AM radios on Earth.
Plasmas also consist of charged particles which can create radio signals with a characteristic
frequency of 300 Hz to 2 kHz [140]. Moreover, Fullekrug et al. [141] simulated the production of
relativistic electrons above a thundercloud and below a sprite, and which radiated radio waves with
frequencies up to 400 kHz. Consider; AM broadcasting frequencies range from 535 to 1605 KHz; FM
broadcasting from 88 to 108 MHz; whereas Military aircraft broadcast and receive at 225.0 to 399.95
MHz for air-to-air and air-to-ground, including air traffic control communication. It is likely that the
“radio frequency (RF) energy associated with UAP sightings” were whistlers and frequencies associated
with plasma. In fact, Whistlers can be heard on Earth-based radios and are called “whistlers” because
they whistle.
Effects of UFO/UAP and Ball Lightning Plasmas: Behavior, Types, Hallucinations, Confusion
Collectively, the diverse array of plasmoids that form in the lower atmosphere have sometimes
been referred to as “ball lightning” and which have multiple shapes, colors and forms and may endure
from a few seconds to several dozen minutes before vanishing. In this report, we provide evidence of
what is most likely ball lightning hovering over the ocean (Figure 27) and a series of freeze frames from a
3-minute film by U.S. Customs of a rapidly shape-shifting object flying erratically just above the ocean
and that repeatedly splits apart (Figures 28-32). Although it may have behaved like “ball lightning” this
latter entity and those that split off, were not oval or round, but assumed twisted and unusual shapes.
Broadly considered there are several major loosely defined categories of “ball lightning” which
is the collective term for a variety of illuminated plasmas that appear in the lower atmosphere [13, 17, 49,
76, 117, 142, 143-145). For example, there is the ball of lightning that appears after a bolt strikes a pole,
tree, or the ground and which kicks up dust and debris that along with various gases are incorporated
within a plasma that is illuminated and which may be round or ovoid in shape. A second category is
observed above dust storms and prior to and after earthquakes and during volcanic eruptions. The third
category is a ball of light that floats in the air at various distances above ground, sometimes as high as
the stratosphere and which emits beams of light. Another category includes luminous globes that lead or
follow a bolt of lightning, and that may bounce against the ground or telephone poles and electric cables.
A fifth category includes those that travel atop and along power lines and fences. Then there are those
that enter or appear inside buildings, homes, and airplanes that are aloft. In each instance, the plasmoid
may move randomly, erratically sometimes very rapidly, or slowly, but most often horizontally at
relatively slow velocities and then suddenly vanish or it may explode as it disappears.
Therefore, like the plasmas of the ionosphere and the transient plasmas ejected upward from
thunderclouds, the plasmas collectively referred to as “ball lightning” have different color sizes and
shapes including “rectangular” [128] and include those that rapidly and continually change shape [13].
They may engage in rotational movements, or move about erratically, and travel at different velocities,
including speeding up, slowing down, and hovering. They have also been described as hot, cold, or
lacking temperature, though some have reported being burned or suffering an electric shock [13, 63, 134]
and even radiation burns [13]. Most are described as intensely white or bluish white, occasionally red to

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yellow, or green, blue, or purple.

Estimates as to size range from a few centimeters to several meters. Although usually globular,
they have also been described as shaped like a ring, a cloud, a blob, a jellyfish, a flame or ball of fire, or
as shape shifters that may appear as ellipsoids, cylinders, disks and triangular [13]. Some balls seem
solid; others appear to be hollow; yet others may fragment into smaller balls or are accompanied or
immediately followed by another luminescent circular apparition [17, 76, 128, 142, 143].
Some observers have detected an odor resembling ozone, sulfur, and nitrogen dioxide in the
vicinity of these plasmas. Some believe the ball of plasma is cold, because they feel no heat when it gets
near their body. However, there are also anecdotal reports of balled plasma melting soil, evaporating
large volumes of water, and of people suffering severe burns or a painful electric shock [13]. In
addition, power outages have also been attributed to these balls of plasma [128].
Some of those who have encountered ball lighting, also report becoming confused, disoriented
and even experiencing visual illusions and hallucinations or suffering from nightmares [13, 63, 146, 147].
In one instance hundreds of those who observed first one then a second ball of lighting, reported feeling
disoriented not only during, but for several minutes after the ball disappeared, as documented in the
following account by Mason [128]:
The mining town of “Tom Price” --also known as “Top Town” because it is 747 m (2,451 ft)
above sea level-- is located in Western Australia adjacent to a mountainous region, the Hamersley
Range--and above which John Glenn flew in 1962 when he first reported his observation of brilliant
flashes of light, outside his capsule window, shaped like spheres and stars. In October 1994 at around
8:30 PM, approximately 1000 of the town’s 4000 residents “ saw a very large red-orange colored ball of
fire moving at very low altitude directly towards them... it appeared to be a fiery orange-yellow-white
color - possibly rectangular or spherical in cross section (depending on observer), from the side it
appeared to be a spherical yellow-white light - pulsing up and down in light intensity (as captured on
video).” Several of the “observers, being some 200 meters directly below it by now, reported that it was
an intense spherical ball of orange-red fire with the fire swirling in a spiral pattern and the flames
disappearing internally upwards into a central black "hole" or void within the spherical mass of flames.”
Another observer also described it as “like a moving plasma ball in a local space-time warp around a
central black hole”... “The fireball had no tail and made no noise at all... It was described as a sort of
"implosion ball of flames" with all the fire or flames originating in local space outside the fiery sphere-
like form, the flames being sucked into the center where they disappeared.”
After about five minutes, “it flashed a bright blue-white color that lit up the area and it then took
off at very high speed and disappeared almost instantly moving very fast to the east. Other observers
simply believed that it just disappeared with the intense blue-white light flash/explosion - no explosive
noise heard - just a very bright light energy emission flash....”
“Immediately a second fireball appeared in the west following the path of the first. This flew
slightly lower but at the same slow light aircraft speed (i.e. about 100 mph) and similarly at constant low
altitude... and was identical in all respects to the first. It disappeared similarly in a massive blue-white
flash of light energy moving at very high velocity to the east.... “
“Many attempted to take photos but all film rolls returned from Perth showed good family snaps
but only white blanks of the fireballs... suggesting that X-ray or similar e/m radiation from the fireball
fogged the film.” Fortunately, two minutes of this incident were videotaped and showed a “pulsing light
or fireball.” Many of the residents also discovered that their watches stopped working, or that electrical
equipment, TVs and radios had stopped functioning. “It was later found out that the Dampier power
station (150km north of Tom Price) went off line at the time of the Tom Price fireballs due to a huge
overvoltage pulse on the transmission lines.”

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Many of the residents also admitted that they began to feel confused and disoriented as the fire
ball approached: “Strange time/space/mind distortion effects were in operation (emanating from the
fireballs) such that confusion reigned immediately during and after the sightings” [128].

Figure 20. (Top) 18th/19th Century encounters with “ball lighting.” These encounters generally cause
shock, terror, confusion, disorientation, and later, sleep disturbance and nightmares. (Bottom Right) CGI
re-creation of orange colored UAP based on witness descriptions of a UAP encounter with the USS
Ronald Regan in 2004 , from Beaty et al. 2022).

Speculation: Electromagnetic Hallucinations and Alien Abductions

Plasmoids appear to be electromagnetic entities that emit electric charges and energetic
electrons. Proximity to plasmoids described as “ball lightning” have been reported to cause damage to
electrical systems, television sets, telephones, junction boxes, and electrical circuits and knock out power
stations presumably due to the radiation of electromagnetic fields. Christopher Mellon, former Deputy
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence in the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations stated
at the “SOL Foundation” Symposium in November 2023, that UAP are capable of “emitting radiations in
radiation in the 1 to 3 and 8 to 12 gigahertz range” [and] “have rendered segments of our nuclear
deterrent inoperable. In other recent cases they're jamming Radars on fighter aircraft.”
Russian pilots and ground crews have reported similar experiences including cases where “the
aircraft's electronic equipment fails” and where ball shaped UAP have interfered “with the operation of
radio equipment and affect the human psyche” including inducing vivid hallucinations of humanoid-like
forms [13]. Arnold, who inadvertently coined the term “flying saucer” in 1947, reported that he also felt
his mind was affected by these pulsating forms that he believed might be reading his thoughts [44].
Anecdotal reports claim that these plasmoids (AKA UAP) can cause nightmares, confusion,
feelings of disorientation and induce illusions and hallucinations--presumably due to the effects of
electromagnetic radiation having adverse neurological effects, possibly affecting the temporal lobes (and
hippocampus and amygdala) in particular [148]. In one instance, nearly 1000 residents experienced
“Strange time/space/mind distortion effects were in operation (emanating from the fireballs) such that
confusion reigned immediately during and after the sightings” [128].
Luis Elizondo former U.S. Army Counterintelligence Special Agent, DoD Office of the Under
Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and former director of the Advanced Aerospace Threat
Identification (AATIP) Program, has reported that periods of confusion are not uncommon during and
after a UAP encounter: “where certain observers almost appeared to be in an essence mesmerized...
almost like hypnotized by the event to the point where... it wasn’t until after the event, did people kind of
scratch their heads and say, oh my God, did we just see what we saw?”

