Ⅱ

"
!1#$1!

01
I 6
02 30
03 42
04 58

05
II 80
06 110
07 120

08
III 142
09 162
10 178
 1#$%1'(
!1#$

1.

2.

EBS
I

12 19 18

3
EBS
11 75 11 2024 13
 01
1

138

1.

50

2.

3.

1.
2.
3.

6
 46

1.

2.

3.

10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
40 30 20 10 0

4 1.
2.
3.

7
 01

ppm
Û`Ü`¡`U Û`Ü`Þ`U Û`Ü`Û`Th Ý`â`K 10ÑÞ``mW/mÜ`
5 18 38000 295
1. 05 3 8000 56
0 015 0 06 100 1

2.

3. mW/mÛ` mW/mÛ`
87
65
101

4.
20 0 100 140 1 0 140 100 0 20
0
40
20
0
20
40

30 0 0 120 1 0 1 0 210 240 2 0 300

1.
2.
3.
4.

8
3

P
15`km
S

1.

2.

3.

km/s

P 5~8
P

S 3~4
1.
S
2.
2~3 3. S

9
 01
P S P
V _V
S PS PS
d=V -V _PS
d V P
V S

;2!;

P V S V PS 25 S
t d 20
PS
15
d d V V P
- =t d= _t 10
``
1. P
V V V V
S 5
PS
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
PS
(km)

2.
PS

3. A B C
P
R R R A B
O RB P
P'
RA O
A
3 P'
C RC
4. O

A O AO O AO
PP' PP' OP OP'

4
0

1000

2000
2 00
3000

4000

000
100
000
0 3 12
1. PS
2.
3.
4.

10
S P S
103Á 11
0Á
103ù~180ù S P
P
P

14
2
Á
103ù~142ù P
110ù 180Á

km g/cmÜ`
~ 35 2.7
1.
~ 5 3.0
103ù 180ù
~ 2900 3.3~5.5

103ù 142ù

2.
14 110ù P
4
12
10 3

2
3.
10
4
1
2
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 000 000

5000

4000

3000
(˘C)
2000

1000

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
(km)

1. S P
2.
3.

11
 01

1.

2.

1
0 75`g cmÜ` _
4
A B C 1 0`g cmÜ`

B C
A

A B C
cm 30 20 10
cm 22 5 15 75

0 75 0 75 0 75

1 A B C 0 75`g cmÜ` 1 0`g cmÜ` A B C

1. 2 A B C
2.

12
6

1.
0
=

>
2.
<
0
0
>

3.

l T 4.

l 4pÛ`l`
T=2pæ® g g=
g TÛ`

= -

+ 1.
2.
- 3.
- + 4.

13
 01

+90ù

1.
.3

2.
3

(N)
0ù +90ù
3.
0 =

= 0

E
W

W - E +

4. N
ù + - 0ù +90ù
ù
-90ù
ù

5.
0

1.
2.
3. + -
4. 0 +90 -90
5.

14
01 03
T
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
40 30 20 10 0

T
T
T A

04

(ppm)
U Th K (10­ÑÚ`Û``W/kg)
0.015 0.06 100 2.7
02 0.6 3 8000 170
A B 5 18 38000 940

A
B
C

15
05 07
A

A B

A C

08 A B C
A B C
P S
06 P S

( )
0 2 4 6 8 10

S B
A B C C

16
09 A D 11

103Á
A

14
2
Á
C
D
5100 2900 0
(km)
0Á 180Á

A B
P B C S
C D S

10
A B C

0 12
1

3
10
4

17
13 15
A B
10

8
Dt
6
A l
4
B
2

A B
A

l Dt
Dt
Dt

14
A B C A B C

C
16 A
h

A B A B C B

A B
A B
h A C
A B

18
17 A B C 19 =0
A

A~D
B
A
N
D C
3 0 =0
D

B
A C

A
B C
A B A C
D
B C A B C

20 2020
18 0
10 14
A B C 12
4
4 10
2

A
N 30
0
4
2
0
N 1 2
W S E 4
B

0
0 13 1 0
S C

A B N

A C
C 8ù

19
 01

02

A >B >C

20
03

10

10ÑÚ

10ÑÛ
( )
10ÑÜ
T T
10ÑÝ

TÁ

Tª

04

30 0 120 1 0 240 300

(mW/mÛ`)

21
 05

( ) ( ) ( )

0 2000 4000 000 0 2000 4000 000 0 2000 4000 000

(km) (km) (km)

06 A~G P B~G A
500`km A~G 2

A B C D E F G
P
13.4 8.6 9.7 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.2
(km/s)

5.5 9.9 10.8 11.4 11.8 12.1 12.9

(g/cmÜ`)

A~G
C
A P A 500`km P

22
07 A B C P
103ù ~180ù S
Põ P‚ A B C P

1 0 120 0 0 30 0 30 0 0 120 1 0
103ù~142ù P
0
A

30

C
0
B

30

P
P
P P

08 P P

A P
P S
P

23
PS S 09 PS S
P

14
12
10

( )
4
2

0 20 40 0 0 100
(km)

40`km P 7
P S 2.4
S P

10 A B C

C
l

PS A B
l

B C

24
11 S
103ù
180
P
A~D P S B D
103ù~142ù

B 0 100
20 A 120
D 0

40 140
10 C
( ) 20 1 0

1 0
0 30 0 0 120 1 0 1 0
()

B C D P
P
D

12 = -
-10

3
1 B C
20 0
0
0
-3
30

-10
-20
-20

50 D
A
10 240
0
30

-30
50
40

-40

-20
3
-20
(h)
20 - -30
`mGal 10 10 E

12 130 131

A~E E
A D
B C E h C

25
 13

h h
( q

( q

( q d

hÁ hª
=
d d
qÁ-q£ qª-qÁ 1.5

14
qÁ qª A B
5

X Y 4

A 3
q
2
(mGal)
B 1
q
0
X Y

qÁ qª

26
15 X Y

1.12

1.10

(mGal) 1.08

1.06

X Y

X Y X Y X Y

X Y X Y

16 P 4 P
PS
PS 3
B

P S P
S
2
( )
A
1

0
14ú````20µ```05§ 14ú````20µ```08§
P

B A 3
P S =5 3
14ú` 20µ`` 03§`

27
 17

A D

A B C D
g/cmÜ` 04 06 03 05
cm 75 80 60 40

1`g/cmÜ` A B
A B
C D A A B

A B

cm

A A B

1.6

18 1700 2000 A~D 30

A
20

10
B
0
(ù)
10
C

20
B D
30
1700 1800 1900 2000
( )

B C D

28
19
4 0 13 4 0 13
5000

0 0 10000
15000
6000
0 20000
A B A 25000 B
30 5000 30 30000
0
35000
4000 40000
0
`nT `nT
0 0

A B

20 1900 2020

2020
2015
2010

2000 B

1960 1980

1920 1940
1900
A

A 1980 2020

90ù
B + -

29
 02
1

1.

a b c
b
2. c
a

c b

3.

X
X

4.
X

1600
(6.5)
1200 (5.5)
1 2 (4.5)
800 (3.5)
3 (2.5)
400
1.
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3. 1 3
4.

30
 1 4 SiO¢
(O) SiO¢
SiO¢ (Si) SiO¢

SiO¢

Fe Mg
SiO¢
Si Na K

1.

SiO¢
Si`:`O 1 : 4 1 : 3 4 : 11 2 : 5 1 : 2

(Mg,`Fe)2 (Mg,`Fe) Ca2(Mg,`Fe)5

K(Mg,`Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 SiO2 2.
-SiO4 -SiO3 -(Al,`Si)8O22(OH)2

(Si)

3. SiO¢

(O)

4.
C
NaCl
CaCO£

- (C) (C) (Au)

SÛ`Ñ (FeSª)
OÛ`Ñ (Fe£O¢
FÑ ClÑ BrÑ IÑ (NaCl)
CO£Û`Ñ (CaCO£
SO¢Û`Ñ (BaSO¢
PO¢Ü`Ñ Ca°(PO¢ £(F Cl OH)

Au Ag Cu S
Fe£O¢ FeªO£ AlªO£

1. 1 4
CO£Û`Ñ
2. Fe Mg
3.
CaCO£+2HCl 22Ú CaClª+HªO+COª 4.

31
 02

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

32
 90ù

1.

2.

3.

1 1 1

SiO2 52`% 63`%

Ca, Fe, Mg Na, K, Si

1. 90
2.
3.

33
 02

1.

2.
2`mm

3.

1.
2. 1 1 1
3.

34
 2`mm

;1Á6;~2`mm

;25!6;~;1Á6;`mm

;25!6;`mm

1.
C
CaCO£
SiOª
2.

3.

1 1 1

1.
2.
3.

35
01 a b c 03 ~

a b c
c
a C
Fe£O¢) NaCl CaCO£
b

a
a c
b c

02 SiO¢
04

2.

A
B

SiO¢ A C

36
05 07 A B
B A
A B

A B

A B

B
A
B
C

06 08

1 1 1

37
 01
1600

1200

O Si Al F H 800

C 400
Fe S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
O Si Mg Fe

02

Si
O

Si
1 0.5
O

38
03

90ù

04

0. 0. 0.

39
 05

180ù 2

06

40
07

1 1 1

08

1 1

Fe Mg

41
 03
1

pegmatite

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

42
 1.

2.

25 ~ 18 3.
FeÜ`±

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

43
 03

15
21
Sc 39 Y
17

LED 2

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

44
 A~F
F`
A` E` F`
B` A`

B`

C` ­
D`
E`

D`
C`
2
10
A
B
1.
C
D
E
F
2.

A~F CaCO£

50`%
1.
2.

45
 03

10 6

100`km

1. 135`k
m

USGS 2016

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

46
 15`%

1.

2.

3.
P

4.
30
6500

5~7

1.
2.
3.
4.
30`%

47
 03

0.003`ppm
4000`m

1.

70`%

1`kg 35`g
2.

3.
2019
2019 25814`TWh

( `MW) ( `TWh)

0.23 0.05 1650 1200

521.5
2.31

29500

44000

10.96

1 2019 > > >

2 2019 > >

3 2019

1.
2.
3.

48
01 03

( )­

B
A C

A B A C B C A B C

04
02 A B
A B

A B

46428
25972 3019626
15288 116321
17043 102332

B
A B

49
05 A 07
B

A
B
A B

08
9 8
25
21 20
20

15
06 ( ) 10
12 11
8.5 7.9
5

10 %

50
09 11 A
B

A B

A
B

12

10

51
 01
300

02 A B
A B

A
B

52
03
A

10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
40 30 20 10 0

04 A B
A B

A B

A
B

53
 05 A B A B
30 1991~2020 10 2011~2020 A B

A B
1991~2020 214.9 8448.9
2011~2020 165.5 9060.6

2011~2020
A B
1991~2010

06 A B A B
% A B

A
(15.8`%)

(36.7`%)

B (21.6`%)

(14.5`%)

(11.4`%)

A
B

54
07 A B A B
A B
LED
3000

2500
17
2000

1500
A
( ) B
1000

500

0
A B

A
B
A B

08
A B

127461 14199 50351

A
483707 468833 22793
267305 1465 7224
B
1172636 45929 5218

A
A B
A B

55
 09 tÁ
tª h

6
4
t
2
h
0
-2
(m) t
-4
-6

0 6 12 18 24
( )

6`m
h
tª

10

30
100
A 1 80

60
0 ( mÛ`)
40
1
1 0 1 0 1 0

56
11

12 2016 ~2020 2019

2020

00000 0000
4 4 000
14
0000 40000 13.8

3 3 000 8.2
0000 013 44.8
30000
0000 2 000 23.1
(GWh) 221 20000
0000 1 000 9.0
%
(GWh)
10000 1.1
0000
000
40000 0
201 201 201 201 2020

2016 2020
2016 2018
2019 2020 300`GWh

57
 04
1

E W

0ù

1.

