Scribd
Upload
5 views11 pages

Part of Speech Problem

Uploaded by

Оксана Ковтун
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
5 views11 pages

Part of Speech Problem

Uploaded by

Оксана Ковтун
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 11

Part of speech

problem:
CLASSIFICATION,
DATES,
PERSONALITIES
There are eight parts of speech in the English
language:
• noun
• pronoun
• verb
• adjective
• adverb
• preposition
• conjunction
• interjection
• The part of speech indicates how the word
functions in meaning as well as grammatically
within the sentence. An individual word can function
as more than one part of speech when used in
different circumstances. Understanding parts of
speech is essential for determining the correct
definition of a word when using the dictionary.
Classification
By meaning we understand not an individual meaning of each separate word which is
its lexical meaning but the meaning common to all the words of the given class and
constituting the essence of this meaning.
In the noun, for example, taken as a class of words its generalized meaning is that of
substantivity, in the verb as a part of speech its meaning is that of process or action.
The adjective as a part of speech expresses names of qualities or properties and so
on.
• Form is considered to be the • By a grammatical form we understand the
morphological characteristics of a type of formal linguistic means with the help of which
words, i.e. grammatical categories which this or that generalized grammatical meaning
are typical of this or that part of speech. A is expressed. Each grammatical category
must be represented at least by two
grammatical category is a dialectical unity
grammatical forms. There are no languages
of generalized grammatical meaning and
in which there is only one grammatical person
certain grammatical forms serving to
or a grammatical case. It's necessary to take
express this meaning. The noun, for into consideration the fact that one and the
instance, possesses grammatical same grammatical form of the word may
categories of case and number, plurality express different grammatical categories, for
being expressed by the inflexion -es, e.g. example, the form takes expresses tense,
box - boxes, map - maps. etc. mood, voice, aspect, number, and person.
 At the same time it is impossible to have one and the same form for the expression of
two cases or two numbers or two persons. In this case we always deal with the
opposition of forms. In any opposition all the forms are divided into marked forms and
non-marked forms.

 Any part of speech is characterized either by a whole system of different grammatical


categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives) or by absence of grammatical categories
(prepositions, conjunctions, articles).

 By function we mean the syntactical characteristics of this or that part of speech.


These characteristics may be subdivided into two items:
1) the ability of a word to combine with other words of different types or of the same
type and this ability is termed as a combinability of a word.
2) the function in which this or that part of speech may be found in a sentence.
The noun, for example, combines with other nouns (a girl's book), with verbs
(the sun shines), with adjectives (a handsome boy), with prepositions and articles. As to
the syntactical functions of a noun in a sentence it is those of a subject, a predicative,
an object, an attribute, and some adverbial modifiers.
Traditionally, all parts of speech are subdivided
on the upper level of classification into notional
words and functional words. Notional words,
which traditionally include nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and numerals,
have complete nominative meanings, are in
most cases changeable and fulfill self-
dependent syntactic functions in the sentence.
The noun, for example, as a part of speech, is
traditionally characterized by
1) the categorial meaning of substance
(“thingness”),
2) a specific set of word-building affixes, the
grammatical categories of number, case and
article determination, prepositional
connections and modification by an adjective
3) the substantive functions of subject, object
or predicative in the sentence. In the same
way, all the other notional parts of speech are
described
The markers that distinguish these important parts of speech in English are therefore of
primary importance in our description of the patterns of the devices that signal structural
meanings – a description which will be made in terms of the selection of these parts of speech
and the formal arrangements in which they occur.
All the conventional school grammars deal extensively with the "parts of speech," usually given
as eight in number, and explained in definitions that have become traditional.
Noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection – are basic
classifications that can be applied to the "words" of all languages.
As a matter of fact our common school grammars of English have not always used eight parts
of speech.
• Some have named ten parts of speech, making the "article"and
the "participle" separate classes.
• Some have included the "adjective" under the name "noun" and
have given as subclasses of "nouns" the "noun substantive" and
the "noun adjective."
• Others have insisted that "interjections" are not "parts of speech"
but "sentence words."
• Some of the early Greek grammarians recognized only three
parts of speech, ονομα (names), ρημα (sayings), and ουνδεσμοι
(joinings or linkings).
• The Latin grammarian, Varro distinguished four parts of speech:
1. words with cases (nouns),
2. Words with tenses (verbs),
3. words with both cases and tenses (participles),
4. Words with neither cases nor tenses (particles).
• The current conventional classification of words into the
particular eight parts of speech now common seems to have
begun with Joseph Priestley and to have been generally accepted
in the grammars since 1850.
Are There 8 or 9 Parts of Speech?

Prior to the 1960s, determiners were classified as adjectives, meaning there were 8
parts of speech not 9. Since the 1960s, there has been a gradual acceptance among
grammarians that determiners are different to adjectives. This acceptance has grown
to the extent that determiners must now be considered a separate part of speech.
However, even today, terms like "possessive adjective" and "demonstrative adjective"
are far more commonly used than "possessive determiner" and "demonstrative
determiner"

Also, the equivalents in foreign languages are still described as adjectives in those
countries, adding to the confusion. This much is clear: Determiners are similar to
adjectives, but there are differences. Nevertheless, there remains a strong argument
for claiming there are 8 parts of speech not 9.
Thank you for
attention

You might also like