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However, in many anecdotal reports, couples and entire families have reported not just seeing
but taking a picture of a UFO that had landed. But when these photos are developed, there is no UFO and
no aliens; sometimes only a bright light. At the other extreme are the numerous cases of individual
reporting or remembering or dreaming about having been abducted by aliens [15, 148]. As noted,
nightmares after encounters with plasmas are not uncommon; and which raises the possibility: is the
memory of an abduction actually based on a dream, a nightmare, or the product of an electromagnetically
induced hallucination caused by exposure to a plasma?
Experiments have demonstrated that exposure to electromagnetic fields can produce a diverse
range of hallucinatory phenomena including the hearing of voices and the perception of full-blown
demonic or ghostly apparitions [149-154]. Persinger and colleagues [155-157] have repeatedly induced
anomalous hallucinatory experiences and otherworldly phenomenon via the application of complex
magnetic fields to the temporal region of the skull, whereas Frey [151] employing power densities as low
as 400 µW/m2 was also able to produce voices and a variety of sounds even in subjects completely deaf .
Over the years, various U.S. government agencies have employed and funded scientists who are expected
to develop electromagnetic radiating devices that can be used for crowd control” and even influence how
individuals vote [152].
Electromagnetic pulses can also cause dizziness, vomiting, confusion, disorientation, memory
loss, the perception of unpleasant odors, dissociative experiences (floating above the body), or cause
those affected to fall asleep and have nightmares or conversely make them unable to sleep so that they
begin to hallucinate after prolonged sleep deprivation [13, 151, 158]. Stroboscopic dazzling lights and
specific radio frequencies are reported to have almost identical effects [158, 159] Therefore, based on
anecdotal and experimental studies, there is now considerable evidence that exposure to intense
electromagnetic fields and bright stroboscopic pulsating lights--such as those associated with plasmas--
can induce complex hallucinations of ghost-like and demonic forms or horrific nightmares that upon
recall or following hypnosis, might later be interpreted as “alien abductions.” This is not to say that all
claims of abduction should be dismissed as due to an electromagnetically or stroboscopic induced
hallucinations, but rather, exposure to plasmas radiating high levels of electromagnetic activity can alter
perceptions of reality. Again, Arnold, who coined the term “flying saucers” believed that these arrays of
bright shape shifting lights and forms, had somehow invaded his thoughts and could read his mind [44].

Figure 21. 19th Century encounters with “ball lighting.” These encounters generally cause shock,
confusion, disorientation, terror, and later, sleep disturbance and nightmares.

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Figure 22. Examples of oscillating, Stroboscopic waxing pulsating Plasma illumination in the thermosphere.
These behaviors and more, can be viewed in a 17-minute film consisting of a compilation of NASA space shuttle
video footage that escaped NASA’s censors [1]. See: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383116954

Figure 23: This pulsating plasmoid emerged into the thermosphere from the clouds below, and approached the
space shuttle [1]. It is likely that some individuals may feel confused, disoriented, or increasingly mesmerized
when exposed to a bright pulsating object emitting powerful electromagnetic impulses as it approaches, and
becomes increasingly bright. Hallucinations are not uncommon during exposure to electromagnetic pulses and
nightmares may follow, all of which may be experienced or “remembered” or interpreted as an alien abduction.

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Plasmas Have Invaded The Cockpit of Airplanes

The lower atmospheric transient luminous phenomenon like the sprites, elves, and blue jets of
the upper atmosphere, are short lived, display a diversity of sizes and colors, and may appear as
ellipsoids, cylinders and disks that radiate beams of light and high-frequency radio emission [13]. Not
uncommonly they occur in pairs, triplets or follow one another but do not engage in complex behaviors.
Like those of the upper atmosphere which have entered spacecraft, plasmas in the lower
atmosphere pass through metal, plastic, glass and aluminum and entered aircraft cockpits [47, 49].
Cockpits are a preferred mode of plasma entry, presumably because in contrast to the high electric fields
that exist on this portion of the aircraft, the cockpit windows are large and lack any electrical shielding
[47--which may explain why John Glenn and other astronauts have reported seeing these UAPs
approaching or appearing just outside the windows of their spacecraft. Perhaps they were seeking entry.
However, although they may enter a window, they may exit by passing through a metal door [49].
Don Smith [49] who was a lieutenant in the US Air Force and the navigator of a cargo aircraft
in route to Hawaii has reported the following encounter: “We were at an altitude of 18,000 feet, it was at
night and we were flying in a continuous horizontal layer of thin cloud which had the density of soup... a
glowing ball of golden fire about the size of a volleyball appeared just inside the windshield, midway of
the windshield and above the central Pilot console. It touched nothing and made no sound... but slowly
floated downward into the cockpit between the Pilots, then between the Engineer and me, coming within
a foot of me at my waist, now staying about three feet above the floor, then slowly turned left toward the
crew lounge doorway, went through the open doorway, turned right 90 degrees and toward where the
Loadmaster was sitting.... the Loadmaster burst into the cockpit yelling "Did you see THAT ???". The
Loadmaster said that he saw a ball of golden fire come from the cockpit into the crew lounge. It floated
toward him, came within a foot of him but turned to exit through the open stairway door and down the
stairway into the cargo bay - then to float above the cargo down the exact middle of the airplane toward
the tail of the airplane - and then just disappeared as it went through the metal tail ramp and door at the
rear of the airplane.”
As documented here and additional reports [1-3] the plasmas of the ionosphere have
approached, circled, and lingered near various space shuttles, satellites, and the MIR international Space
Station. Optic phenomena that resemble miniscule plasmodic flashes, streaks, “elves” “sprites” and “blue
jets” have actually entered and have been observed inside the MIR, the International Space Station, and
Apollo 11 through 17, and most likely at least one Gemini mission. What all these spacecraft and
international space stations have in common are: windows and portals which lack any electrical shielding
[47].
Presumably a plasma may pass through a portal or window and appear inside due to the
accumulation of atmospheric ions on the isolating inside surface of the craft. If the interior collects a
surface charge that can produce electric fields which are sufficient to sustain an electric discharge this
may create a plasma that slowly floats or begins “zapping” around inside, amongst the crew and
passengers. However, as reported by Smith [49], in the minutes before a glowing plasma appeared inside
their plane, another plasma, which he described as “St. Elmo’s fire” had attached itself to the nose of the
plane. Their plane, therefore, attracted two distinct forms of plasma; one that remained outside and
another that appeared to be engaged in a sight-seeing tour inside the plane.
It can be considered an established fact that plasmas may pass through metal, glass, composite
aluminum, and so on, including spacecraft encapsulating astronauts. Obviously, it could be exceedingly
dangerous if plasma collided with or entered an airplane cockpit. Once inside it may injure crew, cause
hallucinations and dissociative experiences, or explode or cause a short circuit in a computerized system
of control leading to a catastrophic systems failure and the death of all those onboard.

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Plasmoids Targeting, Colliding, Piercing, Turning, Following

Figure 24. Examples of plasmas in the thermosphere “hunting” colliding, piercing, and turning (circled in
red) and following plasma (circled in yellow); and then, reversing course [1].

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Plasmas Targeting, Colliding, Piercing,

Figure 25. Examples of plasmas in the thermosphere, traveling in different directions, targeting, colliding,
and piercing one another [1].

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Hyper-Velocity “Hunters” In Thermosphere Above Thunderstorms

Figure 26. Examples of hyper-velocity plasmas “hunters” in the thermosphere. Trajectory is from the top
right toward the bottom left. Vertical lines indicate “hits.” Filmed by STS 101 Shuttle Atlantis [1] .

Figure 27. Examples of hyper-velocity plasmoid “hunters” in the thermosphere. Trajectory is from the
bottom left toward upper right. Vertical lines indicate “hits.” Filmed by STS 101 Shuttle Atlantis [1].

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Figure 28. (Top Rows Red Box) An elongated “hunter” strikes and intersects numerous plasmoids
hovering above a thunderstorm; and (Bottom Rows Blue Box) pulsates, shrinking, expanding, wiggling
like a “worm” or “snake” as it “hunts.”

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Example of Plasmas Colliding, Merging, Spitting Apart: Charge Coupling & Separation?

Figure 29. Detailed analysis of colliding, merging, and separation--which could be likened to “charge
coupling” between plasmoids of opposite charges followed by “charge separation” as one or both reverse
charge, such that both are positive or both negative, resulting in repulsion.

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Speculation: Plasmas (UAP) May Have Caused Unexplained, Inexplicable Airline Disasters
Members of the U.S. Congress and U.S. military personnel have expressed concern that UAP
poses a danger to aircraft. As summed up in 2023 by Chris Mellon, Former U.S. Deputy Assistant
Secretary of Defense, UAP have caused “ multiple cases of near midair collisions and other cases
involving serious injuries to Military and civilian Personnel.”
Lightning is a plasma that when carrying a positive or negative charge, attracts electrically
charged plasmas which follow these bolts to the tops of these clouds which are also positively charged;
whereas the bottom of the cloud and the bolts of lightning that erupt from the bottom, often have a
negative charge. Aircraft and spacecraft may also radiate a positive charge that attracts bursts of lightning
even in fair weather conditions. Presumably this occurs because these craft--under some conditions--act
as a long conductor which intensifies an existing positive electrical field whereas the lightning bolt and
the bottom of the cloud have a negative charge. For example, rocket exhaust typically becomes ionized
and conductive and serves as an extension of the craft and attracts lightning.
Negative and positive charges also attract, and, as documented, plasma will turn, follow, and
collide and intersect one another. Further, UAP--which may be plasma--follow, circle, and sometimes act
as if they are about to collide with aircraft. And if it did, and all electronics were lost, the plane would be
lost and the cause of the catastrophe would be unknown.
Fatal accidents have been attributed to lightning strikes due to electrical failure and even the
ignition of fuel [160]. Lightning has even struck aircraft and rockets sitting on the ground still in a
horizontal position. For example, in June 1987, three rockets, including the Orion sounding rocket, were
struck by lightning, shorting out the firing circuits, but nevertheless igniting launch circuits causing the
Orion to launch horizontally, flying hundreds of meters before striking the ocean [160].
On average aircraft are struck by lightning at least once per 3000 hours [160]. Apollo 12 was
struck just over 35 seconds into ascent.
Lightning is a plasma. Therefore, aircraft, rockets, and spacecraft attract plasmas which will
strike and collide with these crafts [160].
In addition, energetic magnetospheric or solar wind conditions can cause the surface of
spacecraft to acquire charges due to the implantation of charged particles that penetrate and accumulate in
the skin or insulating materials. Under these conditions, the interaction may trigger “deep dielectric
discharges” [102]. This may explain why plasmoids in the thermosphere have been attracted to the
space shuttles and the MIR.
“St Elmo’s Fire” is a plasma that has been observed--for centuries-- dancing about ships at sea.
Aircraft crews have also observed luminous point discharges, “St Elmo’s Fire,” dancing about the skin
of the plane even when there is no evidence of an electrically active storm [49]. These discharges can
affect electronics and create radio “noise” and if sufficiently bright, impair cockpit visibility [160].
As documented in NASA film footage [1] plasmoid have followed, hovered near, orbited
around, and were repeatedly observed near the MIR and numerous space shuttle missions. UAPS have
been observed for centuries and have repeatedly “toyed with” and harassed American, British, Japanese
and German pilots during the second world war [41, 138] “These balls of fire appear suddenly and
accompany the plane for miles,” keeping up at 300 mph, and yet – contrary to initial military fears of
these being a new Nazi weapon – one pilot noted how “they don’t explode or attack us. They just seem to
follow us like will-o-the-wisps” [138]. However, those that not only followed but collided or entered the
craft, may have stunned the pilots and/or exploded and killed all on board, and the loss of the plane was
instead attributed to enemy fire,
UAPs and plasmas are also associated with the disruption of electronic equipment and have
reportedly affected the mental functioning of those in close proximity, causing confusion, disorientation

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and hallucinatory experiences including (perhaps) those recounted as “alien abductions.”