1 2 3 4 10 11 12 13 14

30
0
200

20
0

2. 2 4 6 89
4 2
8 6 0

6 4 2 0

8
89

6 4 2 0
W
2 4
N
4 6

6
2

S
E

89
8
20

8
6 4
2 4 6 89

3.

4.

2 0 2 4
4 98
6 8 6
N
6 8
6 80 6
2 4

4
2 0 2 4
98

E W
98 6

S
2
4

6 6 8
98 4
2 0 2 4

N
30
30
30
E

1. 8 98 6 4
6

2
2

N
0 2 4

0 2 4

2.
S

89 8 6 4
W

2
3.
4.

58
 ù
NS
30ù N30ùE EW NxùE NyùW

NS
E W

NS E W NxùE
NW SE
45ù 45ùNW

EW N60ùE 0
30ùS 30 90ù
4 4
N45ùE N45ùW 30
60ùSE 30ùNE
1.
0

2. E W

3.
10ù

4.

100 100 100 100

200 200 200 200
300 300 300 300

00 400 300
00 00
400

00 00

400

1.
2. NS
3. N10ùW
4.

59
 04

200 100 200 300 100 200 300

300 400 400
400

1.

2.

3.

4.

2
43`% > 40
1. 40 43
40`% > 11`% > 6`%
2. 3
11
3. 40`% >
4.
35`%)> 25`%

60
25

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

61
 04
4

4
2
2

1. 2
100 100 100 100
2

2. 4

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

62
3

1. 2 6

2 6

2.

30
30 3.
20
20

4.
10
10

30 30

20 20

2 5

2 5 1 8 1 2

1.
2.
450 3.
4.
170

63
 04

0 200 400 00 00
0

2
10
4

20

30
10

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3. 25
4.

64
 20 18

1.

2.

3.

A B

4.
0 200 400 00 00
0
2
300 10
4
00
0 20

30
10
100 1100 12 40
1100
14 0
1
0

1 A

2 B

1 A A
1.
2.
2 B B
3.
4.

65
01 03

40 4 4 2 40

A
B C

EW N S
45ù NE N45ùE

02
A
2 0 2
4 898 6 4
6
N
6 80 6

6 8

B
2 4

04
2 0 2 4
98

E W
98 6

S
2
4

6 6 8
98 4
2 0 2 4
C
100`m
200`m
300`m
A 400`m B

A B

A B A B
A C A
B

66
05 07

468`m 00 400
385`m 00
400
285`m A
00
168`m
00
00
0`m
A

B C

A
B C
A B C

08 A
06 A

A
A B 500`m C D 2
400`m 40
300`m
200`m
3

A C
D NS A
A

67
09 11 1 8
A B

A (A)
B

100

A
A B
A

10
12
0
A A
60

B
250
C 43
( ) 40 A
A

11
541

A A
B C

68
13 15 A B

100ù 110ù 120ù 130ùE

40ùN

35ù A

30ù
B
25ù

20ù

A B

16
14 A A B

0 200 400 00 0
2 300 300
00 00
10 00
4 1200 00
1200
20

30
10

A B
A A B
A

69
 01

2 0 2 4 2 0 2 4
4 98 4 98
6 8 6 6 8 6
N N
6 80 6

6 80 6
6

6
4

4
4

4
2 0 2 4

2 0 2 4
2

2
98

98
89 8 6

89 8 6
E W E W
S S
2

2
4

4
6 8 6 8
98 6 4 98 6 4
2 0 2 4 2 0 2 4

0ù N40ùW 40ùSE

02
200`m

A B
400`m
500`m
300`m
400`m
200`m
300`m

4
A B

70
03

2 0 2 4
4
0ù 98
6 8 6
N

98 6

6
4
2 0 2 4

2 0 2 4
89 8 6
6 8
S

4
6 8
A~E 2 0 2 4
98 6 4

A 20ù

B
E A

A B
C D
E

N70ùW

04 P Q
a b c
f`

a
300`m b
400`m
400`m c
300`m
500`m 500`m
f` 600`m

f-f`'

71
 05 f-f`'
f-f`'
f`

A
B
C
f` D

f-f`'

A~D

06

A B C

252 201 145 66 23

A B
C
-

72
07 A B C A B C
A B C

A
B
C

A B C
A B C

08 A B
A B

A
B

A
B
A B

73
 09
A B~E

A D
B E
C

100 100

A D
B
C E

10 A B C A B C

A
B
C

74
11

A B

A
B

12 A

30

20

75
 13 A B

A B

A B

14 A B C

(¾)
0 200 400 600 800
0
A B
2
10
4
C
6 20
(kb) (km)
8
30
10

A
B C

76
15
A B

1 1

A B A B

A B
B

16 A
A

(ùC)
400 00 00 00
0 0

1
2
3 10
(kb) (km)
4
1

A 20

A
A

77
II

13 103 12

13
12

EBS EBS
EBS
10 129 7

10
 05
1

1 DP
=-
q Dz
1.

=g

2.
DP=-qgDz
10`m 1

3. 10`m

P=qgz P q g z
4. q

5.

Dx A B

A B

P P DP
DP=P -P =qgDz
DP_DS m) q_Dx
1 DP_DS
_DS _DP_DS=
m q_Dx_DS
1 DP
= _
q Dx
1 q_g_Dz
DP=P -P =qgDz _
q Dx
Dz
=g
Dx
Dz
1. g
Dx
2.
3. 1 Dz
{ }
4. Dx
5.

80
 U
1 U
2 U U

Coriolis G G 1792 1843

U
U
1.

2.

C=2v sin¬ C v
¬

0ù

30 ¬ ¬

0 ¬

30

0 ¬

km
1.
2.

81
 05

90ù
90ù 45˘

45ù

1.

90ù

2.

3.

90ù
90ù
1 Dz
v v= ´g´ ¬ g Dz
2 sin¬ Dx
1.
2. Dx
3.

82
 1

0
0
23 2 2 2 2
1 ;100Á000;
23
100 20 20
10

200
1

( ) 300 ( `¸)
1

400
0 200 400
(km)
600 800
1.

2.

3.

90ù 4.

0
30 60

30

1.
2.
3.
4.

83
 05

0 100

40 0

20 0

0 0

100
20

1 0
40
1.
0
0 0 100 1 0 1 0 110 0 10

2.

1.
2.

84
1948 Stommel H M 1920 1992

1.
10000

2 0
2.

3.

4.

60 N 60 N

30 30

0 0

30 30

60 S 60 S

20 E 60 100 140 180 140 100 60 20 W

1.
2.
3.
4.

85
 05

1.

2.
=

3.

2
3 P Q R

P Q R

(< _(
1
20

cm
1 2 3 1 2 3
P 1 21 1 22 1 21 1 21 2 53 2 54 2 54 2 54
Q 1 18 1 19 1 18 1 18 2 33 2 32 2 32 2 32
R 1 03 1 02 1 02 1 02 2 01 2 01 2 01 2 01

1.
2.
3.

86
 `m `m
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1
2

3
4

;2!; 1.
2.
3.
4. ;2!;
gL
v L v=¾¨ æ g 5.
2p

87
 05

;2Á0;

v h v='¶gh

1.

2.

3.

4.
30
2 1
20 1
1 12
10
3
8 0 100 200 300 400 00 00
100`m 12 5`m/s

1.
2.
1`hPa
3. 1` cm 963`hPa
4.
0.5`m

88
 2016 A B A

300 7
250 6 .3
0 100
200 5
4
150
3
100
2 1.
50 1
0 0
0 12 0 12 0 12 0 0 12 0 12 0 12 0
10 3 10 4 10 10 3 10 4 10

A B A

A B 80`cm 100`cm
2.
A 6 3`m

3.

0
3 0
20
1000
4000 00 00

2004

750`km/h
200`km
0 10 12 0 10 100 1 3

1.
2.
3.

89
 05

1.

2.

3.

F M r
M
F¥
rÜ`
4.
2

5. 27 3
12
ù
12 25

27 3 12 6 5ù

1 4

2
2
0

3 2
(m)
4
2 4 10 12 14 1 1 20 22 24 2 2 30
1. 4 2 ( )
2. 12 25
3.
4. 2
5. 6 5

90
 A" A A'
A 12
A'
12 6 5ù B"
A A'
6 5ù B

6 5ù 25 1.
12 25

2.

3.

4.

3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1

0 12 1 24 0 12 1 24 0 12 1 24

A B C

23 5ùÑ5ù
A 24 50
B

-a
-b
-c 1.
2. 1
-d
3.
C 12 25
4. 12 25

91
01 03

d d
d d

02
A B C
04
A
B C A

C
h

A B C

A B C

B
A C
A B C
B
C

92
05 07
A

A
B
B
C

A
B
B C

A B

06
08
A B

B
A
C

D
G A
E
F B

A A
B F >
D

93
09 11
A B

-20
30 0 A B
0
-10
0

2 ù - 10 20 0 0
10 -
0 10
20 - 40
2 ù -10 A B
0

B -1
30

10
0 60
-1 A 0
24ù 20 50
50

40 80
0

0
10
-

60
20

22ù 10 100
98ù 96ù 94ù 92ù 90ù 88ù 86ù 84ù 2

A B
A B

12
10
A B C A B

A B C
0 1024.0
1024.4
20 10
24
40 .8 A B
10 1025 1026.0
25 .6
.2

60
1026.4
1026.2

80
100
120 `k
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
(km)

A B
A B C

A B
A
A B
B C

94
13 15 A B

A
A

B
A

16
14 A B

A
B

A B A

A B

95
17 19
A B
60`m 6'5`m 12
10
8
A B
0.5`m 6
4
150`m
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A B
g 10`m/sÛ` p=3

5 8

20
18 A B

25
1000 20

800

600
15
20

A
400

200 20
5
10

15
0 B
15

1 13 1 21 2

A
A B
600`m 30`m/s

96
21 A C 23
B

C
B A B C
A

A B C

A
B B C

A C C

24
22 A A
B
A B
1.0 B C
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
D
-1.5
12 13 14

A B
A C D

97
 01
zÁ-z£ zª-z£
zÁ zª

zÁ zª
q=1020`kg/mÜ q=1024`kg/mÜ

z£ z£

1`mÛ 1`mÛ

zÁ-z£ zª-z£
<
zª-z£

02 qÁ qª
qÁ<qª
DhÁ­
{ Dx }
A Dh
h
h qÁ

Dhª
qª

Dx

qª

A
A h
Dhª=2DhÁ qÁ=2qª

98
03

U A
U B
U A B

B
qª hª
h h
h
qÁ
A
A

qÁ>qª
<
A hÁ-h B hª-h

04 A B

2Xsin¬ X ¬ A B 30ù 60ù

0.30
0.25
0.20
sÑÚ`
0.15
A 0 727_10ÑÝ` (cm/sÛ`) 0.10
B 1 260_10ÑÝ` 0.05

0 15 30 45 60 75 90
(ù)

A B

0.5

99
 05 P

P A B

2 1 1 2

P
A B
A B

06 P
45ùN

40ù

35ù
P
30ù

25ù

140ù 135ù 130ù 125ù 120ù 115ù 110ùW

P
P
P

100
07 A B
A C
4
0
4 0
10
42 110 120
130
3 A 140 1 0 B
34 200 1 0 1 0
1 0
C

1
30

0
2
130 140 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

A B C

A C
A B
A

08

12

13

45ùS 60ùN

101
 09
A B + - ` `
` `
A B A B
0 2 0
2 2 10
1

1
1 0.
100 100

1
14 13 2

0.2
(m) 200 12 (m) 200 0.

