Instant Access to An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion 4th Edition Brian Davies ebook Full Chapters
Instant Access to An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion 4th Edition Brian Davies ebook Full Chapters
com
https://ebookmass.com/product/an-introduction-to-the-
philosophy-of-religion-4th-edition-brian-davies/
OR CLICK HERE
DOWLOAD NOW
https://ebookmass.com/product/an-introduction-to-hegels-lectures-on-
the-philosophy-of-religion-1st-edition-jon-stewart/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/an-introduction-to-political-philosophy-
jonathan-wolff/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/an-introduction-to-mechanical-
engineering-4th-ed-4th-edition-jonathan-wickert/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/father-unto-many-sons-miller-rod/
ebookmass.com
Epistemic Decolonization: A Critical Investigation into
the Anticolonial Politics of Knowledge 1st ed. Edition
D.A. Wood
https://ebookmass.com/product/epistemic-decolonization-a-critical-
investigation-into-the-anticolonial-politics-of-knowledge-1st-ed-
edition-d-a-wood/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/deindustrialization-distribution-and-
development-structural-change-in-the-global-south-andy-sumner/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/moons-first-friends-one-giant-leap-for-
friendship-susanna-leonard-hill/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/cowboy-and-his-second-chance-a-curvy-
girl-romance-hill-country-cowboys-book-1-d-lilac/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/victorians-and-numbers-statistics-and-
society-in-nineteenth-century-britain-lawrence-goldman/
ebookmass.com
How To Draw Anatomy Dr Phillip Molloy
https://ebookmass.com/product/how-to-draw-anatomy-dr-phillip-molloy/
ebookmass.com
Not tbr Profit. All for Education.
Oxford University Press USA is ,a not-for-profit
publisher dedicated to offering the highest quality
textbooks at the best possible prices. We believe
that it is important to provide everyone with access
to superior textbooks at affordable prices. Oxford
University Press textbooks are 30%-70% less expensive
than comparable books from commercial publishers.
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
An Introduction to the
Philosophy of Religion
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
le furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and certain ocher countries.
Printing number:9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Acknowledgements vi
Introduction vii
Brian Davies
Fordham University
New York
vi
INTRODUCTION
vii
viii AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
M
uch philosophy of religion focuses on the topic of God. For
centuries philosophers have asked whether there is reason
to believe that God exists. They have also considered what,
if anything, can be known of God's nature. But what should we take the
word 'God' to mean? You might find this question puzzling. You might
say: "We all know what 'God' means. What we need to ask is 'Does God
exist? ' and 'What can we know about God?�' Yet are matters as simple
as that?
Unfortunately, they are not. And anyone starting work on philoso
phy of religion should be aware of this fact at the outset. For those who
say that they believe that God exists (people who are commonly referred
to as 'theists') often disagree in their accounts of God. The word 'God'
has been understood in different ways even by those who subscribe to
belief in what the Oxford English Dictionary calls its "specific Christian
and monotheistic sense:'
'Monotheistic' is the adjectival form of the noun 'monotheism; which
means "belief that there is only one God:' And the Oxford English Dic
tionary is clearly thinking of belief in God as professed by Jews, Muslims,
and Christians, all of whom declare that there is but one true God. Yet
there is substantial disagreement about what God is even among Jewish,
Islamic, and Christian monotheists. So when you hear Jews, Muslims,
and Christians using the word 'God; you should not assume that they all
2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
understand it in the same sense. You should not even assume this when
confining your attention to one of these groups. Among other things,
orthodox Christians believe that God is "three persons in one substance"
(the doctrine of the Trinity). They also believe that God became incar
nate in Jesus of Nazareth (the doctrine of the Incarnation). But Jews and
Muslims do not believe that God is somehow three in one or that Jesus is
God incarnate. Then again, people who have self-identified as Christian
often disagree with each other when it comes to what God is. So we need
to be quite clear that there are distinguishable traditions when it comes
to theism. Not everyone who says, "I believe that God exists" or "I am
a theist" believes the same when it comes to what God is. Correspond
ingly, we should not just assume that people who declare themselves to
be atheists are always contradicting what all theists mean when they say
that God exists. What some atheists have taken theism to be is not what
some theists take it to be. And in this chapter my aim is to indicate how
all of that is so. Among philosophers of religion, God is typically taken
to be the God of monotheism (or theism, for short). And I shall now fall
in with this line of thinking. From this point on, therefore, I take 'God'
to mean "the God of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity:' As I have said,
however, this still leaves us with a problem of understanding. So now
I shall try to explain why. It is not easy to do so, but to simplify matters,
I shall say that monotheism or theism can be divided into at least two
approaches to God. For reasons which should soon be obvious, I shall
call them 'classical theism' and 'theistic personalism:
Classical Theism
Classical theism is what you can find endorsed in the writings of
people like the Jewish author Moses Maimonides (1135-1204), the Is
lamic author Avicenna (980-1037), and the Christian author Thomas
Aquinas (1224/6-1274). 1 Classical theism is what all Jews, Christians,
I. Moses Maimonides was born at Cordova, Spain and finally settled in Cairo,
Egypt. The author of numerous works on Jewish theology, he is best known today for
his Guide for the Perplexed ( 1190), which is devoted to the relation between reason and
religious faith. Avicenna, sometimes called Ibn Sina, was an Islamic philosopher who
also had a strong influence on medieval Christian thinkers. Thomas Aquinas lived and
worked in Germany, France, and Italy and became one of the most respected Roman
Catholic philosophers and theologians. He wrote voluminously, but is best known for his
Summa Theologiae and Summa Contra Gentiles.
Whose God? Which Tradition? 3
and Muslims believed in for many centuries (officially, at least). And nu
merous philosophers have taken it for granted that God is what defend
ers of classical theism take God to be. From the time of St. Augustine of
Hippo (354-430) 2 to that of G. W. Leibniz (1646-17 16), 3 philosophers
almost always worked on the assumption that belief in God is belief
in classical theism. And their understanding has been shared by many
theologians. The major tenets of classical theism are part of the offi
cial teaching of the Roman Catholic Church. They were also taught by
most of the major sixteenth-century Protestant reformers and by heirs
of theirs, such as Jonathan Edwards, the eighteenth-century American
Puritan theologian.
But what does classical theism amount to? Central to it is a particu
lar understanding of the claim that God is Creator of all things. On this
understanding, the existence of everything other than God directly and
entirely depends causally on God.
2. Augustine of Hippo lived most of his life in North Africa. His impact on Western
Christian thinking is second to none. His many writings include the Confessions (a kind
of theological autobiography) and a variety of works on both philosophical and theologi
cal topics.
3. Leibniz was born in Leipzig, where he later studied. Generally regarded as one
of the greatest seventeenth-century 'rationalist' philosophers, he wrote on physics, math
ematics, metaphysics, and theology.
4 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
« Dimanche, 11 mai,
à bord de la Fancy, rade de Salamine.
« John Harris. »
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
ebookmass.com