Therefore, if plasmas that descended into the lower atmosphere collided with or entered the
cockpits of commercial, private, and military planes, it may have been the cause of numerous
unexplained, inexplicable airline disasters by affecting the mental functioning of pilots and crew and
causing planes to lose electronics and power and plummet to the ground or ocean.

Table 1: UFO Sightings Between 1990 and 2022

On July 17, 1996. A TransWorld Airline (TWA 800) exploded when it was struck by a powerful
beam of light of unknown origin. Another example, in 1996 when a Boeing 747 Paris-bound plane took
off from New York City at 8:19 PM in “muggy” weather. As it ascended over the sea witnesses observed
a streak of lightning accompanied by a fireball and then, according to the National Transportation Safety
Board: the plane suffered an electric short circuit which may have detonated an empty center wing fuel
tank, causing the explosion killing all 230 onboard. Was the short circuit caused by the lightning or the
ball of plasma that accompanied it?
On August 28, 1945, Army Air Force crewman, Leonard Stringfield was aboard a C-46 flying
over the Pacific ocean toward Iwo Jima when he observed three cloud-like “blobs” of “brilliant white
light” [51]. According to Stringfield as the three brilliant white cloud-like objects approached (Figure
47], the C-46 suddenly developed electrical problems and engine trouble, and began to rapidly lose
altitude. Stringfield reports everyone onboard was terrified, believing the out-of-control plane would
crash into the ocean. Stringfield states it is his belief “that the sudden erratic behavior of my plane was
due to a mysterious force generated by the blobs” because when the cloud-like “blobs” disappeared, the
electrical systems and engine went back online and the pilot regained control over the plane [51].
On March 8, 2014, Boeing 777 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 inexplicably ceased to
communicate with air-traffic controllers and disappeared from air control radar 39 minutes after leaving
Kuala Lumpur en route to Beijing but then flew for hours off-course before disappearing from radar. The
pilot’s last message was “Good Night Malaysian Three Seven Zero.” Minutes later, the plane’s
transponder — a communication system that transmits the plane’s location to air traffic control — shut

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down. Military radar and satellite systems however, continued to track the plane which appeared to turn
180 degrees, and continued to fly for hours, until it vanished; presumably crashing into the ocean when it
ran out of fuel.
The Boeing 777, like all commercial aircraft since 2001, has an armoured cockpit door that can
resist attacks and small arms fire from outside the cockpit, and an electronic locking mechanism so it is
kept secure during flight. To speculate: if a plasma were to enter the cockpit through the cockpit windows
(cf Heil & Smith 2021) but remain sealed within the cockpit, might that explain why the transponder
failed and why the plane disappeared from all but military radar and satellite tracking devices? Might
both pilots have become confused, disoriented, mesmerized, or caused to fall asleep by electromagnetic
radiation emitted by a plasma locked within the cockpit? To date there has been no explanation for what
happened or what became of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370; other than speculation by Malaysian
authorities, i.e. unknown “interference.”
Between November of 2013 and June of 2016, eight different commercial passenger planes
suffered catastrophes of unknown cause, resulting in 1022 fatalities in just 30 months, six within 16
months (Table 1)--a series of disasters unlike any previously reported, but associated with an increase in
UAP sightings by civilian and military pilots. These include two inexplicable crashes in July 2014, the
month with the highest monthly UAP count (Table). July (and late June) appears to be a month favored
by plasma and UAP [3, 14] especially over the ocean [32-34] as reported by Navy pilots and personnel
aboard Navy ships.
These unexplained, inexplicable aircraft disasters also coincided with almost daily encounters
of US Navy pilots with UAP from mid-2014 till early-2015, as confirmed in 2019 by the U.S. Dept of
Defense. Mid-2014 till early-2015 is right in the middle of the 2013/11/29 - 2016/5/19 period of
inexplicable increase in airplane accidents; and the 2012/12/2 - 2016/11/14 period of close calls (The
New York Times, 2019). In addition, between December of 2012 and November of 2016, there were nine
near fatal accidents involving commercial airlines, cause unknown, which, again coincided with a period
of elevated UAP sightings.
“Correlation” does not prove causation and the same can be said of “coincidence.” Moreover,
in the vast majority of airline accidents a cause was determined and which clearly has nothing to do with
UAP, UFO, or plasma.
Nevertheless, it is important to note that the association between inexplicable, unexplained
airline disasters and UAP, do not include and unknown number of unexplained crashes of military planes;
and this is because the U.S. Military can always invent an explanation. Case in point: On the evening of
November 23, 1953, Air Defense Command Ground Intercept radar operators at Sault Ste. Marie,
Michigan, observed an unidentified object flying object (UFO) over Lake Superior,. Attempts were made
to contact the UFO by different radio frequencies but there was no response. In consequence, a F-89C
Scorpion jet piloted by First Lieutenant Moncla, was scrambled from Kinross Air Force Base to
investigate the UFO. Moncla, an experienced pilot with over 800 hours of flying time, was accompanied
by Second Lieutenant Robert L. Wilson who was also acting as the Scorpion's radar operator. Wilson
reported to ground control that the UFO was flying in a bizarre fashion and rapidly changing course.
Wilson also failed to make radio contact with the UFO. Via triangulation with ground radar operators, the
Scorpion was able to hone in on the UFO.
As documented by two distinct radar signatures, Lt. Moncla began to close in on the UFO, as
verified by ground radar operators who tracked two distinct blips on the radar screen. The two blips
collided and merged at 8000 feet, becoming one blip on the radar screen--as if the UFO had engulfed the
jet which disapeared from the radar screen, whereas the UFO, still flying erratically, suddenly accelerated
and soon vanished from the radar. In fact, Lt. Moncla and his Scorpion had not only disapeared from the

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radar screen but from the face of this Earth. No wreckage was ever found or located. The Air Force
offered a variety of conflicting explanations, including claiming that Lt. Moncla must have crashed his
jet after he “probably” suffered “vertigo” and that they “believe” the UFO was actually an RCAF aircraft
"VC-912" ---even though radar operators classified the blip as “unknown” and the UFO never
responded to a variety of radio frequencies and was flying erratically and then accelerated to tremendous
speeds, whereas the Canadian Air Force emphatically denied any of their planes were in the area. As to
why no wreckage was ever found the Air Force blamed “the weather” and then came up with another
explanation, i.e. the jet must have exploded while in the air, and the explosion was so powerful that the
jet was completely obliterated.
Although the number of military planes that have inexplicably “vanished” is unknown, the fact
is, since 1948, 84 passenger aircraft have vanished without a trace according to the Aviation Safety
Network [161]. Thus, the link between UAPs and unexplained airline disasters may include numerous
catastrophic crashes or vanishings as obliquely admitted by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
(AARO) task force whose purpose is to investigate the legitimacy of UAP encounters reported by
military and especially Navy pilots. In their October 2023 report the AARO [34] admitted that “many
[UAP] reports from military witnesses do present safety of flight concerns.”
UAPs Over the Ocean
UAPS have been repeatedly observed flying above and descending into the ocean as verified by
the U.S. Dept of Defense and the AARO. This is most likely due to the fact that the ocean surface--
especially during white water and turbulent conditions-- and surface air up several dozen meters above
the sea, often has a positive charge, which in turn would be attractive to plasmoids with a negative or
neutral charge.
In July of 2023, retired Navy Cmdr. David Fravor testified before a special US. Congressional
Committee reported that on Nov. 14, 2004, when he was commander of the F/A-18F squadron on the
USS Nimitz, radar on the USS Princeton detected what radar operators called "multiple anomalous
aerial vehicles.” These objects were rapidly descending and covered more than 25,000 meters (15 miles)
in less than a second; i.e. approximately 54,500 miles per second, 3,270,000 miles per minute, and
196,200,000 miles per hour--nearly twice the velocity of a lightning bolt.
For the sake of comparisons, NASA’s X-43, believed to be the fastest aircraft in existence, is
capable of 7,266 miles per hour whereas 364,660 miles per hour is the fastest speed so far attained by a
spacecraft (the Parker Space Probe). Thus, the multiple anomalous vehicles descending toward the ocean
in 2004 achieved velocities 500% faster than any human-made vehicle: 364,660 vs 196,200,000 miles per
hour.
When he diverted his fighter jet to investigate, Fravor reported that he observed a “white Tic
Tac-looking object. And it's just kind of moving above the whitewater area” off the coast of Southern
California 100 miles southwest of San Diego. “There was four of us in the airplanes literally watching
this thing for roughly about five minutes.” Fravor reported that the "Tic Tac" object mirrored the
movements of his plane and "it was aware we were there."
The white object was approximately the same size as Fravor's F/A-18F, “with no markings, no
wings and no exhaust plumes,” but when Fravor approached, it accelerated so quickly that it seemed to
disappear--as if repelled by Favor’s jet.
Navy, private, and commercial seagoing ships, not uncommonly observe anomalous pulsating
“white lights” and “red” and “white” objects in the nighttime sky that hover and fly over the ocean and
their ships and which engage in behaviors interpreted as harassment or surveillance [50, 162, 163]. For
example, over a period of three days, in July 2019, fourteen bob-shaped brightly illuminated objects
surrounded five Navy warships. Officers on duty in the USS Omaha command center, filmed one of the