11
ùC cm/s

0.2
300 300
110 100 0 0 110 100 0 0

A B
A B ` ` B

10
A B
0
1022.0 2.
100 102 1023. 1024.0 1024.
1023.0
102 .0 102 .
200 102 .0
(m) 300 102 .

400
kg/mÜ
00
1 0 1 0 1 0 140 120

A B

102
11
+ - ` ` ` `

0 0
30 30

0 0

30 30

0 0
0.0 0 0.0 0.1 0.1 30 20 10 0 10 20
(N/mÛ`) (cm/s)

+ ` `

12 B D

A 0
0
40
B C D
30
20
10

A~D

A C

B D

B D

103
 13

14 A B C

A B C

0 0.1 1 30 12 24

A
B
C

104
15 A B
90ù

A B

A B

16

105
 17
00
00
00
A
400
300
200
100

0 10 1 20 2 30

A 15
100`m 15`m/s

18 36

.0

.0

4.0

3.0

(m) 2.0
1.0
0
21 12 22 0 22 12 23 0

106
19
200`km

0.
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.
0 100 200 300 400 00 00

0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0 100 200 300 400 00 00

20

3
2
(m) (m)
0 0
0 12 1 24 12 1 24

107
 21
P

P
2 8

22
A B
7
6
5
4
3
2
(m) 1
0
-1
1 5 10 15 20 25 30
( )

A B

` ` ` `

108
23 2024 3

14 15 16 17 18
01 29 02 02 03 34 03 08 03 54
cm -30 4 58 129 209
07 33 08 11 08 51 09 38 10 46
cm 887 845 787 716 647
13 50 14 27 15 05 15 52 17 12
cm 18 96 187 280 357
19 42 20 15 20 49 21 32 22 44
cm 833 767 690 608 533

15 17
14 18

24 24
50
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
(m)-1 (m)-1

0 12 24 0 12 24
( ) ( )

109
 06
1

10`¾/km

5`¾/km

1.

2.

3.
1`km 10`¾
¾/km
1`km 10`¾
`¾/km 10`¾/km

1`km 5`¾ 5`¾/km

4 4

3 _20 0 3 _5 15

2 _10 10 2 0 20

1 0 20 1 5 25

0 0
20 10 0 10 20 30 20 10 0 10 20 30

1.
2.
3. 2 5
2 ¾/km 5`¾/km

110
 300

200

100

0
10 12 14 1 1 20
100`%

100`%

H T- T
1. ` `

10`¾ 2`¾
T- _H=Td- _H
1`km 1`km
2.
H km =;8!; T-Td

2
3.

4.

C
C

H H B
B

A D A A D
D

1.
A B 10`¾/km 2`¾/km 2.
B C 5`¾/km 5`¾/km 100`% 3.

C D 10`¾/km 2`¾/km 4.

111
 06

6.5`¾/km <

>

=
1.

2. (km)1 (km)1 (km)1

0.5 0.5 0.5

3.
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
(˘C) (˘C) (˘C)

4.

A B C

A :

B :

C :

1.
2.
3.
4.

112
 A
B

C
1.
B-C

a b
2.
c

2 2

1 1

1.
2.

113
01 03 A D

km ¾ ¾
zª 10
zÁ 20
C
0 30 22 (km)

H
B

10`¾/km 5`¾/km A D
0 (¾)
2`¾/km

zÁ zª

zÁ zª-zÁ
A B B C
- A D

02
04
5 5
4 4
3 3
(km) 2 (km) 2 (km)

1 1

-20-10 0 10 20 30 -20-10 0 10 20 30
(¾) (¾)

0
(¾)

hÁ
hª
hÁ~hª

114
05 07
(km)
h

h 300 300
A 2 0 A 2 0
A 200 200
0 5 10 15 20 1 0 1 0
(˘C) 100 B 100
0 0
0 0
4 1 21 24
(¾) (¾)

A hª hÁ 10`¾/km

A B

0~200`m

06 30`¾

5 -15`¾

4 -6`¾ 08
3 3`¾
(km)
2 12`¾

1 21`¾

0 30`¾ 30`¾ ` `
` `

10`¾/km 5`¾/km

14`¾
2`km

115
 01 A B
1`km A B

1 12`¾ 10`¾
(km)

A B
20`¾ 20`¾
0

10`¾/km
5`¾/km

1`km A
500`m A B
A B

02

2 2

1 1

0 0
(¾) (¾)

10`¾/km
5`¾/km

1`km
- 8`¾

116
03
-
1400
1200
1000
00
00
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 10 11 12

10`¾/km
5`¾/km

- 2 8
400`m 2 8

04 25`¾
1`km 2`km

2`¾/km

3 4`¾` 3 13`¾` 5`¾/km

(km) (km)

2 11`¾` 2 17`¾`

1 18`¾` 1 21`¾`

0 25`¾` 0 25`¾`

10`¾/km
5`¾/km 2`¾/km

1`km~2`km
2`km

117
 05 9 15 A C
A hÁ

6 9 12 15
h ¾ 4 5 13 20
A C ¾ 4 4 3 4

10`¾/km
5`¾/km

A 6
A hÁ 9 12

A-B 9 15

- 06
km ¾ ¾
20 16 8
15 19 19
10 22 19
05 25 20
0 28 24

10`¾/km
5`¾/km

1.5`km
1.0`km~2.0`km
1.5`km

118
07 30`¾

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 10 1 20 2 30 3 0 10 1 20 2 30 3

08
2.0 2.0

1. 1.

1.0 1.0

0. 0.

0 0
10 12 14 1 1 20 10 12 14 1 1 20

119
 07
1
q
1`Pa=1`N/mÛ`
g h P
P=qgh
hPa 1`hPa=100`N/mÛ`
1 =76`cmHg?1013_100`N/mÛ`=1013`hPa

1. 1 = `cmHg
? _100`N mÛ`
=1013`

2.

3.

76`cm

2
1 76`cm

1 =qgh=13 6`g cmÜ`_980`cm sÛ`_76`cm?1013_100`N mÛ`=1013`hPa=101300`Pa

?10336`kg mÛ``
1 1`mÛ` 10 3

D
D
P P+DP DP>0
DL S A
B P+DP S PS
A B DPS
1. 76 1013 hPa qSDL 1`kg PH
2.
1 SDP 1 DP
3. PH= ´ = ´
q SDL q DL

120
 1
D
1
1 DP
- ´ =g q g Dz DP
q Dz
DP=-qgDz

1.

C=2v sin¬
C 1`kg v ¬
0ù
2.

(A)
B B'

A'
3.
A

4.

vÛ`
CP= =rxÛ`
r
CP 1`kg v x r

1.
2.
3.
4.

121
 07

2
1`km 1`km

1`km
1`km

800`hPa

1.
804`hPa

2.

3.

1`km

- = -
- = +

600
604
608
600
604
608
1. ( `hPa)
2. ( `hPa)
3.

122
 1`km 1000`hPa

1`km 1`km

1004`hPa

1.

2.
1`km

1`km 3.
1`km

0 1032 1024 1020 0 5580

1028 5340
1012 5460
1028 1024 5460
1024
40 1020
1004
40 5580
1016 10121016 1008
1008 1012 5700
30 1016 30 5700

1020
20 1024 20 5820
1016 1020
110 120 130 140 1 0 110 120 130 140 1 0

1
2

1 A B C

1.
2 D E
2.
F
3.

123
 07

500`hPa

a
300`hP a
400`hP
a
500`hP
700`hPa
a
600`hP
900`hPa a
700`hPPa
800`h
`h P a
0
1. 90 0`hPa
100

2.

3. L
L

H L
H

L
L

L L

500`hPa

1.
2.
3.

124
 70ùN­
1 30ùN

1.

2.

3.

4.

10`km
30ù
13`km

0 0
0

0
20
20
0 20
40 20
0
0 0 40 0 0
0
30
20 20
0 40 20 0
20
0 0
10
1 0 1 0 1.
2.
3.
4.

125
 07

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

1.

2.
1`km

3. 1`km

4.

960`hPa

5. 1`km

- 400 00

00
00
00

1000 0
1. 1000
2.
-
3.
4.
5.

126
-

- 27`¾ 5ù~ 25ù

1.

100
0 4 0
2
21

2
100
2 2.
2
1 4

4 4 104 21 4

> 3.
<
38ù 38ù
4. 3

30ù

60ùN
60ùN

30ù 30ù

0ù 0ù

3
3

3
- 30ù

1.
- 30ù 60ù
2.
- 60ù 3.
4.

127
01 03
A B A

2 A B zÁ Dz
20
1 zª
B
10

0 200 400 00 00 1000

A B
A
hPa Dz 1000`hPa~990`
5`km hPa 510`hPa~500`hPa

04 A B C
02
A B
45 1
q`kg/mÜ`
0

00
10

B
04
1 10 A C
q
2
(m)

1`hPa=100`N/mÛ`

2qL`kg
A B '2
A B 800`N

128
05 P 07 30ù A B
A B A B

5`km
500`hPa 496`hPa
X`hPa A

Y`hPa
0`km
1000`hPa
B
996`hPa

A B
P
A B

X Y
90ù
A 30ù 2

06
c 08
Y`hPa

b
X`hPa
c
a

X Y
c

a b

129
09 11 5.5`km
A B A B

( :`hPa) 5.5`km
10 A
C
B B
300
(km) 5
A 500
700 0`km
900
0
P

A B C
A B
A B A B C A
P Q A B
P

12 500`hPa
10 A B C 500`hPa
A B C 500`hPa

0 80
55
A B 56
40
40 C 570
0
57
C 60
A B 58
20
30
11 0

A B A B C

A B A B
C A B C C
B

130
13 300`hPa 15
A B

0
960hPa
980hPa 4
40 1000hPa 3
A
A B (m/s)2
1
30
0 2 4 10 12 14 1 1 20 22 24
B
20

100 110 120 130 140 1 0

A B
A B
A

16 A B
14
A B C

20
C
1 15
B
A 10
(km)

5 A B

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 100010000 0

X Y
( )

A B X Y

B
A B
C 1

131
 01

76`cm
148`cm
A 30

A
148`cm

sin¬ ¬ 02 1`kg 1`m/s

90ùN 90ùS 90

60

(ù)
30

0 0.5 1.0 1.5

10

45ù 10`m/s 1`kg

10_10ÑÝ``s Ú`

132
03 A B C

1`kg/mÜ`

4
C
2
A
B 1100
00
300 1 1 1 1 1 1

10`m/sÛ` Pa=N/mÛ`

A>B>C
B C 80`hPa

04
DP<0

2D 2
1 D

4
2

133
 05 500`hPa
500`hPa P Q

200 10
100

30ùS 45ùN

P Q
10`m/sÛ`

P Q
P Q
P

06 40ù P
Dz
DL
90
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
80
70
60 90
3040`m
50 100
(ù) 40
100`km P 30
20
10
m/s
3000`m
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
D
D
40ù

