Narration

ব া যাহা বেল তাহাই narration বা উ ।

Narration দুই কার :

1. Direct Narration
2. Indirect Narration

Direct Narration: যখন কান কথা ক পিরবতন না কের অিবকল স ভাষাই ব করা হয় তখন তােক
Direct Narration বেল। ইহােক inverted commas এর মেধ রাখা হয়।

Inverted commas এর িভতেরর অংেশ ব া তার ব ব উদ্ধৃিত কের আর এেক Reported Speech বেল।
ব ার ব েব বাইেরর verb ক reporting verb বেল।

Indirect Narration: যখন কান কথা ক পিরবতন কের স ভাষা ব করা হয় তখন তােক Indirect
Narration বেল।

Narration
1. Sentence
2. Pronoun
3. Tense
According to Tense:

a). Direct speech এর reporting verb present tense, present perfect tense, Future Tense এর হেল Reported
Speech এর verb এর ense এর কান পিরবতন হয় না। কবল person পিরবতন হয়।

Direct: He says, “I am ill.”

Indirect: He says that he is ill.

b). Reporting verb ট past tense হেল Reported speech এর verb পিরবিতত হেয় Corresponding past tense
হয়।
Note: Direct Speech থেক Indirect Speech এ করার িনয়ম িনেচ দখােনা হল

V1 V2
V2 had+V3
am, is, are was, were
was, were had been
have, has had
had had+ V3
According to Modal Verb:
Direct Indirect
‘will’ ‘would’
 Rita said to me, “You will go home Rita said to me that I would go home
tomorrow.” next day.
‘shall’ ‘should’

Refat said, “I shall do the work.” Refat said that she would to the work.
‘Can’ ‘Could’

He said, “I can finish the work.” He said that he could finish the work.
‘May’ ‘Might’

Pritam said, “I may go to school”. Pritam said that he might go to school.

Wish, would, rather, sooner, it is high time এর পর unreal past tense অপিরবিতত থােক।

Direct: He said, “It is time we left the place.

Indirect: He said that it was time they left the place.

Indirect speech এ “had better” 1st person এবং third person এর সিহত অপিরবিতত থােক। িক second
person-এর সিহত had better অপিরবিতত থাকেত পাের অথবা িন িলিখত উপােয় পিরবিতত হেত পাের।

Direct: He said to me,”You had better go”.

Indirect: He said to me that i had better go.

might, ought to, should, would, used to, indirect speech এ অপিরবিতত থােক।

Direct: I said to him,”You might go”.

Indirect: I said to him that he might go.

If i were you, I should/would…” ারা উপেদশ বুঝােল indirect করার সময়

subject+advise+object+to+reported speech এর verb বেস।

Direct: I said to him,” If i were you, i should wait”.

Indirect: I advised him to want.
Sentecne
(According to meaning)
Sentence Reporting verb “..........”
01. Assertive * Full told that
* Sub+verb+Obj. stop (.)
He teaches us English at * Sub .. verb ..
home.
02. Interrogative * asked if?WH
* Aux+sub+verb+Obj.+? (?)
* WH+aux+sub+verb+?
Do you love me?
What do you want?
Where have she gone?
 03. Imperative * Let/verb advised, to
* Verb + Obj. ordered,
Do it now. requested,
suggested etc.
04. Optative * May/Might wished/prayed that
* May/Might + Sub + verb
+ Obj.
May Allah bless you.
05. Exclamatory * exclaimed that
* No certain structure (!)
Hurrah! We have won the
match.
How beautiful the bird is!
What a brilliant buy he is!

Assertive sentence:
Assertive sentence ক indirect speech-এ পা েরর সময় Reporting verb say/said, or tell/told (object যিদ
থােক) বেস । Inverted comma উেঠ িগেয় conjunction “that” বেস । Reported Speech এর subject + verb +
Extension.

Direct: The teacher said to me, “You are wrong”.

Indirect: The teacher said to me that i was wrong.

Direct: Ruma said, “My father would go home tomorrow”.

Indirect: Ruma said that her father would go home tomorrow.

Interrogative Sentence:
Reporting verb ট ‘ask’ ‘enquire of’ ‘want to know’ ‘demand’ ‘wonder’ ইত ািদেত পিরবিতত হয়। Reported
Speech যিদ Auxiliary verb (do, does, did, shall, will, am, is, are, was, were, can, may ইত ািদ) ারা আর
হয় আথাৎ সংে েপ “yes” বা “no” ারা উ র দওয়া যায় তেব Reported speech এর পূেব that না বিসয়া
if/whether বসােত হয়। Sentence ট Interrogative এর পিরবেত Assertive sentence -এ পাি ত হয়।

Direct: He said to me, “Are you reading my book?”