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objects on July 15, 2019, which apparently was self-illuminated and white in color and resembled a large
sphere of unknown size and dimension (Figure 27).
This white sphere flew alongside the ship for over an hour, beginning around 10 PM. Because it
was pitch black outside, the object was tracked and filmed via thermal sensors. At around 11 PM the
brightly lit sphere-shaped object which had been hovering just above the ocean sank beneath the sea. The
Pentagon has confirmed that the object was filmed by U.S. Navy personnel.
Moreover, the prior day, beginning around 10 PM on July 14, 2019, and for several days
thereafter, a “white light” repeatedly appeared above three US destroyers (USS Kidd, USS Rafael Peralta
and USS John Finn) a hundred miles off the coast of Los Angeles, California under conditions of very
low visibility. The US Navy described this “white light” or “lights” as ‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles' or
UAVs without providing details [162]. The first episode lasted about 90 minutes and then the UAVs
vanished and disappeared from the destroyers’ advanced array of electro-optical systems including radar
and thermal imaging, which can see in the dark and detect and locate radio transmissions [162-163].
The next evening on July 15, the crew and passengers of a nearby cruise liner “Carnival
Imagination” observed up to six brightly lit UAP flying around the Navy ships. That same evening, the
USS Rafael Peralta reported that it was harassed and followed by four UAPs. The UAPs returned on July
25, and 30, 2019 [162].
Formal investigations conducted by Navy, Coast Guard, FBI and other agencies were unable to
determine what the objects were, where they came from, what they were composed of, but raised the
possibility these were “drones” with amazingly advanced technological capabilities and unlike anything
possessed in the U.S. arsenal [162].
The object filmed by the U.S. Omaha on July 14 2019, is shaped like a ball, a sphere and in no
respect does it resemble a drone (Figure 27). Unfortunately, the party claiming the copyright of this
government property, and who has also been claiming it’s a spaceship from another planet, would not
agree to allowing an examination of the film footage. Therefore, based on the photographic evidence
(Figure 27) it is likely that these were plasmas attracted to the white-water positive charges emitted by the
ocean.
These positive space charges are not only upon the surface but extend up to 200 meters above
the ocean; caused by the accumulation of positive ions drifting downward which is not counterbalanced
by negative ions drifting upward, so called electrode effect [135, 164].
In support of this theory, consider the following: On May 27, 2004, the nuclear-powered aircraft
carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) left Norfolk Virginia, USA, intending to circumnavigate around
South America to its permanent homeport in San Diego. Based on the reports of Navy personnel,
between the hours of 8 PM and midnight as they neared the Caribbean, the crew on the watch, on the
bridge and the flight deck observed a luminous, semi-translucent orange-red oval-shaped gaseous object
about the size of a fighter jet [50]. According to Karol Olesiak, Navy “QM3” (Quartermaster) of the
Watch, it was an “orange globe ball-looking thing that was floating over the flight deck. The ship was
going forward and it was keeping pace with the ship;” and it looked as if it consisted of “negative energy”
and “unburnt energy,” as if it was burning but without consuming itself and because it didn’t give off any
heat.
Karol’s shipmates, SN Patrick Gokey and Boatswain’s Mate Seaman (BMSN) Derek Smith
confirmed the sighting. According to Smith who was a lookout that night with his trainee: “It was like
hovering and it just appeared. And then we got up on the lookout watches... They’re like mounted
binoculars. … I’m sitting here looking at this thing, and I couldn’t tell what it was. There was a shape to
it. It was oval shaped like a sideways, as it was kind of like an oval shape, but it didn’t look solid, but it
had a shape to it” [50].

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As described by SN Patrick Gokey: “I just saw this bright orange ball and it was wavy, but
somehow still solid like a plasma almost. And it just appeared over the flight deck. Maybe 200 feet off
the flight deck. It sat there for about 30 seconds... we were moving during the flight ops, and it seemed to
stay with us. But without any movement that you could discern. After that, it just did three half circles,
just 1, 2, 3, and it was gone...Maybe half hour, an hour later... it came back by us on the fan tail and it
hovered... maybe a hundred or 200 feet in the air... it did three half circles and it took off. I mean just in
the blink of an eye, it was gone” [50].
UAP Plasma Passes Over Chicago Toward East Coast, Descends Toward Atlantic Ocean

Figure 30: This pulsating object in the thermosphere, flew over Chicago and continued toward the East
Coast, and then descended downward toward the Atlantic Ocean. Filmed by STS 106 [1].

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Figure 31. Freeze Frame of white glowing object filmed by Command Center of the USS Omaha in July
of 2019, off the coast of San Diego, California. Object processed via Fotor ant-blur and filtering
software. (Top row) The object is glowing, radiating, and there is a downward direct fog-like optic
directed downward as well as to the left. Additional analysis indicates the object may have a nucleus, or,
that it consists of layers that radiate different levels of light. Based on viewing of the film footage posted
online (not provided to the authors despite repeated requests), the object may have descended into the
sea, or, it may have vanished as it made contact with the ocean surface.

The Ocean Can Develop a Positive Charge and Attracts Plasma-UAP

The surface of the ocean--particularly during periods of turbulence-- and the air directly above,
can acquire a positive charge, and like the positive charges in the ionosphere, thunderstorms, and the
lowest level of the atmosphere, may provide an environment that would be attractive to plasmas with a
negative or neutral charge [165].
Water molecules consist of hydrogen and oxygen (which attracts electrons more strongly than
hydrogen) and thus water has a negative charge surrounding its oxygen atoms and a slightly positive
charge surrounding its hydrogen atoms. The top of a drop of water is also generally positive and this
positive charge increases as a function of radius. Different layers of ocean water are also stratified by
temperature and salinity which in turn influence electrical conductivity, and creates variations in electric
currents in the oceans {8, 166]. Therefore, Earth’s oceans (3.2 S m−1) are not only electrically
conductive but--like thunder clouds-- carry a charge that, depending on conditions, can be negative or
positive and with a mean value of 3.2 S m−1 [68.96] with the surface layers and air above, having a
positive charge especially under white water and turbulent conditions.
Blanchard [10] found that the positive charge can be attributed, in part, to positive particles that
arise from the sea and those that evolve from bubbles that break at the ocean surface. Moreover, under

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conditions of turbulence and in the presence of white water the surface and air directly above the ocean
may become positively charged due to the ejection of positively charged droplets of sea water into the
atmosphere. Therefore, an electrically charged plasmoid might be attracted to the ocean surface and
atmosphere above the sea.
Blanchard [10] also found that the majority of positive particles that arise from the sea and the
greatest amount of positive charge reaches its highest value between “June-August” --and at the latitudes
of 40 to 60 degrees. These latitudes encompass the ocean off San Diego and Los Angeles where the Navy
ships observed the Blob and the “white lights.” The observations also encompass the same block of time
where the F/A-18F squadron on the USS Nimitz observed a “whole fleet” of UAP in July.
According to a month-by-month analysis it was determined that the mean maximum positive
ocean charge occurs in July [7]--the same month the UAVs were observed by Navy warships.
Furthermore, as first determined in 1911 [6], the maximum charge develops over the ocean “during the
evening” “before midnight.” And lastly, the positive charge produced by the ocean has been estimated as
extending “several tens of meters” up into the atmosphere [9]. This is the same time and in the same
general area of airspace occupied by the blob before descending into the sea and when and where the
“white lights” were observed.
Shape Shifter Replicon Filmed by U.S. Customs: Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.
On April 25, 2013, at approximately 9:20 PM, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection DHC-8
aircraft, using thermal imaging, filmed an ocean-skimming UAP at least a dozen meter above a runway
at Rafael Hernández Airport, and which continued over the ocean off the coast of Aguadilla, Puerto
Rico [167].
Although we do not have data for the evening of the 25th, the video depicts thick fog and low
clouds, whereas according to timeanddate.com the temperature at 6 PM, ranged from 81 to 79 F,
barometer at 29.98 (normal range) and humidity at 65% to 74% which indicates considerable hot muggy
moisture in the air thereby increasing electrical current and conductivity and which is associated with the
development of electrically charged cumulonimbus clouds that produce lighting. Based on repeated
viewings of this 3-minute film (provided to the authors by ) it is obvious the object’s movements are
erratic with sudden turns, dips, and lifts, making it impossible to determine its actual velocity. It also
appeared to repeatedly dip beneath the waves and twice it split apart.
As documented in this report (Figures 28-32), the film was analyzed employing Apple Final Cut
Pro which is able to make up to 10 freeze frames for every second; i.e. one frame per 100 milliseconds.
Nearly 200 freeze frames were eventually obtained, i.e. one for approximately every second, and often,
two or more per second. The freeze frames reveal that the object was rapidly, dramatically and
continuously changing its size and shape every second and often in less than a second; and that it
repeatedly split into separate parts. Detailed optics analysis of approximately 130 freeze frames, using
anti-blur Fotor image filters and enhancement software verifies as documented in Figures 28-32, that the
object moved erratically, rapidly, and continually changed shape. This shape-shifter repeatedly took the
shape of a blob, or clouds, a spiral, or formed a ring, and repeatedly split apart forming secondary oddly
shaped forms that would sometimes remain temporarily attached and then detached and flew in front, or
above, or behind the primary object before disappearing--thus indicating that these second objects could
not have been a shadow or reflection on the ocean surface. The primary shape-shifting object in fact
repeatedly generated secondary forms, all of which were transient and soon disappeared.
At times a nucleus became apparent, within which sometimes three to four orbs could be viewed
(Figure 32). It is possible one or more of these internal orbs split off to form the secondary UAPs which
often included internal or exterior shapes that were orb-like. As to these internal orbs, in laboratory
experiments, spherical, cloud, blob and donut-shaped plasmoids were also continually changing their