9.8`m/sÛ`

P 40`m/s
(Dz)
30ù 90ù
(DL)
2

134
07

1000`hPa
1000`hPa
h

1004`hPa
1004`hPa

A h

08

600`hPa 608`hPa

604`hPa 604`hPa

608`hPa 600`hPa

135
 09 A B C
h

A B C

A B C

B
A
C ~ h

10 500`hPa A B C
500`hPa

40 C
A

30
120 130

A B C

A
B
~500`hPa C

136
11 500`hPa A B C
A B C 500`hPa
P

A C .
0 B

40 P
0 110 130 0

A B C
A B C

A
B C
P C C

12 200`hPa

A B
0ù 0ù
( :­m/s) ( :­m/s)
10 10
0ù 10 0ù 10
10 20
20 20 20 10 20 30
20 20 10 30
30ù 10 20 30ù 40 0 40
10 0 0 20
10 30 40 30
20
10 10
0ù 0ù
0ù 120ù 1 0ù 120ù 0ù 0ù 0ù 120ù 1 0ù 120ù 0ù 0ù

30ù 200`hPa A B

137
 13
1`km
12 A B
(%)
64 68 72 76 80 84
500
14
12 400 A B
10
300
8
(m/s) 6 (m) 200
4
100
2
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
(¾)

A B

14 A B

+30
90ùN

+20
60ù
B
30ù +10
10Ú`
A
0ù 0
90 60 30 0
(ùN)

A
A B

138
15
A B
40
36
32
(¾) 28
26
24
A B
20
10 14 18 22 02 06
( )

22 26`¾
A

16
1
60ùN 60ùN

40ù 40ù

20ù 20ù

0ù 0ù
60ùE 100ù 140ù 180ù 140ùW 60ùE 100ù 140ù 180ù 140ùW

139
III

9 171 9 1

;2!;

2 3 2
3
 14 169 4

1
 08
1

0
1675
0
4
1884
0ù 90ù 30

90ù 1

30 1
1.
1
0ù 0 1 30 4 0
180ù 30

0
2.

12
3.

4.

5.

6.

90ù
90ù

1. 90ùN 90ùS
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

142
 A
0ù~360ù
h 0ù~90ù

z z= 90ù-h

z
1.

h 0ù~360ù 0ù~90ù
A 0ù 2.
90ù
90ù
180ù
0ù
270ù
3.

4.
a
15ù 1h 0h 24h
d 0ù~Ñ90ù
+ 5.
-

23. d 0h~24h 0ù~Ñ90ù

h
a 0 0ù
1.
6h +23.5ù
2.
12h 0ù 3.
18h -23.5ù 4.
5.

143
 08

`ú ­+23.5ù)

- +
12ú` ­0ù)

23.5ù

0ú` ­0ù)
+ -

1 `ú ­-23.5ù)

1.
23.5ù

2. ¬

3. 30ùN
+30ù

4. d ¬ ¬>d
h

5. h=90ù-¬+d

- 0ù

1. +23.5ù -23.5ù - +23.5ù 1

2. 90ù-¬
1
3. 90ù
4. - -23.5ù 1
5. 47ù
1

144
 1.
3 21 0h 0ù
6 22 6h +23.5ù
h
9 23 12 0ù
12 22 18h -23.5ù

2.

2
3.

4.

0ù

0ù

1.
2.
- 18ù~28ù 3. 0
4.
- 48ù

145
 08

1.

4
2. 1 2
2 6 6 7

3.
1

2 3 4
0ù -

4. 18ù~28ù 1.8

48ù 3
1
0ù -
2

3 4 18ù~28ù 1.8
5. 1
2 3 4
48ù 3

6.

g e c
f d d
f
h g c b
h a b

e e a
a

a c e g
1. a c e
2. a e
3.
4.
e g a
5.
e a
6.

146
0ù

180ù
90ù

1.

2.

3.
ù
6

6
6
4.

5.

3 4

2 1
180ù 12

90ù 6
4 3 2 1
4 3 2
0ù -
1

90ù 6

1 2
2 4 4 5
3 1. 0
2.
3. 90
4.
5.

147
 08

h h h h
ù ù ù ù
1 1 18.8 -24.8 12.8 -2.6 6 30 5.6 18.7 13.1 -7.4
1 21 21.2 -18.0 13.3 -5.4 7 20 6.6 22.0 13.6 -11.4
2 10 22.2 -8.0 13.6 -7.3 8 9 9.3 17.7 14.3 -15.0
3 2 21.3 -13.8 13.8 -7.9 8 29 11.6 3.3 15.1 -18.9
1.
3 22 22.5 -11.5 13.6 -7.1 9 18 13.2 -10.1 16.0 -22.1
4 11 0.4 -1.5 13.2 -4.9 10 8 13.9 -15.3 17.0 -24.3

2. 5 1 2.9 16.9 12.8 -3.1 10 28 13.1 -5.2 18.1 -25.0

5 21 5.4 25.5 12.6 -2.9 11 17 14.7 -14.1 19.2 -23.9
6 10 6.2 22.3 12.7 -4.5 12 7 16.8 -23.3 20.3 -21.2

3.
1
2 6 10 3
2

3 5 4

1 8
3
6

2 6 4

2
4
0
1 7
( ) 22

20

18

5 9 16
1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
( )
2.
3.

148
3

;2!;

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

149
 08

18
4

1.

2.

3.

4.

4 3
4 3

1 2
1

1 1 3
1 3
2 4 6
4 5
6
3

1
1.
2
2.
3.
3
4.

150
01 03 A

55ù 35ù
35ù

37ùN 29ùN
127ùE 77ùE

55ùN
A A
B
A A

02
04 37ùN
A B
30ù
A B

55ù 55ù

A 6ú
30ùN A B
A 53.5ù 33ùN A
B

151
05 127ùE 37.5ùN 07 A
A B
0ù

0ù
10ù
30ù
60ù
B
90ù 270ù A

180ù

A -22.5ù
B 6ú
A B

06 A B C 08 A

60ù

70ù

80ù

2 A C
B C
B

152
09 A B 11 A B
A B
A

B
A

A B
A
B

A
A B
A B

10 12
P P

P`

2.5ù
P

P P

2 5ù

153
13 15

4 3

2 3

3 4

14
16 A

154
01 S >

37.5ùN

90ù- +
S
S

0 0

S 2.5ù

02 A B

A B
33.5ùN 37.5ùN 7ú` 12ú` 23ú`
126ùE 127ùE -5ù 15ù 35ù

A B

A
B
A B

155
 03 A B

B
- +

21
A B

04 S
90ùE S 5ú` +5ù

80

60

(ù) 40
20

0
0 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
( )

156
05 t t+6 A B 0ù X

A B
t 180ù 46ù
t+6 288ù

270ù
B
A X B X

06 37.5ùN S +

55ù

0ù
t ( )

S t-12 ú
S -S 180ù
S

157
 07

A 9 5
B 9 8
A 11 16
C 12 8
A 12 25

9 8 A
12 8 B
11 16 12 25 A C

08 A B
8
7 A
6
5
4
3
2 B
1
24
( )
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
( )

A
5 A
9 B

158
09 1 0ù~
360ù

90ù
120ù 1 60ù
12 11 10
12 12
150ù 1 30ù
11
2
10
3
180ù 0ù
1
4
12
4
210ù 330ù
3
1 2
240ù 300ù
270ù

10 1

10 18 A B C

A B
C 90ù

A C
B

159
 11

270ù

12 0 4 A B

90
B
A
60

(ù)
30

0
300 0 60 120 180 240 300
(ù)

0 A B
A B 6ú
A B 40ù

160
13

14

` ` ` `

161
 09
1

1.

2.

P E
360ù 360ù
3. P P E
360ù 360ù
{ - } 360ù
P E
S
360ù 360ù
4. { - }_S=360ù
P E
S P

;s!;=;p!;-;e!;

P E
1.
360ù 360ù
2.
360ù
P E
3.
P 360ù 360ù
4. 360ù { - } 360ù
E P

162
 S
360ù 360ù
{ - }_S=360ù
E P
S P

1
;s!;=;e!;-;p!;

1. P
E

2.

3.

1 4.
1
1
1
5.

88 0 24 116 2
225 0 62 584
687 1 88 780
1
4335 11 86 399
10759 29 46 378
30685 84 02 370 1
60188 164 77 368 (AU)

360ù 360ù
1. -
E P
2.
3.
4. 1
5.

163
 09

1.

2019 11 28 20ù
2.
1 5`cm
S E SE
2 SE 20ù EM
3 S EM M' S
3. SM'

EÁ EÁ'

20 20

1 `cm
` 1 7`cm
2 `AU
SM'Ó 1 7`cm 1`AU 5`cm
0 34`AU

SM'Ó=SEÓ_sin20ù

EÁ~EÁ' Eª~Eª'
687

1965 4 13 EÁ 202.4ù 159.0ù

MÁ
1967 3 1 EÁ' 160.0ù 212.0ù
1967 6 2 Eª 251.0ù 196.0ù
Mª
1. 1969 4 19 Eª' 208.5ù 256.5ù
2.
3.

164
 1 5`cm

17
S

2
1

3 1 0

202.4
4 2
212

1 EÁSEÁ' ù 1. 1
365 : 360ù=687 : x x?677 6ù
EÁSEÁ' 42 4ù
2 4 2.

EÁ EÁ' 687

3.

4.
2

5.

0
a b c e

1.
2.

"ÃaÛ`-bÛ` 3.
e=;aC;= 4. 2
a
5.

165
 09

0 387 0 723 1 1 524 5 203 9 537 19 189 30 070

(AU)

e 0 206 0 007 0 017 0 093 0 048 0 054 0 047 0 009

AU 0.4 1
0.2 0

1 1`AU 10`cm

2 2

1. 2 3

1 1 `cm
2. _
2 2(0 2_4`cm)=1 6`cm
2

1.
2.

166
 3

P a
aÜ`` aÜ`` aÜ``
{ } ={ } = ={ } =k
PÛ` PÛ` PÛ`
P a AU k=1
3

1.

10

10

10 2.
10

10

10
10 10 1 10 10 10 10 10
3.

4. 3

3
3 5.
mÁ mª
O aÁ aª vÁ
vª
6.
P
mÁvÁÛ`
FÁ Fª FÁ= Fª=
aÁ
mªvªÛ` 2paÁ 2paª 4pÛ`aÁmÁ
vÁ= vª= FÁ=
aª P P PÛ
4pÛ`aªmª
Fª=
PÛ
GmÁmª
F= FÁ=Fª=F
aÛ
1.
2.
4pÛ`aÁmÁ GmÁmª 3.
= 1
PÛ aÛ 4.
4pÛ`aªmª GmÁmª 5.
= 2 6.
PÛ aÛ

167
 09
4pÛ` aÁ+aª G mÁ+mª
1 2 = aÁ+aª =a
PÛ aÛ
aÜ` G mÁ+mª
=
50 PÛ` 4pÛ
M m
3

aÜ` G M +m GM
= ¢ =k
1. PÛ` 4pÛ 4pÛ
4`AU 3
4
3

AU 3
2. aÜ` 4pÛ` 4pÛ`
mÁ+mª= =1M M
PÛ` G G

3. aÜ`
mÁ+mª= M
PÛ`
aÁ
aÁmÁ=aªmª
aª
4.