Indirect: He asked me if i was reading his book.

Reported Speech যিদ Interrogative pronoun (who, whom, whose, what, which ইত ািদ) বা Interrogative
adverb (why, where, how, when ইত ািদ) ারা আর হয় তেব if/whether বেস না, ঐ শ টই বেস। Sentence
ট Interrogative এর পিরবেত Assertive sentence -এ পাি ত হয়।

Direct: He said to his father, “What are you doing?”

Indirect: He asked his father what he was doing.

Imperative Sentence:
এে েএ Reporting verb - ট অনুেরাধ বুঝােল request, আেদশ বুঝােল order/command, উপেদশ বুঝােল
advise অন থায় tell ারা পিরবিতত হয় + Inverted comma উেঠ িগেয় to বেস + Reported speech-এর মূল
verb থেক শষ পয বেস।

Direct: He said to me, “Please give me a glass of water.”

Indirect: He requested me to give him a glass of water.

Imperative Sentence- ট যিদ negative হয় তেব reporting verb এর পের not বেস এবং তার পর to বেস।
Direct: He said to me, “don’t do this.”
Indirect: He told to me not to do that.

Imperative sentence-এ direct speech-এ কাউেক সে াধন করা হেল িনেচর িনয়ম এর সাহােয indirect
speech-এ পা র করেত হয়।
Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb-এর object(যিদ থােক) + as + যােক/যােদরেক সে াধন করা হইয়ােছ
স শ ট + reporting verb-এর subject + reporting verb + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেক শষ
পয ।

Direct: He said to them, “Friends help me.”

Indirect: Addressing them as friends, he requested them to help him.

Imperative sentence এর direct speech-এ Sir থাকেল indirect করার সময় Sir এর পিরবেত respectfully
ব ব ত হয়।

Direct: The boy said to the teacher, “ Sir, lend me your book please.”
Indirect: The boy requested the teacher respectfully to lend him(b) his(t) book.

Let এর পের us থাকেল indirect করার সময় reporting verb- ট পিরবেত হেয় propose/suggest হয় + inverted
comma উেঠ িগেয় that বেস + they/we + should বেস + reported speech এর মূল verb থেক শষ পয বেস।
Note: Reporting verb এর Subject third person হেল that এর পর we বেস এবং reporting verb এর subject first
person হেল that এর পের they বেস।

Direct: We said to the chairman, “Let us drop the matter.”

Indirect: We proposed the chairman dropping the matter.

Direct: I said to him, “Let us play.”

Indirect: I suggest playing.

Exceptional: Let ারা াব না বুঝােল reporting verb ট পিরবতন হয় না inverted comma উেঠ that বেস+
reported verb এর subject পুনরায় বেস + might + reporting speech-এর মূল verb থেক শষ পয বেস।

Direct: Kamal said to me, “Let him say whatever he likes.”

Indirect: Kamal told me that he might say whatever he liked.

Optative Sentence:
Reporting verb-এর পিরবেত wish or pray বেস + Inverted comma উেঠ িগেয় that বেস + Reported speech -
এর subject বেস + may/might + Reported speech -এর মূল verb থেক শষ পয বেস।

Direct: Father said to me, “May you pass the examination.”

Indirect: Father prayed that i might pass the examination.

Direct: The teacher said to the student, “May Allah blesses you.”
Indirect: The teacher wished that Allah might bless the student.

Exclamatory Sentence:
Direct Speech ারা আন বুঝােল Reporting verb পিরবিতত হেয় exlaim/exlaimed with joy আর দুঃখ
বুঝােল exclaim/exclaimed with sorrow or grief ইত ািদ হয় + Inverted comma উেঠ that বেস + reported
speech আর subject + reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported peech আর verb বেস + very/great + adjective বেস +
বািক অংশ।
Direct: The man said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect: The man exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.

Reported Speech how বা what ারা হেল অথাৎ Sentence এর েত আিতশয বুঝােল Indirect
Narration করার সময় উ How/What এর পিরবেত very, much, great ইত ািদ ব বহার করেত হয়।

Direct: Silva said, “What a fine bird it is.”