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appearance and color (yellow, red, purple, green colors) and within which round glowing balls
repeatedly flared up inside [30].
Although the coloration of this Puerto Rico UAP is unknown, it was self-illuminated, with a
glow that often completely surrounded the object. At times it developed tendrils and spikes that extended
in front or sometimes behind, or which would jut out in all directions (Figures 28-30).
It is impossible to determine the speed of the object which would rapidly alter in trajectory
swinging laterally far to the left or to the right and up and down within milliseconds. The object’s rapid
movement and variable speed also made it impossible for the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DHC-8 to keep the object in its radar-gun sights [167]. Likewise, it is impossible to precisely determine
its size which also changes but which we estimate at less than a meter in diameter.
Based on these freeze frames, a sample of which are presented here (Figures 28-32), it is
obvious the object continually changes shape (e.g. donut, ring, cloud, star, blob, crown, square,
triangular, rectangular, etc.), and sometimes has an internal nucleus or voids, no obvious means of
propulsion, is self-illuminated and splits off into secondary objects. It is not a bird or a drone, and cannot
be made of metal, plastic, or alloy unless of extraterrestrial origin and based on technologies unknown on
Earth; i.e. extraterrestrial robotic machinery employing camouflaging stealth technology.
This later possibility is supported by the following observations: rapid shape shifting every
second, extreme and rapid lateral movements, the inability of the U.S. Customs DHC-8 to keep the
object in its radar gun sights, and the voids at the center that contain three or more smaller objects which
may have split off to form other objects that appeared in front, above, and behind the primary object
(Figures 28-30) only to disappear. Another observation: employing filters, sometimes forms--in addition
to the orbs-- appeared to be inside the object as if cocooned in obscuring outer-layers. It is possible
something was hidden inside?
Related to these observations are the following: When complex filters were applied to
photographs of a pulsating cloud-like object that followed one of the Space Shuttles, a cylindrical
structure was revealed that appeared to have been hidden inside a cloud-like outer-layer (Figure 2). In
addition, Ryan Graves an F-18 pilot testified before the U.S. Congress in 2023, that he and his squadron
have repeatedly observed UAPs. which he described as "dark grey or black cubes ... inside of a clear
sphere, where the apex or tips of the cubes were touching the inside of that sphere." Likewise, when
filters were employed to photographs of a cloud-shaped object above Mars, a square-triangular object
appeared to be inside [60].
Yet another possibility is that the object is a trans-dimensional five-dimensional entity. Because
it exists in the 5th dimension and also appeared in the four dimensions of our space-time continuum
(three of space, one of time) it appeared to constantly change as different parts became visible in our four
dimensions.
In brief, the existence of a 5th dimension--also known as the Kaluza-Klien theory [168]--could
explain how gravity is linked to electromagnetism when no link is apparent in our 4-dimensional
universe. Moreover, we can’t see the 5th dimension because it exists in a higher plane of space than the
one, we occupy, but which nevertheless may be curled up within, or conversely surround our 4 four
dimensions--like a cylinder, or forming a circle. This 5th dimension is believed to be microscopic in
which case the radius of the circular dimension might be 23 times the Planck length, which in turn is of
the order of 10−33 cm. but which may serve to link together the four dimensions of our existence; just as
thunderstorms provide an electromagnetic link between the ionosphere and Earth.
Consider, for example, lighting, which can be considered a cylinder that connects the surface of
the Earth to thunder clouds, and the ionosphere to thunder clouds. lightning is a plasma; Lightning may
provide link between our four dimension and the 5th dimension; but in terms of geometry, as viewed our

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four dimensions, it appears to have the twisted shape of a series of cylinders; and if you slice a cylinder, it
will have the shape of a circle with a hole at its center.
This hypothetical “hole” may have been viewed by nearly 1000 residents of the Western
Australian town of Tom Price as a huge ball of plasma floated downward toward them. As detailed by
Mason [128]: “it was an intense spherical ball of orange-red fire with the fire swirling in a spiral pattern
and the flames disappearing internally upwards into a central black "hole" or void within the spherical
mass of flames.” Another observer also described it as “like a moving plasma ball in a local space-time
warp around a central black hole.”
A swirling vortex is a not uncommon characteristic of ball lightning [134] whereas the hole or
void may have been a nucleus, which is a common attribute of plasma as documented in this and an
earlier report [3]; and as reported by Arnold when he observed “flying saucers” in 1947: “with a pulsating
thing in the middle of them.” However, it is also possible that the hole observed by the residents of Tom
Price, may be a small black hole that leads to and from the 5th to our four dimensions [169]; and this may
account for the shape-shifting appearance of the object filmed by a U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DHC-8.
For example, if a five-dimensional entity from the 5th dimension were to appear in our four
dimension, observers might view it as continually changing shape because they can only perceive three of
its dimensions as it moves through the time (the fourth dimension); and this may also explain why the
object filmed by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection DHC-8 appears to continually change and split
off as it moves; i.e. we can only view different parts but not the object as a whole.
There is yet another plausible explanation for this shape shifting entity: human military
technology based on optics, mirrors and the deployment of ultra-rapid laser pulses to create aerial
luminous plasma that appears in three-dimensional space as one or more plasma-ghost images that serve
as decoys. The purpose of the “ghost” is to trick observers and missiles which would home in on the
plasmatic “ghost” or even multiple “ghosts.
The U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center has apparently been working on this project
since 2012, according to a U.S. Navy website article dated 2017 [170]: “Dr. Alexandru Hening, a
scientist who has pioneered laser-generated plasma at the [Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center
Pacific] for five years.” The following year, Alexandru Hening filed a Patent application, titled “System
and Method for Laser-Induced Plasma for Infrared Homing Missile Countermeasure” [171] that is
apparently based on plasma technology developed at the Warfare Systems Center.
As stated in Hening’s patent application [171]: “Described herein is a system and method to
generate a plasma-based decoy flare by using a laser source, to counter an infrared homing surface-to-air
and/or air-to-air missile. With laser-induced plasma (LIP), it is possible to generate multiple wavelengths
just by “tuning” the laser parameters...a laser beam... will generate a laser-induced plasma filament
(LIPF) in accordance with the system and method for laser-induced plasma for infrared homing missile
countermeasure.”
It is unknown if the shape-shifting object and its duplicates are plasma from the 5th dimension,
or was created by the U.S. Navy, or if it’s an extraterrestrial machine using stealth technology. However,
the most plausible explanation is that the shape-shifter is a plasma that was attracted to the positive
charge of the ocean and atmosphere directly above. Although the U.S. Customs’ film lasts only 3
minutes the shape-shifting object appeared to repeatedly skim the surface and dip beneath the sea until
finally disappearing, presumably after it dived beneath the surface of the ocean.

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Shape Shifting UAP Over the Ocean & Coast of Puerto Rico

Figure 32: Freeze frame photos of a shape shifting UAP, from a 3-minute film by a U.S. Customs and
Border Protection DHC-8 over the ocean and coast of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. These photos represent the
changing appearance and the splitting apart of the UAP which occurred throughout the 3-minute film.

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Shape Shifting UAP Repeatedly Splits into Additional UAPs Over Ocean & Coast of Puerto Rico

Figure 33: Freeze frame photos of a shape shifting UAP repeatedly splitting into different shape shifting
UAPs. Freeze frames produced via Final Cut Pro, processed with Fotor anti-blue and filtering software.

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Shape Shifting UAPs : Voids / Nucleus

Figure 34: Examples of Nucleus / Voids within shape shifting UAP. Freeze frames produced via Final
Cut Pro, processed with Fotor anti-blur and filtering software.

Ovals Inside Nucleus/Voids of Shape Shifting UAP

Figure 35: Freeze frames produced via Final Cut Pro, processed with Fotor anti-blur and filtering
software and magnified 1600 times. Examples of oval forms within the nucleus/voids of shape shifting
UAP which are similar to those within plasmoids in the thermosphere. Although the glowing oval forms
could be construed as ganglia, similar glowing ovals have been observed in plasmas generated
experimentally.

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Figure 36. Examples of oval-ganglia nerve net-lie structures within the nucleus / void of shape shifting
UAP. Freeze frames produced via Final Cut Pro, processed with Fotor anti-blur and filtering software.

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The Illusion of Battle: Plasmoids Turning and Targeting the Same Plasmas

Figure 37. Targeting and collisions between Plasmoids could be interpreted as “battles” being fought,
when these collisions take place above cities in the lower atmosphere and observed by humans on the
ground below (see Figures 38, 40). Note: Plasmoids boxed in yellow and turquoise are each struck twice
by different plasmoids and both increase illumination and become brighter after they are struck [1].

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When Plasmoids Attacked Los Angeles