E¼ M¼ M0
MÁ
MÁ EÁ
E¼ 8
v
1`AU E0
M1
1.5`AU
E¼ MÁ
1. 4
2. E1
3. 1 25`AU
4.

168
01 A B C 03 h A

A
B
h
A C

A
A C A B
B C A B C
A
A sinh`AU

02 A B 1
a b

a b
04 A B C

A B

A B C
0.6 0.4 1.8
2.25

1 a<90ù b<90ù
1
360ù
A
a
1.5
360ù
B
b
360ù C
A B
a-b 2.25

169
05 07
2

1 1

2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2
1 1
1
2

X
(AU)

X=1

06 1.9 P
08
A B O

E( ) A
1`AU
1
r
1`A B
U 3 2 1 O 0 1 2 3
E( )
1

E P E' P
P 9
E E' P O '5`AU
E P P 1 1 A
B

170
09 A B 11 PÁ Pª P£ P¢
1 SÁ Sª S£ S¢
Pª P¢
A B
AU 5 2
AU 3
0.5

A B

0.8
'3
A 1`AU
SÁ Sª

SÁ+Sª+S£+S¢ ;2!; PÁ

P£ 4`AU
PÁ Pª P£
P¢

10
12 A B
B 2

1`AU 4`AU

3`AU 1`AU
A B

0.7 A 6
2.5 A B 3
B 4

171
 01
5`cm
P O OP
P OP 30ù PM
O PM Q
O OQ

;2!;

02
5`cm

EÁ
h
S SEÁ SEÁ
hÁ EÁMÁ 42ù
h
EÁ 42ù
Eª SEª
SEª hª EªMª
EÁMÁ EªMª PÁ
EÁ 6 Pª P¦

PÁ P¦

Eª PÁ hª
1 678ù

172
03 A B C

-4 A
-2 B C
0
+2
+4
+6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
( )

A 7 6
B 3
P C

04 A B A
P B A 30ù A B

30ù

A B 0.5
A B '2
A B 1.5`P

173
 180ù 05 A B C D

180ù
180ù
50ù
A C

0ù 0ù

B D
50ù
180ù
0 X 0 Y

0~X
A

06 300 1500 A B S

A h

B S

h S B (ù)

S 375
h=90ù
B
3
A

174
07
0.5

0 A B 16 ( )

1 ;4!;

A
B 2`AU

08 A B

1`AU
1`AU

A B

A 0.5
A 8
B 0.5

175
 09 A B A
2`AU
B
2`AU
3

2
A B
1

0
tÁ tª t£ t t°
( )

A B
A B
tÁ A B

10 A B A
P

A B
1`AU

A B
A B
P A 5

176
11 A B C A B C
A

A B C
P
A - 2P 1.25P
B -
0.04 0.02 0.03

A B C

2P

12 P P Pª P£ 3

1 Pª P£

2`AU 2`AU

2`AU

P 4
1 PÁ P¢

;2!;

177
 10
1
pc 1"
1`pc
1`pc 206265`AU p" E1

1`AU
S S2
p''
;2!;
r
S1
1
r pc =
p"
E2
1`pc= 1"
1. 1
1`pc?3.26

2.
19

3. 5 0 01" 0 001"
1000`pc

4.

5. 1 1 6 100 1
pc ;5@;
Þ`'¶100=10 2.5
mÁ mª
lÁ lÁ
lÁ lª =10;5@; mª-mÁ mª-mÁ=2.5log
6. m-M lª lª
-
; !;
;4!;
lÁ lª
1
rÁ rª
lÁ rª Û rª
={ }` mª-mÁ=5log 2
lª rÁ rÁ 3

1. ;2!;
10`pc
2.
3. 100
4. r pc m M m-M
5. 10 r
6. =5log m-M=5logr-5 m-M
10

178
 -6
` `
-4

-2
` `
0

0.5 1 3 5 30 50 100
1912 ( )

O B A F G K
M

1.
3.
3.
4.0
2.
4.2
40 15
4.4
15 -3 (m-M)
4.
7 251`pc 10 1 20
3.

C M

B V
B V B V

B V B
m V
m B V B-V
1.
2.

B-V 3.

179
 10

H R
H R
4 4
2 2
C M 0 0
2 2
m
4 4

1.
10 10
12 12
14 14
1 1
2. 0. 0 0. 1 1.

m-M

3.

4.

M3

4 2 12
2 4
14
0
2 1
4 10 1
12
20
14
0. 0 0. 1.0 1. 0. 0 0. 1.0 1. 0. 0 0. 1.0 1.

M3

M3
m-M 5.7 15.07
pc 138 10327.6
0 3
1.
2.
=
3.
4.

180
2

~
1000

1.

2.

~
3.
100

23 2
_4
4
_2
41 3
2 11 0
0 1
2
2
4 4
2
6

1.
0.4 0 0.4 0. 1.2 1. 2.0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
2.
3.

181
 10

206

1. 9

2.

100`kpc
3.
20
3
10
4.
20 10 10 20 30 40
1 10
20

30

1.
2.
3. 30`kpc 8.5`kpc
4.

182
3

99`% 100 nm

1`%

1.

2.

3.

4.

m-A-M=5logr-5 A
2 /kpc

B
1 0
140
100
0
20
1.
18 2 12 14 1 1 20 22 24
2.
3.
4.

183
 10

H H

H 1
H± H

1.

B-V
= -
2.

3.

4.

68

99`%
1.
2.
3. H
4. H H

184
4

(Vr)
(Vt)
A

r (V)
B

(m)
1.

l 1 "/
2. 1
V
V V V=¿¹V Û`+V Û`
V 3.
Dk
V = _c c k¼
k¼
Dk
V r l
V km/s ?4.74lr l "/ r pc
4.

`cm

21`cm
21`cm

21`cm

21`cm

21`cm
21`cm

1.
2.
2005 3.
4. 21

185
 10

21`cm

A~D B D

A
21`cm C
A
-50``km/s B
A
C

A~D _100 _50 0 50 100 D

(km/s)
1.
21`cm

+65`km/s
C
2. +5`km/s +25`km/s B D

B B
3.
0ù 180ù
21`cm
0

3
4. 21`cm
0ù~90ù
180ù~ 270ù 90ù~ 180ù
270ù~0ù

0
0
2

0 2 0 (km/s)
2

0
0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0
1 0

1`kpc
1.
3`kpc
2.
3.
4.
13`kpc

186
1`kpc 300
275
3
250
225
1~3`kpc 200
175
150
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1.
13`kpc

2.

3.
8.5`kpc
rvÛ`
M¥.°`kpc= M¥.°`kpc
G
G r v
4.
3 8.5`kpc
220`km/s
4pÛ` aÜ`
2 2500 M +M = ?10Ú``Ú M M
G PÛ`
M G P a
5.

10Ú`Ú`
3

10Ú`Ú`

NGC`4984
350
NGC`4378
NGC`3145
250
NGC`1620
NGC`7664
150
1.
2.
50
3.
0 5 10 15 20 25
4.
5.

187
 10

10Ú`Û`M M

10
10`% 90`%

1.
90`%

2.
90`%

axion WIMP
3.

1.
2. Mpc 10Ú`Ü`
3.
3`Mpc 1000

188
 3
40

20

~
1.
2`Mpc~10`Mpc 10Ú`Ý`~10Ú`Þ`
16.5`Mpc
1300
2.
M60 M84 M86 M87

3.

1000
Mpc

100 33`Mpc

2014

10

160`Mpc
10Ú`à`

1980

1.
2.
3.

189
 10
Great Wall 10
0
0 13
20
0 2
30
void 400
0
50
0
60

ú
ú 1
10ú 1ú

0
70
11`Mpc~150`Mpc 11ú 14ú

0
12ú 13ú

80

11
24
0
Great

90

3
00
10
00
wall

11
00
12
1.
ú
14
10 ú

CfA2 10ú 13ú

11ú 12ú
2.

3. void
11`Mpc~150`Mpc

4.

31.2 31.2

1 .3 .

31.2 31.2

1.
2.
3. 1.4 0
4. void
z

190
01 A B 1 03
A B
12 14

0.1 13 15

14 16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.2

A B
A B
A B

04
B V

02 A B C

pc
A 0 5
B -1.5 100
C 2.5 10

A B C

A B
B
C B-V

191
05 07
-10 -10
-8 -8
-6 -6
-4 -4
-2 -2
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 A 10
12 12
14 B 14
16 16
20000 10000 5000 2500
(K)

A B
B-V A B
100`pc

06 A
30`kpc
08
20 A A B C
10

20 10 10 20 30 40
10
20

A A
A C
B A

192
09 11
A
V B
30 23
25 33
-1 -1

B V

B-V +

12

10 A B
A B 0
100 100

A B

A
A B
A 5
B 5

193
13 15 H H

K
Hª
H 100
H

1`mÜ` H

A
B

14 A

16 A

A 4.

30ù
100 A

-
A
='3

A 0.1''/

194
17 19 A B
21`cm A B 21`cm

21`cm

A B
A B
B A

18
20
100
A~D
200
300
400
00
00

ú ú
1
10ú
1ú
11ú 14ú
12ú 13ú

A B A 0
B 0
C D

195
21 23
3 0 A
300
2 0 A
200
1 0
100 B
0
10 1 20 2

A A B
~

24

22

` ` ` `

196
01 A B C A B C
A

A 3 3

60ù B 3
20 B C C -2 3

'3 1.7

100`pc
5
A B 4

02 A

4.2
4.4
4
4.
3
4.
2
.0
.2 1

.4
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0

A 40

A
900`pc

197
 03 A B A B
A B

~3`kpc
A

206 ~16`kpc
B

A
B

04

60ù

30ù

0ù

-30ù

-60ù
A

10ú 8ú 6ú 4ú 2ú 0ú 22ú 20ú 18ú 16ú 14ú

198
05
12 2
V 14 V 4

1
10
20 12

0.0 0.4 0. 1.2 1. 0.0 0.4 0. 1.2 1.