Indirect: Silva exclaimed with joy that it was a very fine bird

Pronoun
Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive Case
I me Mine/My
1st Person
We us Our/Ours
2nd Person You you Yours/Your
He him His
She her Her
3rd Person
It it Its
They them Their

According to Person:

Reported speech-এর অ রগত First Person সবদা Reporting verb- এর Subject- এর person অনুযায়ী
পিরবিতত হয়।

Direct: He said to me,” I had done my duty”.

Indirect: He said to me that he had done his duty.

Reported Speech -এর অ রগত Second person সবদা Reporting verb -এর object- এর person অনুযায়ী
পিরবিতত হয়।

Direct: He said to me, “you have done your duty”.

Indirect: He said to me that I have done my duty.

Reported Speech -এর অ রগত Third Person এর কান পিরবতন হয় না।

Direct: I said to you, “He has done his duty”.

Indirect: I said to you that he had done his duty.

Exceptional:

a) We ারা মানবজািত বুঝােল first person হওয়া সে ও indirect speech এ তার পিরবতন হয় না।

Direct: The teacher said, “We are mortal,”

Indirect: The teacher said that we are mortal.

b) We যিদ ব া(speaker) ও যােক উে শ কের (person spoken to) উভয়েক বুঝায় তেব Indirect Speech -এ
তার কান পিরবতন হয় না।

Direct: He said to me, “We should do our duty.”

Indirect: He said to me that we should do our duty.

Some Extra Tips:

a) must সাধারনতঃ “had to” ত পা িরত হয়।

Direct: Nafisa said, “I must write a letter”.

Indirect: Nafisa said that she had to write a letter.

b) First person must এ must কান ভিবষ ৎ কােজর ারা ব াধবাধকতা বুঝােত Indirect speech-এ would have
to ত পাি ত হয়।

Direct: He said, “We must leave the house if the rent is increased.
Indirect: He said that they would have to leave the house if the rent was increased.

c) িক িচরকািলন বাধবাধকতা বুঝােল must-এর কান পিরবতন হয় না।

Direct: Father said to his son, “You must obey your teachers”.
Indirect: Father said to his son that he must obey his teachers.

d) Reported speech কান Universal truth (িচর ন সত ) or habitual fact (অভ াসগত কম) কাশ করেল
verb-এর কান পিরবতন হয় না।

Direct: He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”

Indirect: He said that the earth moves round the sun.

e) Reporting verb িহেসেব “say” বা “tell”-এর ব বহার।

Reported verb িহেসেব “say” Direct এবং Indirect উভয় Speech-এই ব ব ত হয়। তেব indirect speech এ say
ব বহার না করাই ভাল। Reporting verb িহেসেব tell সাধারনত direct narration এ ব ব ত হয় না। Tell এর পর
অবশ ই এক ট indirect (ব বাচক) object বসােত হেব। say এর পর যিদ object বসােত হয় তেব object এর
পূেব to বেস। tell এর পর to বেস না।

Direct: Roky said to Jak, “I like to read novels.”

Indirect: Roky told Jak that he liked to read novels.

f) নকট সূচক শ েলা Indirect speech এ পিরবিতত হেয় দূর সূচক শে পিরনত হয়। যমনঃ

This That
These Those
Here There
Ago Before
Come Go
Now Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The previous day
Last night The previous night
Last month The previous month
 Next week The following week
Next year The following year

g) Direct Speech এ “Thank you” থাকেল তােক Indirect করার িনয়মঃ

Structure: sub + thank/thanked + reporting verb এর obj
Direct: He said to me, “Thank you”
Indirect: He thanked me.

h) “Good bye” যু Direct speech ক Indirect করার িনয়মঃ

Structure: Sub + bid/bade + obj + goodbye

Direct: He said, “Good bye my friends”.

Indirect: He bade his friend’s good bye.

i) Direct Speechএ Good morning/Good evening/Good night থাকেল indirect করার িনয়মঃ
Structure: sub+ wish/wised + obj + good morning/evening/night

Direct: I said to him, “Good morning.”

Indirect: I wished him good morning.

j) Reporting verb ও তার subject এবং object উে ক না থাকেল the speaker said to the person spoken to িলেখ
Indirect Speech-এ পা র করেত হয়।

Direct: “I shall meet you tomorrow”.

Indirect: The speaker said to the person spoken to that he would meet him the next day .