On the evening of February 24, 1942, a battle raged in the heavens, when five glowing,
pulsating, self-illuminated orbs appeared in formation over the evening skies of Los Angeles [41, 172] As
air raid sirens screamed, U.S. military "Western Defense" anti-aircraft guns blasted away at the five
glowing orbs which were tracked by searchlights; a battle observed by tens of thousands of residents
down below. In fact, anti-aircraft guns fired continuously at this slow-moving formation of UFOs, for
nearly six hours . So many bullets were falling back to Earth that five citizens were killed and "scores of
other persons" seriously injured according to the Los Angeles Times [172]. And yet, despite direct hits,
the UFOs proved impervious and never broke formation as they maneuvered over the city.
The next morning the L.A. Times reported that "the ensuing heavy and long-continued anti-
aircraft firing... was ordered by the Army's 4th Interceptor Command...[which also ordered] “that no
effort should be spared to shoot them down.”
When later questioned by reporters, Lt General John L. DeWitt (The Western Defense
Commander) explained that the U.S. military did not know what these "enemy" objects were or where
they came from; referring to them as "Unidentified aircraft."
The L.A. Times of 1942 also reported that the U.S. military was so concerned about these
unidentified flying" objects, that it was recommending that "vital industries" in the L.A. area and "Pacific
Coast war industries" "would have to be moved to safer inland regions."
A few days later Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox told the press that "it was just a false
alarm” and dismissed the six-hour battle and the thousands of eye-witness observations, as a case of
"jittery nerves" and denied any enemy aircraft had been in the area [172]. When the Los Angeles Times
[172] demanded more information and complained about conflicting statements coming from the
military, their questions and complaints were met with silence.
What were these self-illuminated pulsating orbs that were flying in formation? Our best guess is
they were plasmas.
Plasmoids Battle Over Nuremberg, Basel, Biskopsberga and Hamburg?
Throughout history, fire balls have repeatedly appeared in the sky (e.g. Figures 38, 40). For
example, as detailed in the May 1808 Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences (TSAS), “On
the 16th of last May... there appeared... in quick succession, a great number of balls, or spherical bodies...
of a dark brown colour... a great many of them remained, as it were, stationary; but they soon resumed...
an accelerated motion. with great velocity... til they were lost sight of... millions of similar bodies
continually arose in the west, one after the other irregularly... no report, noise, nor any whistling or
buzzing in the air was perceived... several were linked together... but continuing on a more rapid course
they separated, and each having a tail... three or four fathoms [in] length...” Those that “approached the
earth... vanished almost entirely within a few fathoms distance from the ground.” According to a
translation of the “headlines” of a 1697, November 4, broadsheet with a woodcut illustration (Figure 33),
“horrible fireballs” appeared over the city of Hamburg Germany: “Great fiery balls in the shape of a
cannon ball were seen floating” along with “a bright shining terrible lightning" and then one or both
“balls of fire” exploded and then "disappeared from the sight of many thousands of spectators” along
with the “terrible lightning.”
On January 27, 1630, German Astronomer Wilhelm Schickard published his monograph, titled
“Description of the Miracle of the Stars” and--according to translation-- wrote how “from 7 a.m. to 10
a.m. in the morning” he observed “a snow white material” appear in the sky over the city of Tübingen,
Baden-Württemberg, Germany, which resembled a cloud but “which I cannot really call a cloud, because
it was not as fluffy or broken up around the edges as natural clouds, but rather nice and smooth with a
polished reflection...” “ it had... a delicate oval figure or shape [that] fluttered back and forth in an

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inconsistent form...” and then “two more... light and dark spots.... resembling an overturned kettle” and
an elongated “sharpening stone” “appeared next to the oval figure and then commenced “to do battle” for
over two hours as all three “winked” on and off so that they seemed to appear and disappear and then the
“oval” form “flew away violently” and the others disappeared “or were hidden.”
Tübingen is located 260 km southwest of Nuremberg where 69 years previous, on the morning
of April 14, 1561, --as described in a translation of a wood-cut illustrated broadsheet news article printed
in April 1561-- lightning (signified by the cross) accompanied by several orbs appeared “at daybreak,
between 4 and 5 a.m... this was seen in Nuremberg in the city, before the gates and in the country – by
many men and women. At first there appeared in the middle of the sun two blood-red semi-circular
arcs.... And... there stood a round ball of partly dull, partly black ferrous color” and “blood-red ones and
other balls in large number... These all started to fight among themselves, so that the globes... flew back
and forth among themselves and fought vehemently with each other for over an hour. And when the
conflict in and again out of the sun was most intense. They then wasted away” and disappeared.
Basel Switzerland is located southwest from Tubingen (234 km) and Nuremberg (445 km),
where, according to an eyewitness account published in a news broadsheet: “It happened in 1566 three
times, on 27 and 28 of July, and on August 7, against the sunrise and sunset; we saw strange shapes in the
sky above Basel” including an object shaped like but “no bigger than the full moon” and “ it seemed to
weep tears of blood and... seen by all the people of the city and countryside. ... At the dawn of August 7,
we saw large black spheres coming and going with great speed and precision before the sun and chattered
as they began to fight. Many of them were fiery red and, soon crumbled and then extinguished.”

Figure 38: Woodcut and broadsheet headline: 1697, “horrible fireballs” accompanied by “lightning”
appeared over the city of Hamburg Germany and began to “fight.” Our interpretation: Plasmodic
collisions in the lower atmosphere.

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Figure 39: Plasma “Star Wars”? The hunter (red circle) strikes a plasma circled in white, made a 90-
degree turn directed toward the other two plasmas circled in white. Suddenly a hyper-sonic streak pierces
the plasmas circled in red and white [1]. Targeting, colliding, piercing, is a common plasmodic behavior;
which, if viewed in the lower atmosphere, might be interpreted as spheres at battle. Unfortunately, if an
aircraft is targeted, and a collision results, the result could be an inexplicable airline catastrophe.

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Figure 40. (left) Woodcut and broadsheet: July, August,1566, red and black spheres appeared over the
city of Basel and engaged in “battle.” (Right) Woodcut and broadsheet: April 14, 1561 lightning, orbs
and various forms appeared over Nuremberg and engaged in “battle.” The bulbous “crosses” refer to orbs
that merged. Our interpretation: Plasmodic collisions in the lower atmosphere.

Not All UAP are Plasma?

As detailed in this article, it is reasonable to conclude that many of the inexplicable objects that
have appeared in the sky over the centuries, are plasmas, were targeting and colliding with one another;
i.e. engaged in “battle” and “fight.” This does not mean that all UAP are plasma. What may be
extraterrestrial spacecraft--but most likely plasmas-- have been repeatedly observed by astronauts who
refused to accept NASA’s claims that they are viewing “ice” or “reflections.”
On May 15, 1963, while riding a Mercury capsule on his final orbit of a 22-orbit journey around
the world, astronaut Gordon Cooper reported a “glowing, greenish object” that was “rapidly
approaching”. On June 4, 1965, astronauts Ed White and James McDivitt spotted a huge “metallic
object” approaching their Gemini orbiter. Plasmas, however, have multiple colors and may look metallic.
Some Gemini astronauts reported that their craft was surrounded by multiple objects that they identified
as “bogeys” i.e. unidentified flying objects (UFOs). For example, in December of 1965, Gemini
astronaut James Lovell reported a “Bogey at 10 o’clock high.” Capcom: “This is Houston. Say again 7.”
Lovell: “We have a bogey at 10 o’clock high.” Capcom: “Gemini 7, is that the booster, or is that an actual
sighting?” Lovell: “We have several, actual sightings. We also have the booster in sight.”

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Figure 41: In this sequence, the Commander of STS 115 reported that a single object shaped like a “ring”
(circled in Red) approached the space shuttle; and was followed by several others: “They’re right in front
of the orbiter.” Eventually four pulsating forms appeared, three of which hovered, whereas the fourth
(circled in Red) targeted the pulsating form in the black square. As Red Ring approached, the object in
the black square ceased to illuminate in the seconds before impact. NASA’s Mission control responded:
“Okay we are seeing three or four objects; can you confirm its just the one that actually moving and the
others are just reflections?” However, by now, the fourth object had disappeared, obscured by Red Circle;
such that only three ring shaped forms remained. STS 115: “No, there are three objects, the one you see,
you see two rings right there, they’re the ones we had the late tallyho on. The one down at the bottom,
that’s the one we initially saw.” [1]

.
Figure 42. The Commanders of STS 75 and STS 117, reported that multiple objects approached outside
the windows moving about. “We tracked it through windows one, two, three, four—and now it's outside
window five” [1] This is noteworthy, as plasma can pass through windows. Note also how NASA’s
emblem (blue square) is obscured by “noise” and “snow.”

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The flight crew of Apollo 11—as reported by Buzz Aldrin in a 1982 interview—saw
“something out there that was close enough to be observed by the three of us. It was very big, and coming
closer, so we cautiously asked Houston about the final stage of the rocket, the S-IVB which had been
jettisoned two days earlier.” Apollo 11: “Do you have any idea where the S-IVB is with respect to us?
Mission Control: “Apollo 11, Houston. The S-IVB is about 6000 nautical miles from you now, over.”
Commonly plasmoids remain relatively motionless as others engage in a variety of actions; but
may then suddenly move to a new location. In one instance, as reported here, a “luminescent” “brilliantly
lighted” pulsating object was filmed following and approaching one of the space shuttles (Figure 2) but
as it came closer NASA turned off the camera. In this later instance, complex filtering and magnification
of the object indicated it had a cylindrical shape and its sheen is suggestive of some type of metal alloy.
Plasmas, however, may also appear to have a cylindrical and even a triangular shape. In
yet another shuttle video dozens, if not hundreds of pulsating plasmas that had gathered over a
thunderstorm (Figures 10, 44), as two different NASA commentators misidentified first one then a
second then a third glowing object as the MIR International Space Station indicating that each believed
they were looking at a human-made craft. However, a close examination of these and surrounding optical
phenomena indicates that the commentators were most likely looking at plasmas (Figure 35-37).
Unfortunately, as numerous glowing objects began swarming toward the last object mis-
identified as the MIR, the camera operator changed from a close up to far field focus, thus obscuring all
the action taken place. Thus, pulsating objects in the thermosphere have been misidentified as spacecraft
and the MIR International Space Station; or, dismissed by NASA as ice or “just reflections.
Consider, for example, when STS 75 filmed these things approaching and hovering near the
shuttle (Figure 35) windows the commander dismissed NASA’s explanation and instead insisted: “I’m
looking out in front of the orbiter. No, there are three objects. The one down at the bottom is the one we
initially saw... It started over window eight then quickly moved toward the upper windows. We tracked it
through windows one, two, three, four—and now it's outside window five.” And then Mission Control
changed the subject [1]. Likewise, the commander of STS 123 [1], reported that multiple objects had
approached and were hovering or approaching the shuttle widows (Figure 35).

Figure 43: Freeze frame from 30 second NASA film sequence in which a female then a male NASA
commentator at Mission Control thought they were looking at the MIR International Space Station, first
identifying an object at the bottom left of the screen “The MIR Space station is now visible on the far left
hand side of the screen...” then the upper left of the screen, then this object at the center of the screen just
as multiple small forms began streaking toward it, including a pulsating object coming from the upper
right; at which point the camera operator shifted from a close up to a long field view making it impossible
to observe the action taking place [1].

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Figure 44: Freeze frame from 30 second NASA film sequence in which the pulsating object circled in
white, was mis-identified as the MIR (after two other pulsating objects were mis-identified). This
pulsating form suddenly materialized, then took the stereotypical cone-shape, and flew at a 45-degree
angle. As it reached center of the screen the pulsating object coming from the upper right circled in blue
began streaking toward it [1]. The blue object split in two leaving the form circled in green in its wake;
then pierced another plasma, headed toward the cone-shaped form just as other smaller “hunters” began
streaking toward the “cone.” The camera operator then shifted from a close up to a long field view
making it impossible to observe the action taking place. The bottom row is a 1600% magnification.