B 9.8

06 S A B
A B S

S
B

A B S
A B S
A

199
 07

99`%
A

1`%
1000 00 300 200 12 B

B V
A

08

A
B
3
A
B

B
L¼ A

L
L
=10;5@;_
L¼­
L
AÁ+Aª+A£ BÁ+Bª+B£ L¼
40 4

AÁ BÁ
2.5

200
09 A B -

"­
A 0.01 A0 0 6
B 0.01 A0 0 8

A 100`pc
A B
A B

10 A B C
A B C

B C

A +
B
B C 0

201
 _ 11 A 1 A

4.74_ _ A 7
2
"/ 1
1
km/s 90

A 3_10Þ``km/s

A 100`pc
500`nm A 500.15`nm
400`km/s

12 P A B

200

2`kpc 2`kpc
2`kpc xù 10012

yù
A
B 2 4

P A B

P A -
P B '3
200'3
P B |200cos xù+yù - `cosyù|`km/s
3

202
13 A B
H H

A B
K M
A

14 A~E

E
D
C
B
A

C D
D

203
 15 2

B
/

B A

A B

16 A B

200 A

100 B

1 2 3 4

2`kpc A B 2
A 0~2`kpc 2~4`kpc
A B 1`kpc

204
17 21`cm

21`cm

180ù 90ù 60ù

30ù
A B
0ù
180ù 90ù 0ù 270ù 180ù
270ù -30ù
-60ù
21`cm

B A

A +

18 A B B 100`pc
0.8
B A 10

100.8

A B

B-V A B
A 102.4`pc

205
 19 0.76~5.0`lm 5.6~
25.5`lm
A

A B-V B-V

20 m S
m+A m+A A

400
H­
3 0
300
m 2 0
S
200
(K) 1 0
100
0
m 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0. 0.
S

A A

206
21 M78

M78 M78
M78
10
B M78

M78
M78

22 A B
A B C r
B C

k =k

C r

207
 23

3`Mpc 33`Mpc

75`%

24 2

208
Ⅱ
 01 T 4

A
01 02 03 04 05 06 T
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 04

01

05

02
46

A C

06
P S P
03 S

T P S
T P S

2
07 11
103ù~180ù S
103ù~142ù
P
S
103ù S
S
103ù

08
P S PS
PS
S A

12
PS C
3

09
A B C D

A B
P
B C
C D P
110ù P
13
10
A
A B

B C A

3
14 18
A B

h A B
h 0
h
A B
C B
A
B A
A C
C

15
l

T g T=2p¾
l 19
g 0
Dt 0
l A 0
T=2p¾ l Dt
g

B
C B C
l
T=2p¾ Dt
g
D 0 0ù D

16
A 20
C B +
-
A B

-
A B 0ù
N
C +8ù N
8ù
8ù
17
A 3
B N
+
C

4
 21`% 0.03`%
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 Tª

01

04

02

05

A B C

A C

03
06
P
TÁ

TÁ A B B F P

5
 F G P 40`km S
F G 12 PS 5 P
A~G 7
C 40`km P
7 S 12
A 40`km 40`km
P S
A 500`km 7`s 12`s
P S 2
P A P
S P P
A 500`km P
PS

07
103ù~180ù S 10
103ù~142ù 3
P
103ù
P A A B PS A B
60ù P B B

B 125ù l
P Põ
P
P
P‚ 1

P P‚ B C

08
S
11
S 103ù

A P
103ù A C
P S
A A S C P
B D 140ù
P
P
P
P

180ù
B D
09 180ù
PS S P
S P
PS S
PS D

6
12 q£d£+qªd¢=qÁ d£+d¢
qÁ-q£ d¢
+ = d¢ d£ 1.5
qª-qÁ d£
- qÁ-q£ qª-qÁ 1.5

B C
B C 14
A D qÁ
A D A

h B +
C C
-10`mGal C B E C
-10`mGal C
C E B C E C qÁ qª
h C

15
13 = -

X Y
X Y

hÁ qª-qÁ
qªdÁ=qÁ hÁ+dÁ =
dÁ qÁ

qªdÁ=qÁ hª+dª +qª dÁ-dª 16 PS

hª qª-qÁ hÁ hª PS P
= =
dª qÁ dÁ dª

PS A B PS 1
3 B A 3
hÁ hª
d£ =A B
( =q PS
A B
P
( =q
S
d¢ { -1}
P

S P
dª =
P S
( =q dÁ P
;3@; =;3%; P
S
` `S =5` `3
P PS

;3@; PS 0

7
 A P ;2#; A
B
14ú` 20µ`` 03§`

40000~42000`nT
17

= 20
=0.4_7.5=3
=0.6_8.0=4.8 1.6
A A B 1980 2020 A

A B
A A
B
B B
0.4_7.5 + A _
+
=0.6_8.0 A
B +90ù
1.8 C

18

1700 2000

B -5ù +8ù
B

B +
C D -
B C D

19

h cos`h=

8
02
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08

01 05

a
A
a c

B
B
b c

C
C
02 SiO¢
SiO¢
SiO¢
O 06
A 2.5
Si

A SiO¢ 3
C SiO¢
SiO¢ A C

03
07
A B B

B
B
04

9
08 03
2

90ù 90ù

01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08
04
01
O Si

Mg Fe

10 8
1600 9 400
1~9
3

02

05

4 2 4
3
3

90ù 180ù
2 2
2
3
1 3 2.5
Si
1
O

10
06
03
1`mm

01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12

01

A
07
B

02

08

03

Fe Mg

Fe Mg

04

11
 09
05

B
A B

06
10

07
SiOª
52`%

11
A A
B A
A

5~7
08
9 8
1 2 12
10`%

12
 04

A B
A
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12 B

01

05

02 A 1991~2020 2011~2020
B 1991~2020
2011~2020
2011~2020
A
1991~2010
B
B

06
03
25 A
~ 18 FeÜ`± B
A
B

25 ~ 18

13
07
15 21 (Sc)
A
39 (Y) 17 LED

A B
A B
11

08

A B 12
A B

09
2016 2018
2018 2020
2016
6`m
;5Á6¥2¤2¤1¢9;`GWh 2018 ;5ª9»4¤5°9¦6;`GWh
-6`m 12`m
2016 2018

h 2019 2020
1.1`%
300`GWh

tª

10

14
 A

04 B

100`m
200`m
300`m
A 400`m B

01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

A B
01

05

EW
N S
45ù NE 45ùNE

02

06
D
B
A C
D NS
B A C

A B 500`mC D
03 400`m
300`m
200`m

A
D
B C
A D
07
A
B C
04 A

15
 B C
B C 450

2 5
A B C

A
08
40`% >
35`% > 25`%
12
A ~

09
A B A

A
B

13
10

C B A

A
> > >
A
B C

14

11
1 8

16
 A

0ù N40ùW
40ùNE 40ùSW

15 02

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 6 7
A B
A
5
5 4 2 1 3 1 2 4
16
3
A

200`m
2

400`m
A B 500`m
300`m
400`m
A B 200`m
300`m

03

01 02 03 04 05 06 0ù A N70ùE
N70ùE NW
07 08 09 10 11 12
SE
13 14 15 16
E

01
(N)
04

17
 4
f-f '

Q
Q

P
a b c
P

05 07
4 A B
C
(A) (B)
(C)

f-f '

A
C

A B C
f-f ' D
08
D

A
06
2 5 ~ 6 6 B
~

A B

09
-

18
 A B C
D 4 E
A D 4
4 A 2 5
D 4
B B

C E
E

0
10 20
0

20
0
0

A 0

20
B

A
C
13

11

A B
A
B

14
A B C

12 A
A
2 6

19
 05
15 01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24

B A
01
A B A
B A
B

02

(h)
A B C
16 (P) qgz q g z
(q)
g
h A B C
A

03

;4#;

;2!; ;3@;

20
 (C)
(B)

;3@; 06
45ù

45ù
G

04
B F

G
C
2vXsin¬ v
X ¬
07
B

90ù

A C

sin¬ ¬

05
A B

B
08
C

21
 P Q

A B A B

A B
< A

B
A B

09
A B

12

A 15`cm B
55`cm A B

A B
A B
A B A
A B B
A
10 B

A B
180ù

A B C A
A

A B
A B 13
B C
B C

11

22
 A

A
A B

17
14 ;2!;

;2Á0;

(v) ®É gL L ®É 10`m/sÛ`_60`m
2p 2_3
=10`m/s B
(v) '¶gh h '¶10`m/sÛ`_0.5`m
='5`m/s A B

A
B

15
A B

A B

A 18

(v) '¶gh` g h
16
600`m 21

= 600`m ?28.6`m/s 600`m

21`s
30`m/s

A B 19
A B

23
 6 7 8
13 12 1 2 1
22
37
6

A B
5 =;1$;=4
3
8
8 = =4 5 8
2

20

23
km

10 A
A
B
A B 24 50
12 25 A

21 B C
C
6 12 30

A 24
A
A B C D

(A)
B C (B)

24
 A A
B
A
A

(C) (D) DhÁ DhÁ

g h
Dx Dx
A
(A) (D)
h
(C) (B)
qªgDhª+qÁghÁ
=qÁgDhÁ+qÁghÁ+qÁgDhª
(C) (B)
Dhª qÁ
qÁDhÁ=(qª-qÁ)Dhª =
DhÁ qª-qÁ
Dhª=2DhÁ qÁ=;3@;qª

03
01 02 03 04 05 06 U
07 08 09 10 11 12 U U
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 U B
A A
B qÁ>qª
01 U qÁghÁ U
qªghª
A B A
DP=-qgDz DP B
q g Dz U
zÁ-z£ zª-z£ DP g q zÁ-z£
zª-z£ Dz zÁ-z£ zª-z£ A B U
U
A hÁ-h B h
zÁ zª
04
1 DP
- ´ q DP Dz
q Dz 2Xsin¬
zª-z£
X ¬ X
sin¬
A
B
02 2vXsin¬ v X
¬

sin¬

25
 2 200`cm A C

2 1 Dz
(v) ´g X
2Xsin¬ Dx
¬ g Dz Dx
05 A B A
Dz
45ù B { }
Dx
A B
A B

45ù
A A
08
P

A B

45ùS

sin P sin
A B 60ùN

A B

06

'2h h
P L '3L

P
P sin¬ ¬

P 1 '2h g 2h
´g = ´
2Xsin45ù L 2X L
1 h g 2h
´g = ´
2Xsin60ù '3L 2X 3L
3

07
09
A 180`cm C

26
 A
B

sin¬ ¬

A 7`cm/s
B
12
12`cm/s A B
A B
A B
A C
A B

A C
B D
B

10 B

A B B D

A
B
A B 13
sin
A B
A B
A B

11

0ù~30ù 30ù~60ù

- +
+

0.15`N/mÛ`
0.08`N/mÛ`

27
14

A B ;2Á0;
C ;2!;
A

B
1

1
A
C
B

17
B

15
A B A

400`m 25`m/s
;2Á0; 16 A 15
100`m
A B 200`m
A B 200`m 15`m/s 20`m/s
100`m 15`m/s

A B 18

12
25
A
B

16
;2!;

;2Á0;

28
 22 9 10
21

19
km

0.9`m
0.3`m
P

270
200 2
2

22
A B

20

A B

A
4
B
- - 0ù
- -
- - A
B

23

29
 15 841`cm 17
587`cm
14 18
15 17
18
06
14 01 02 03 04 05 06
18 07 08

01

24

zÁ zª

12 25
24 50

1
30`¾

2 zÁ 20`¾ zÁ
1`km zÁ 20`¾

3`m zª 3`km zÁ (zª-zÁ)

2`m

02

1`km 5`¾
1`km
10`¾

1`km 5`¾

1`km 10`¾

1`km 5`¾

30
03

A hª

D A
D A

A B 2`¾/km 06
B C
5`¾/km A B
1`km 10`¾
B C
A D D A
D A
- D A
10`¾/km 5`¾/km
9`¾/km
04

(H) H(km)=;8!; -

30`¾ 2`km
14`¾
2`km
2`km
10`¾
100`%
12`¾

07
hÁ
hÁ
A B
hª hª B
B A
hª
2`¾/100`m
(hª)- (hÁ) hª-hÁ 1`¾/100`m
(hÁ)
hÁ~hª 0~200`m