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Figure 45. Christopher Mellon, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, has reported that “our military is
encountering intelligently-controlled solid objects invading restricted military aerospace, sometimes flying in
formation.” As depicted in this NASA space shuttle film footage [1], multiple pulsating objects emerged from
hurricane Gordan, assumed a V-formation and began pacing the space shuttle. Bottom row indication of pulsating.
Note the cloud-shaped object would become completely dark, then glow, then fade to black, then glow. This black
and white video (photos) should have crystal clarity but--like all nighttime space shuttle video-- was contaminated
with obscuring layers of rapidly alternating colors and white noise/snow after the video was received by NASA
and before it was released to the public [1].

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Figure 46: ”The U.S. Coast Guard photographer, Shell R. Alpert, took this photograph through a window
screen showing three cloud-like formations over the “Winter Island” Salem, Massachusetts, Air Station at
9:35 a.m. on 16 July 1952. (Official U.S. Coast Guard photograph). The Air Station had radio radar and
conducted sea rescues, and its facilities served amphibious helicopters and seaplanes. The weather and
temperature at that time was between 88 ̊ F to 91 ̊ F with a dew point of 65 to 67.68 (muggy and lots of
moisture in the air). According to the Weather. gov, “As a general rule, the surface dewpoint needs to be
55 ̊ F or greater for a surface-based thunderstorm to occur.” As can be seen from the photograph, the sky
was dark and overcast--perfect weather for thunderstorms.

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Figure 47. (Top) Sketch of three “blobs” of “brilliant white light” observed by Army Air Force crewman,
Leonard Stringfield on August 28, 1945, during a flight in a C-46 “flying coffin” over the Pacific Ocean
to Iwo Jima [51]. According to Stringfield as the three objects approached, the C-46 suddenly developed
electrical problems and engine trouble, and began to lose altitude. Everyone on board thought they were
going to die. Stringfield states that it is his belief “that the sudden erratic behavior of my plane was due to
a mysterious force generated by the blobs” because when the “blobs” disappeared, the pilot was able to
regain control over the plane. (Bottom left). Depiction of a 1962 luminous event off the bow of the ship
“Kaiba Shiharo” near the coast of Brazil, and which was reported as a UFO. (Bottom right) A glowing
pulsating cloud-like orb that ascended from a thunderstorm, heading upward toward a NASA space
shuttle [1], and as it neared, NASA turned off the camera (see Figure 23)

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Speculation: Are Plasmoids Sentient?

If the plasmas described in this report constitute a 4th domain of life and include those with
intelligence is a subject of ongoing research by members of this research team who strongly favor that
view [1, 31]. Arnold, who viewed nine of these flashing shape-shifting objects in 1947, believed they
were sentient and alive. Astronauts have also reported that plasma-like entities have appeared outside
windows, often traveling from window to window [1] --as if looking inside and, in so doing, upsetting the
crew-- whereas those encountered in the troposphere display what could be construed as curiosity, e.g.
“reconnoitering,” surveillance, mimicry, “toying with,” and so on [13, 40-41, 49-54, 138]. Consider the
incident when a glowing plasma entered through a cockpit window and slowly moved about the interior
of the plane as if reconnoitering [49]; and another incident, reported by Navy Cmdr. David Fravor, where
the specimen mirrored the movements of his jet fighter: "it was aware we were there."
To speculate: based solely on behavior (e.g. hunters, grazers, foragers, spectators) and our
ongoing analysis [31]; if some plasmas are alive and sentient, then their level of intelligence (or
consciousness) may approximate and range from that of algae to insects (insect societies, supra-
organisms) to canines; albeit completely “alien.” Conversely, the actions of some plasma may be based
solely on electromagnetism, e.g. charge coupling (attraction) and separation (repulsion). If pure automata,
then at best, these behaviors could be likened to a moth attracted to a flame; behavior that can be fatal
when a plasma targets and collides with an aircraft, or enters through the cockpit windows.

Figure 48. Comparing the nervous system of invertebrates (modified from Biocyclopedia) with the
internal sphericals of plasmoids. Glowing spheres also appear in plasma generated experimentally, and
may represent individual plasma clustered together but that resemble a composite cloud-shaped plasmoid
(see Figure 9).

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Many of the plasmoids of the ionosphere have interior voids that could be likened to a nucleus
[3]. Employing Fotor anti-blur, filters, and magnification up to 1600 times, glowing spheres have been
detected within some of these entities (Figures 1, 7, 8, 21, 29, 45, 49), including a series of glowing
spheres in a specimen with a serpentine shape. To speculate, these could be construed as ganglia
connected to nerve nets (see Figures 7, 10, 21, 29), i.e. neural networks, similar to the nervous system of
planaria, the common earthworm, and insects (Figure 48).
Although provocative to consider, it has also been reported that “round glowing balls flared up
inside” spiral and spherical plasmoids generated in a laboratory [30]. Therefore, these glowing orbs are
additional evidence the specimens are plasmas; but if the orbs are ganglia is unknown. However, there is
yet another explanation for the interior orbs: Plasmids.
Speculation: Plasmids - Replicons: Evidence of Circular Extrachromosomal DNA Molecules?
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that can replicate and self-clone
despite being distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA [171,172, 173]. Also referred to as “replicons”
plasmids are capable of autonomous self-replication and can be transferred from host to host; referred to
as “horizontal gene transfer.” Although some cells are known to possess hundreds of plasmids--ranging
in size from less than 1-kilobase pairs to huge megaplasmids of several megabase pairs--other cells may
only have one [172, 173]. Commonly found in bacteria and archaea, plasmids are known to encode for
proteins that enable these organisms to survive in otherwise lethal environments [171].
As documented in this report, specimens believed to be plasmas--like experimentally generated
plasmas-- are capable of replication; one of which repeatedly split apart into additional plasmoids, and
which, like the host, were found to contain circular structures. If these internal ovoid structures are
plasmids, or balls of RNA/DNA, they would have to be at least meters in size.
It is well established that common elements in the known universe which are essential to life
include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, and phosphorus [174-176]. Interplanetary
dust is also carbon-rich and glycine (an RNA-base) and tryptophan (essential for protein formation) have
been identified in the interstellar medium [175-176]. Because all these gases and elements may combine
and are continually irradiated by ions, they can generate small molecules. If they continue to combine
and grow in size, is it possible that within the cellular confines of a plasma, they may become meters in
size?
Plasmas are common in space and the ionosphere, which is permeated by dust and fragments of
carbonaceous chondrites within which seventy-three extraterrestrial and nineteen terrestrial amino acids
have so far been identified [174-176]. According to Alfvén [26, 27] plasmas contain cellular
membranes; whereas plasma with a nucleus have been repeatedly observed [3]. Plasmas that incorporate
this debris within their membranes are known as “dusty plasmas.” Once exogenously incorporated into
the confines of a dusty plasma membrane and nucleus, this molecular-protein-amino acid complex and
the building blocks of nucleotides and other vital prebiotic molecules would be subject to ion chemistry
as well as polarized radiation which induces asymmetric photochemistry leading to homochirality and
the induction of chiral asymmetry which can produce an excess of L-amino acids [177, 178].
In combination with tryptophan (discovered in the Perseus Cloud star system), hydrogen,
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, cyanide, these amino acids, could form adenine which is an RNA-DNA base,
as well as other nucleotides that could grow up to several centimeters within a dust-induced plasma void-
nucleus, leading to electrically charged lattice- and corkscrew-shaped assemblies of nucleic and amino
acids that produce enzymes and proteins within the nucleus [55-57]. This electrified combination could
then begin catalyzing reactions leading to the generation of self-replicating RNA-like polymers and
protein enzymes (polynucleotides) that resemble RNA but are chemically simpler and can act as a
catalyst [3, 177, 178]. Oxygen and phosphorus could also ladder RNA-DNA base pairs together. In

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consequence, dusty plasmas may acquire RNA-like capabilities leading to the formation of plasmids, and
thus a fourth domain of DNA-based life [3].
According to V.N. Tsytovich [55] of the Russian Academy of Science, “These complex, self-
organized plasma structures exhibit all the necessary properties to qualify them as candidates for
inorganic living matter.” A number of scientists have in fact argued that that the conditions necessary to
generate living plasma are common in space; and that plasma may be a common extraterrestrial form of
life [1-3, 46, 55-58, 177]. If this scenario has validity, plasma may be the source for the origin of life; and
this would imply that every gaseous Earth-like planet would likely harbor plasmas that could generate
life--including planets that formed and where life evolved billions of years before Earth was formed [177,
178, 179, 180, 181].
However, it must be emphasized that experimentally produced plasmas have not been found to
contain any of the precursors to the formation of a single nucleotide. If those internal spherical forms are
plasmids --or what their function might be-- or if they represent mini-plasmas joined together, or
represent the “birth” and generation of additional plasma, or consist of internalized plasmas within
plasmas (Figures 8, 9], is unknown.
A Fourth Domain of Life?
An examination of the sample of freeze frames presented in this document, established that
plasmoids engage in complex behaviors; i.e. turning, following, targeting, colliding, merging, coupled
with shape-shifting. Of course, it is important to avoid anthropomorphizing what may be purely
electromagnetic push pull and representative of Descartes’ concept of “automata.” According to
Descartes, all animals are automata--no different from machines--only humans are non-automata, because
humans have a soul. Descartes, however, never disputed the fact that animal-automata are alive. Further,
it is well established that social animals, be they insects or humans engage in complex behaviors.
Admittedly, collisionality may be push-pull, a consequence of differing or changing electric
charges. However, consider, for example, Figures 16a,b. Plasma # 1 travels upward, intersects with a
plasma # 2 as hyper-velocity plasma (hunters) speeds by. Then, another plasma, # 3 materializes or
suddenly self-illuminates, changes shape, follows plasma # 1, intersects the same # 2 plasma, then
passes close to # 1, and continues upward and finally hovers in place as plasma #1 ejects a plasma # 4.
Plasma # 4 travels toward and interacts with # 3, who heads back toward and merges with # 1.
This is not an isolated case, but a sample of repeated instances of plasmas splitting or ejecting
additional plasmas that also engage in complex interactions. Consider Figure 8 which provides striking
evidence that what were two plasmas became three; i.e. one of the plasmas ejected or secreted another
plasmas which interacts with another plasma before separating completely and hovering in place.
And all this ties in with the photos of the plasma conglomerates--multiple plasma that form what
looks like one composite cloud-like plasma. And yet, although plasma conglomerates may explain shape
shifting and what appears to be splitting and the formation of additional plasma, it cannot account for the
complex interactions.
Consider Figure 48, in which four nucleated plasmoids, coming from different directions and
traveling at different velocities, intersect a single non-nucleated plasmoid that merely hovers in place.
These behaviors were captured in less than 20 seconds of NASA space shuttle footage; and this implies
that dozens, or even hundreds of nucleated plasmas may have intersected that single plasmoid.
Moreover., this can’t be considered an isolated incident. There are numerous examples of waiting,
hovering plasmoids which are struck and pierced by different plasmas [1] as can also be viewed in Figure
16a,b. Then there are plasmas that after intersecting other plasmoids, turns and follows yet another
plasmoid which ejects a satellite plasmoid that contacts the new pursuer which turns around. What are we
to make of these complex interactions that resemble complex, purposeful social behaviors? Three of the

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authors of this report (Joseph, Armstrong, Schild) believe these plasmoids are alive and represent a fourth
domain of life. But then what looks like purposeful behavior and complex social interactions leads us
back to the dangers of anthropomorphizing.

Figure 49a. Four Different plasmoids (circled in red, green, blue, and orange) intersect the same
specimens (framed in white). First, the plasma in red traveling downward from the top, then the plasmoid
in green coming upward from the left bottom side of the image.

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Figure 49B Four plasmoids interest the same plasmoid. First, the plasmoid in red, then the specimen in
green (figure 49A), then a plasmoid moving upward from the bottom of the image (circled in blue), and
finally the specimen circled in orange and that had hovered in place until finally contacting the target.

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Figure 49C. Four Different plasmoids (circled in red, green, blue, and orange) intersect the same
specimen (framed in white). Note that the “hunters” are nucleated. The target plasmoid are devoid of a
nucleus. Processed via Fotor Filters.

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Figure 49D Four Different plasmoids (circled in red, green, blue, and orange) intersect the same
specimen (framed in white). First then Red, then the Green, Blue, and finally the Orange. Note that the
“hunters” are nucleated. The target plasmoid are devoid of a nucleus. Processed via Fotor Filters.

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 Journal of Modern Physics, 2024, vol. 15

CONCLUSIONS
The term “extraterrestrial” is derived from the Latin words terrestris ("earthly” or “land”) and
extra which is derived from exter ("outside", "outwards" “beyond”). Thus, by definition,
“extraterrestrial” refers to any object or being that was not born on or does not live upon or is not
characteristic of objects or life on this planet, but lives or originates outward from Earth. The upper
atmosphere, by definition, including and especially the ionosphere and plasmasphere, are outward from
Earth and directly affected by cosmic rays that originate outside this system, and which may contribute to
the formation of plasmas which in turn may originate in, or journey to the ionosphere from other planets.
For example, Earth’s GEC can be considered a paradigm for planetary electricity for every
planet with a gaseous atmosphere and where lightning is commonplace; e.g., Jupiter and Saturn. It is
therefore reasonable to suspect that plasmoids also dwell in the upper atmosphere of these two gas giants
where thunderstorms are common.
On Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and presumably all gaseous planets with atmospheres, electric charges
are generated by cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and by friction, bolide impacts, as well as by cloud
charging, volcanism, and dust. Lightning is common on Jupiter and Saturn and is thought to originate
from water clouds deep in their atmospheres, with temperatures ∼300 K [182] where water is likely to
exist in more than one phase. For Jupiter and Saturn, the outermost cloud layer consists of ammonia
(NH3) ice particles, which is followed by an intermediate ammonium hydrosulfide cloud layer (NH4SH)
and a deep-water cloud (H2O) layer [183].
Lightning is a plasma that attracts and produces plasmas. Lightning was associated with Jupiter
by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and detected optically with the camera on-board Voyager 1 [184],
and by Voyager 2 as well as by the Galileo [185]. The Voyager plasma wave instrument also detected
lightning whistlers in Jupiter’s magnetosphere [186]. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that plasmas,
similar to those discussed in this report, also swim in the atmospheric seas of Jupiter and Saturn.
We believe that plasmas that arrive in the thermosphere from locations unknown, should be
described as “extraterrestrial.” We also believe that plasma that have descended into the lower
atmosphere have been observed for thousands of years and that plasmoids account for many, but not all
observations of UAP including those believed to have “battled” over cities in the recent and ancient past.
As detailed in this report and the supplementary 17 minute video compilation of NASA space
shuttle video [1], thousands of self-illuminating, pulsating plasmas have been filmed in the ionosphere-
thermosphere approaching, surrounding and congregating around space shuttles, satellites, the MIR and
thunderstorms; and those that descended into thunderstorms and the lower atmosphere may have been
filmed by U.S. Navy personnel and U.S. Coast Guard and Customs including those observed above and
diving/sinking beneath the ocean surface. Plasmoids can accelerate to hypersonic speed and engage in
complex behaviors. They travel at different velocities from different directions, often making 90 to 180
degree turns, as well as slowing down, speeding up, and following, targeting then colliding, intersecting
and piercing other plasma; as well as swarming toward and congregating above and descending into
thunderstorms and the lower atmosphere which is the air corridor favored by commercial and military
aircraft. Plasmas can pass through glass, plastic, metal, and enter the cockpits of airplanes and have been
observed by astronauts inside spacecraft, the MIR and ISS.
Transient plasmas can negatively affect electronics and mental activity, and may trigger
hallucinations and nightmares including those later recalled as “alien abductions.” Once they descend
into thunderstorms and the lower atmosphere, given their propensity to track and collide, this may
account for the numerous reports of UAPs following, harassing, chasing, and “toying with” aircraft
beginning before, during and after World War II; and the association between increases in both UAP
sightings and unexplained aircraft disasters.

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The ionosphere and the troposphere have a positive charge, and the ocean surface under white
water and turbulent conditions also develops a positive charge; and this may explain the frequent
sightings of UAP in the lower atmosphere and soaring above and diving into the oceans; including, as
reported here, a shape-shifting UAP filmed by a U.S. Customs and Border Protection DHC-8.
It is noteworthy that five glowing objects flew in formation over Los Angeles in 1942. Four
cloud-shaped objects resembling plasma and, in a V-like formation were also photographed over Winter
Island in Salem Massachusetts. Pulsating objects in a V-formation have also been filmed pacing one of
the space shuttles. Objects (UAP) flying in formation have been repeatedly observed on numerous
occasions, and have harassed military jets and installations and have engaged in what Navy and Pentagon
officials suspect is best described as surveillance.
Flying in formation suggests intelligent control and coordinated actions. Are plasmoisa
intelligent, or were these V-flying objects space craft from other worlds? Lending itself to the latter
possibility, as documented in this report, a pulsating object followed and approached a space shuttle but
as it drew closer, NASA turned off the camera. Filtering of freeze frame photographs of the object as it
approached, revealed a cylindrical form that has a metallic sheen (Figure 2). However, plasmas can also
look metallic.
Although these electromagnetic entities engage in behaviors that seem purposeful, and which
may represent curiosity--such as appearing outside space shuttle windows--as if looking inside-- or
materializing inside a cockpit and then slowly traversing (surveying?) the aircraft-- one must be careful
not to anthropomorphize what may be push-pull electromagnetic activity. On the other hand, the
dominant energy which fuels the human brain is electromagnetic.
Another caveat: We have referred to these entities as “plasmas” and “plasmoids” to distinguish
them from the “unknown” UFO and UAP classifications where it has been impossible to determine what
is being viewed. Unfortunately, as is well established, NASA added four layers of visual noise to
nighttime shuttle films and would increase the noise level and then turn off the camera when anything
life-like or which might be interpreted as a “UFO” (AKA alien spacecraft) comes into view. By design,
NASA’s policies make it difficult to perform detailed analysis. Therefore, based on the evidence that
escaped NASA’s censors and which is currently available [1], our best guess is that these are “plasmas”
[1-3]; albeit, with the understanding there are numerous subtypes that engage in different behaviors.
Are plasmoids alive? Do they represent a fourth domain of life? Do the different subtypes of
“plasmoids” belong to a fifth, sixth, seventh domain of “alien” life? These questions cannot yet be
answered though the evidence supports that hypothesis that plasmoids may be considered a form of pre-
life and provided the composite basis for the origin of RNA, followed by DNA, and thus: life [3].
If this latter theory proves true, then since plasmas likely dwell in the upper atmosphere of every
gaseous planet, then it can be predicted that plasmas may have spawned life on innumerable worlds,
including those that formed billions of years before Earth. If this latter proposition proves true, then life
would have likely evolved on innumerable worlds, even reaching the level of modern Earthly humans,
billions of years ago [177-181, 187, 188]. Might some of the UAP/UFO observed over the centuries
include craft and machines manufactured by hyper-technologically advanced races of beings that evolved
on ancient Earth-like worlds? Hard evidence, photographed by NASA on Mars--albeit at present,
unconfirmed-- favors that view [60].
In conclusion: given the evidence presented in this and other reports [1-3] it is highly likely that
“plasmoids” account for many of the encounters with and observations of UAP over the centuries
including those observed flying above cities and diving beneath the sea. Plasmoids, however, cannot
account for all UAP sightings, at least some of which may be extraterrestrial spacecraft from other
worlds.

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 Journal of Modern Physics, 2024, vol. 15

Note: Video Supplement: A 17-minute video compilation of official NASA space shuttle films
(Joseph 2024) is linked to this article and can be downloaded from Researchgate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383116954

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