05

31
 A B A
B
A
08
B 1`km
-

A B

02

2`km 1`km

1`km

1`km
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08

01 - 8`¾ 1`km
1`km
- 8`¾

03
20`¾
1`km 10`¾
20`¾ -
1`km 15`¾
1`km A 12`¾ B 8
10`¾ A
B 1`km -
1`km -
A 2 8
A
500`m -
1`km 12.5`¾ 400`m
1`km 12`¾ 8 2
500`m 500`m

32
04 9 15

06
-
2`¾/km 5`¾/km
7`¾/km 4`¾/ 100`%
km 7`¾/km -
5`¾/km 10`¾/km 100`% 1.5`km -
4`¾/ 1.5`km
km 5`¾/km
1.0~2.0`km 6`¾/km
1`km~2`km 5`¾/km 10`¾/km

1`km~2`km

(H) H(km)=;8!; - 28`¾ 24`¾

17`¾ 9`¾
2`km (H) H(km)=;8!; 28-24 =0.5`km
17`¾- 2`¾/km_1`km+5`¾/km_1`km =10`¾
9`¾- 2`¾/km_2`km =5`¾
2`km 07

05

30`¾
-
100`% 6
100`%
1`km

hÁ
1.5`km
A

hÁ - 12 9

A-B hÁ =

9 15 hÁ 1`km 1.5`km
0~1`km
9 15
9 15 A-B 0~1 5`km

33
 07
08
100`%
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

01
(P) P=
qgh q g h
hPa 1`hPa=100`N/mÛ`
1 1 1013`hPa
hPa

5`km
(P) P=qgh
q g h

02

_ q`kg/mÜ`
2L`mÜ` 2qL`kg

A B

(P)
F
P= P F = A F=
A
P_A A B
(DF) DF=DP_A DP
A B (DP) 4`hPa A
B (A) 2`mÛ` 1`hPa=100`N/mÛ`
DF=4_100`N/mÛ`_2`mÛ`=800`N

34
03
A B
A B
P
1`km
A
B
(A) (B)

A
B A

X Y

-
1 DP
´ =g q
06
q Dz
1`km
g Dz DP DP=
-qgDz
(Dz) (q)
1000`hPa 990`hPa
X Y
510`hPa 500`hPa

04
c

b
1`kg (C) C=2vXsin¬
v X ¬
0ù

07
1`kg (C) C=2vXsin¬
v X ¬
sin¬ 90ù
A
'2
P sin45ù 45ù B
2
'2 '2
P
2 2 A B

05 A B
1`km A

35
 B B A
A A B
B

A
1 DP
´ =
q DL
2vXsin¬ q DP
P Q
DL v X
¬ (v)
1 DP 1
v= ´
2qXsin¬ DL
v¥
sin¬ 10
90ù

30ù ;2!;

08

A
B
A B

11

A B C
1 DP
(Pî) Pî= ´ q
q DL
DP DL
A B

A B
09
(A) = +
(B) = -

B A
(C)
P

36
12 14

A B
A B C
A A B
A B
B B 100`km~1000`km 1

A B C

(Pî) DP=-qgDz
C 1
1 DP Dz
Pî= ´ =g q DP
q DL DL
DL
g Dz
15
1`km
A B C
A B
C
A B
A=B>C C
A B

B
B

980 hPa

13
A B
11 ~18
A
B

70ùN 30ùN 16
A 30ùN ~ 30ù
30ù~60ù
60ù~90ù
10`km
13`km
A B X
(A) Y X Y

30ù

37
 70ùN 30ùN (C) C=2vXsin¬ v X
¬
sin¬
1`kg (C) C=2vXsin¬ v
X ¬ 1`kg
A B 1`m/s 45ù
1.0_10ÑÝ``s 45ù 10`m/s
1`kg
10_10ÑÝ``s

03
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
1 DP
13 14 15 16 - ´
q Dz
=g q g Dz DP
DP=-qgDz 1`kg/mÜ`
01 10`m/sÛ` DP=1`kg/mÜ`
´10`m/sÛ ` ´100`m=10`hPa 100`m 10`hPa

1 76`cm
76`cm
A 952`hPa+60`hPa=1012`hPa B
979`hPa+30`hPa=1009`hPa C
sin30ù= 894`hPa+110`hPa=1004`hPa
148`cm
74`cm A>B>C

(DP) (Dz)
300`m B 1100`m
C 80`hPa
A _
1`kg/mÜ`
sin30ù=
148`cm
74`cm
74`cm

04
02

DP<0 Põ<P
P (Põ)

1 DP
1`kg (Pî) Pî= ´
q DL
1`m/s q DP DL
1`kg 2DP

38
 1 2DP 1
DP ´ = ´
q 1`km q P
DP
`q q
2`km
4
a_2h_1_q a_ Dz 40`m =
P 40ù
DL 100`km
h_2_q 4
Dz
4 0.4`m/km 40ù
DL
0.4 40`m/s
05 Dz
9.8`m/sÛ`
DL
30ù
90ù 2
Dz
0.4`m/km 30ù
( î) DP= DL
-qgDz q DP 50`m/s 90ù
DL g Dz g Dz
25`m/s (v) v= ´
2Xsin¬ DL
Dz
Dz (v)
DL Dz DL
DL
1
50`m 30ù 90ù
sin¬
200`km
10`m 2
P Q
100`km

07
Dz
g =2vXsin¬ g Dz
DL
DL v X
¬ (v)
g Dz
v= ´
2Xsin¬ DL
1 Dz
(v) ´
sin¬ DL

P
A
Q
(h)
P P

06
1`km

{=
Dz
}
08
DL

39
 C
500`hPa

500`hPa
= - 500`hPa
= + 500`hPa
~500`hPa
~500`hPa 500`hPa
C

11
09

A
C
B
B

5.5`km
B
C
C ~ h`
B C
B
C
h
B
~ h`
C
P C

10 500`hPa

A
C
B

40
12 A B

A 0ù~30ùN B
30ùN~60ùN
30ùN~60ùN

A B
20`m/s
B 60ùN
70`m/s

30ù 15
A B 30ù
200`hPa A B

40ùN~50ùN 22
30ùN 26`¾
A B

13
A

16
1

A ~100`m
B ~100`m
12

A
B

14

41
 53ù +35ù 88ù

08 +35ù
61ù

84ù A

01 02 03 04 05 06 127ùE 77ùE
07 08 09 10 11 12 50ù
61ù A +35ù A
13 14 15 16
A A

01 3 20 A

90ù-
+

35ùN
A 55ù A A

04
90ù-
B
+
B
A 18ú`
12ú`
6ú`
02 B A
B 55ù
B A
A 2ù 37ùN 55ù
30ù 60ù 33ùN 59ù 33ùN A
60ùN

A 05
+23.5ù 6ú`
90ù- + A 0ù
90ù-60ù +23.5ù=53.5ù A 180ù
B 30ù 30ù = 90ù- +
30ù= 90ù-37.5ù + -22.5ù
- + B 270ù
6ú`
03 12ú` B
> 90ù- + 6ú`
B
A 35ù 0ù = 90ù- + B
+35ù = 90ù-37.5ù+0ù =52.5ù A B
90ù-

42
06 09

6ú`
1 15ù A 0ú`
15ù 2 A 6ú` B
2 C 2 12ú` 6ú` B 18ú`
A C A B
A C A B
A B
6ú`
B 23ú` C 1ú`
B C 10
0ú` B
23ú` B

P P'
07 P P'

P
A

08 1ù
- - -
7ù
A P P'
7ù
7ù
;2!; A

11
A
A

A
A B

43
 A 90ù A A
A
A

A B

12
12ù
15

13ù

13
16

A
2 3 2
3

1ù 3 4

14 01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14

44
01

+ -

6ú` 0ú`
37.5ùN S 50ù
0 6 21
= 90ù- + 50ù= 90ù-37.5ù +
A B
-2.5ù
A B
S 50ù S
50ù 50ù

04
15ù
- 1
S - S 08 S
16 S
8
1 15ù
02 8
6ú` 18ú`
120ù 90ùE
30ùW

18ú`
S
12ú`
6ú` 12ú`
08 90ùE
15ù
5h 3h 3h
6ú` 7ú` 1
5
23ú` 17
7 12
17 7 05
7

35ù + A t X A
6 X
270ù
B A 6
244ù B
A X t B X
03 46ù X

06
1

45
 t
09
t-12 ú` 0ú` t
t-12 ú`
S 55ù 37.5ùN
= 90ù- + 55ù= 90ù-37.5ù +
S +2.5ù +
0ú`~6ú` 18ú`~24ú`
-
0ú`~6ú`
>180ù
18ú`~24ú`
12ú`
6 22 270ù
12ú`
0ù 60ù 350ù
S 6ú`
S

10 1 10ù
50ù 350ù
07 20 15

A 9 5 9 8 10

B 9 8 3 12 8 18

A 11 16 12 25
A C
C 12 8 A C
A C 11 16 12 B 90ù
25
B

08 11

A + 270ù

5 A A
5 A
A 6 A
A 5 A

B 19 13ù
9 B
9 B

46
12

0 A 0ù 60ù
0 B
120ù 180ù 0 A
B
6ú` 0
A 18ú` 24ú`
0 18ú` B 0
B 18ú` 24ú`
A B 6ú`
¬ùN A dÁù
¬ù A
¬ù+ 90ù-dÁù B dªù
B 90ù-¬ù +dªù A B
60ù 70ù ¬ù+ 90ù-dÁù =60ù
90ù-¬ù +dªù=70ù dÁù-dªù=50ù
A B 50ù

13

14

- -

47
 A

09 1`AU A
1`AU sinh=sinh`AU
h A

04
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12

1 A 0.6
01 1 1 1
S - = S=1.5
0.6 1 S

A A B 1
A B A B
B
A B
C C C
1

05
02
1
360ù
1
X=1
360ù
A 1 a A
360ù
a
360ù
B 1 b B
b

A B S A B 1

a b a-b _S=360ù S=
360ù 06
a-b
360ù
A B
a-b

E P E' P P
03
P
E P
A E' P

A P 1 E
E'
A A P

48
07 1 3 a
c
c A
a
5`AU 0.8
3 4`AU 1`AU

2`AU
0
10 3

a
c
c
a
08 2 3 5`AU
3`AU

2`AU ;3@;?0.67 0.7

a(AU)
1`AU 1
aÜ`
aÜ` P =1 3`AU
a P =1 PÛ`
PÛ`
aÜ`
3Ü` =1 PÛ`=27 5
3`AU =1 PÛ`
PÛ`
2.5
P=3'3
3`AU A
3`AU O 3Û`-2Û`=5
O '5`AU
2 11
1
A B 1
1 A B N
N
2
1 SÁ
09 Sª

SÁ+Sª+S£+S¢ ;2!; SÁ

;8!; 8
a b
'¶aÛ`-bÛ` '¶5Û`-3Û`
A = 4`AU PÁ P£ 8`AU
a 5
;5$;=0.8
SÁ S£ 1
B 2 AU 0.5
'¶2Û`- `Û PÁ Pª P£ P¢
=;2!; ='3`AU
2

49
12 3 180ù
Eª PÁ 360ù-hª
3
1 EÁ
Eª
A B
360ù_2 -42ù=720ù-42ù=678ù
B 2 A
2
A B 3
A B 3 A B
A B 3 03
A m B mõ A P
A B a 3 A
aÜ` 6
m+mõ= M M A B
PÛ`
7
4`AU 2 m+mõ=16M
7
A B 3`AU 1`AU
6
3m=1mõ m=4M mõ=12M B
B C
12
3
3 B

C
P
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12 04
O 30ù OA
01 = OB _sin30ù A
B 0.5
B A 2
B A 2
B A 2'2
PM Q OQ

A B '2
OQ OQ
P A 3P
1.5P B 3P
5`cm
1.5P
POQ OPQ=30ù OQ
= OP _sin30ù 5`cm_sin30ù=2.5`cm

;2!; 05
180ù 180ù

180ù
02
X 180ù 180ù

50
 180ù
08
A

A 4`AU
A 4 A 8
06 3
3 = A 0.5

A A
A 300 P B 5P 1
A S 1-;8!;=
1 1 1 S
S - = S=1.25P
P 5P S S?1.14 A
P=300 S 375 1.14
S=1.25P S A 360ù+90ù B 4`AU 2`AU
h=90ù 2`AU
B =0.5
Ü` 4`AU
3 A B
Û`
A a P
B b=xa 5P 09
(xa)Ü` aÜ` xÜ`
= =1 x<3 B
(5P)Û` PÛ` 5Û`
A 3
B A 2`AU
3
A
B
2`AU

07 A
2 t°-t£ B 2 t¢-tª
t°-t£ > t¢-tª A B
A
B A B
tÁ A B
16
2 8
B
1 ;8!;

A
10

B
A B 3`AU A
8
B
A B A B
4`AU 0.5
A B B
;2!; 2`AU

2`AU A B

51
 3Ü`
A P 3 =1

P?5.2 A 1 5
PÛ`
10
A
1 P
4
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
11 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24

A P B Põ 2P
1 1 1
01
- = Põ=2P B
P Põ 2P
2P ;2!;
A B B A
A 0.05" B 0.1"
2P A C
A 20`pc B 10`pc
1.25P C 5P B C
A B
1 1 1
S - = S=:Á3¼:P = A B A B
2P 5P S
A B
:Á3¼:P>2P
A B
A -
A A A B
A

12 3
02
3 r(pc) m M
m-M=5`logr-5
A 1`pc B
Pª P£ B -6.5 A
P£
PÁ Pª 1 C 2.5 C
P 4
P PÁ P£
1 PÁ P¢

M P m P 03
a`AU M m
3 27 11

4pÛ` aÜ` aÜ`

M+m?M? ´ = M M
G PÛ` PÛ`
aÜ` 2`AU Ü`
P>4 M= M = M <;2!;M
PÛ` 4 Û`
;2!; 13.3
15.3

52
04 07
~
~
B 420`nm V
540`nm B
V B

(kmax)
kmax

B-V B-V
~
~

05
08
A B C

A B
A B B-V A B

A B m-M
:Á5Á:
6 09
(r) 6=5`logr-5 10 `pc
100 pc

A A

06 A
A

30`kpc

10

A B
A
B

53
 A B

A m m-0=5`log100-5
m 5
B
5 A
5

15
11 99`%

B-V
B 2.3 V
H H
3.0 B
B-V 0.8 =3.3-2.5 +
B-V -0.7 0.8 0
H

1`mÜ`
12 >H >H
21`cm

A
16
'¶ Û`+ Û`
21`cm
-
+

21`cm V Vcos30ù
Vcos30ù
Vsin30ù = =
Vsin30ù
'3
13 l "/ r(pc)
4.74lr 47.4`km/s
47.4`km/s=4.74_l_100 l
0.1"/

A
17 21`cm

B B

21`cm

21`cm
14
H
18
A

54
 1
22
A B

;1Á0;

180ù

19 21`cm A 360ù

A B B
A
A
- B
+
21`cm
(A) (B) 23
B

20
A~D
A
A B
0 > >
B 0
0
C D C
D

24
21

55
 A B
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
30`kpc
13 14 15 16 17 18
16`kpc
19 20 21 22 23 24

01 04

1 6 100
C 5 C 100`pc
80`pc
B 10`pc 4 1
A
2.5 5 B 10`pc
18ú` -30ù
6.25 5
18ú` -30ù
A B 10'3`pc ?17 pc
A

0`
013 ``

13 ``
60ù 05
` ` B

A B 10`pc 1.7
1.7 `Û ?2.89 2.5
1

B-V 0.8 V
02 9 B 9.8
0.4 V
19 6
30 A 30

A -5.2
06
-3.7
B A
4.8 A
S
10Ü``pc =1000`pc A
B A
102 7`pc >100`pc 900`pc
B

03 A

56
07
+
B
B V
B
B
B
B C B C
A B
B C B
C 0

11
08
5 A 100`pc
Dk
V¨ V¨= _c k¼
k¼
Dk c
Dk
90`km/s= _3_10Þ``km/s Dk=0.15 A
500
500 15`nm
V^ V^?4.74lr l r
474`km/s

L¼=4 L=40
L
L¼
=10 12
rÜ`
3 =k r P
10=10;5@;_ 2.5 PÛ`
2pr vÛ`r
k P= v =k
v 4pÛ`
09 1
v¥
A B 0.01" 100`pc 'r
A 0.01" A P A B
100`pc P A B A B
100`pc P A -
(v)
A B B 1
(r) } P {v¥ v¹
B 'r
B k
200`km/s v¹=200`km/s=
'¶2`kpc
k 200'2 200
100`pc 5 A k=200'2 võ= = = km/s
'6 '6 '3
6 B 8 A B v¸ võ '3
200
B `km/s P
'3
B B yù
10 200
B P cosyù P
'3
B 200cos xù+yù P
200'3
B 200cos xù+yù - cosyù
A 3

57
 P
yù
xù
15
B A
200 B
B xù
( 0-y)ù
yù 200 yù
13
A 10Ú`Ú`
B
B 1.8_10Ú`Ú` B
A

13

A H B H
H H
H
O B K 16
M M m
r v G
A H GMm mvÛ` rvÛ`
= M=
rÛ` r G

A B

14 4

A
0~4`kpc 0~2`kpc 2
1`AU
0~2`kpc 2~4`kpc
B 1000`pc
C
1`kpc 1`kpc
10`kpc
D
25`Mpc
E
C 17 21`cm
D 0ù~360ù
D
+90ù ~-90ù
D 17ú` 45µ`` -29ù A
C D 90ù 0ù
90ù +
B 270ù
-
21`cm
B E
E B
A 90ù

58
 +

18 21
B 100`pc B m-M
5 =5`log100-5
A B B
B

B A
A B M78
;5$;
A B 10 1
;5@;
10 A B
2 B
24
5 A 22
7 A 10 `pc

19 k k A B

C
C
r

23

A
B-V B-V

20

24

59
60
01 01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12

01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13
19
14
20
15 16 17 18
04
01 02 03 04 05 06 01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12 07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16
19 20

01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
02 13 14 15 16

01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 05
01 02 03 04 05 06 01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24

03
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
01 02 03 04 05 06 13 14 15 16 17 18
07 08 09 10 11 12 19 20 21 22 23 24
06 01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08

01
07
02
08
03 04 05 06
09
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
07
01 02 03 04 05 06
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

01 02 03 04 05 06
10
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

08 19 20 21 22 23 24

01 02 03 04 05 06
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 24
윤혜정의 개념/ 수능특강 FINAL
패턴의 나비효과 수능특강 문학
사용설명서 실전모의고사
윤혜정의 기출의 연계 기출
하루 3개 1등급
나비효과 국어독서
수능완성 만점마무리
사용설명서 봉투모의고사
수능 빌드업 수능연계교재의 시즌1
수능 VOCA 1800 하루 6개 1등급
기출의 미래 영어독해
수능특강 수능연계 기출 수능 영어
만점마무리
Light Vaccine VOCA 간접연계
수능 봉투모의고사
2200 서치라이트
개념 시즌2
수능 수능연계완성
수능 기출의 미래 3주 특강
미니모의고사 만점마무리
감(感)잡기
봉투모의고사
고난도 Hyper
수능특강 수능완성
수능특강Q 박봄의 사회·문화
미니모의고사 표 분석의 패턴 수능 직전보강
수능 클리어
스타트 수능완성R 수능 등급을 올리는 봉투모의고사
모의고사 변별 문항 공략

윤혜정의 개념/패턴의 나비효과 윤혜정 선생님과 함께하는 수능 국어 개념/패턴 학습 국어

수능 빌드업 개념부터 문항까지 한 권으로 시작하는 수능 특화 기본서 국/수/영
수능 스타트 2028학년도 수능 예시 문항 분석과 문항 연습 사/과
수능 감(感) 잡기 동일 소재 . 유형의 내신과 수능 문항 비교로 수능 입문 국/수/영
수능특강 Light 수능 연계교재 학습 전 가볍게 시작하는 수능 도전 영어
수능개념 EBSi 대표 강사들과 함께하는 수능 개념 다지기 전 영역
윤혜정의 기출의 나비효과 윤혜정 선생님과 함께하는 까다로운 국어 기출 완전 정복 국어
수능 기출의 미래 올해 수능에 딱 필요한 문제만 선별한 기출문제집 전 영역
수능 기출의 미래 미니모의고사 부담 없는 실전 훈련을 위한 기출 미니모의고사 국/수/영
수능특강Q 미니모의고사 매일 15분 연계교재 우수문항 풀이 미니모의고사 국/수/영/사/과
수능완성R 모의고사 과년도 수능 연계교재 수능완성 실전편 수록 수학
수능특강 최신 수능 경향과 기출 유형을 반영한 종합 개념 학습 전 영역
수능특강 사용설명서 수능 연계교재 수능특강의 국어 . 영어 지문 분석 국/영
수능특강 문학 연계 기출 수능특강 수록 작품과 연관된 기출문제 학습 국어
수능완성 유형 . 테마 학습 후 실전 모의고사로 문항 연습 전 영역
수능완성 사용설명서 수능 연계교재 수능완성의 국어 . 영어 지문 분석 국/영
수능 영어 간접연계 서치라이트 출제 가능성이 높은 핵심 간접연계 대비 영어
수능연계교재의 VOCA 1800 수능특강과 수능완성의 필수 중요 어휘 1800개 수록 영어
수능연계 기출 Vaccine VOCA 2200 수능 - EBS 연계와 평가원 최다 빈출 어휘 선별 수록 영어
하루 N개 1등급 국어독서/영어독해 매일 꾸준한 기출문제 학습으로 완성하는 1등급 실력 국/영
수능연계완성 3주 특강 단기간에 끝내는 수능 1등급 변별 문항 대비 국/수/영
박봄의 사회 . 문화 표 분석의 패턴 박봄 선생님과 사회 . 문화 표 분석 문항의 패턴 연습 사회탐구
수능 등급을 올리는 변별 문항 공략 EBSi 선생님이 직접 선별한 고변별 문항 연습 수/영
FINAL 실전모의고사 EBS 모의고사 중 최다 분량 최다 과목 모의고사 전 영역
만점마무리 봉투모의고사 시즌1/시즌2 실제 시험지 형태와 OMR 카드로 실전 연습 모의고사 전 영역
만점마무리 봉투모의고사 고난도 Hyper 고난도 문항까지 국 . 수 . 영 논스톱 훈련 모의고사 국·수·영
수능 직전보강 클리어 봉투모의고사 수능 직전 성적을 끌어올리는 마지막 모의고사 국/수/영/사/과