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Second Democratic Era ZAB

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became President and Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan in 1971 after the country's defeat in the war against India. Under Bhutto's leadership, Pakistan began rearranging its national life. Bhutto nationalized key industries and instituted land reforms. In 1972, he negotiated an agreement with India over Kashmir and lifted martial law. Bhutto embarked on ambitious nationalization programs and land reforms aimed at achieving "Islamic socialism," though this earned him opposition from powerful classes. Protests against alleged election rigging led to a military coup in 1977 that removed Bhutto from power.

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Waheed Anwar
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230 views14 pages

Second Democratic Era ZAB

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became President and Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan in 1971 after the country's defeat in the war against India. Under Bhutto's leadership, Pakistan began rearranging its national life. Bhutto nationalized key industries and instituted land reforms. In 1972, he negotiated an agreement with India over Kashmir and lifted martial law. Bhutto embarked on ambitious nationalization programs and land reforms aimed at achieving "Islamic socialism," though this earned him opposition from powerful classes. Protests against alleged election rigging led to a military coup in 1977 that removed Bhutto from power.

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Waheed Anwar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Second democratic era

(1971–1977)
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

By Fozia Ghaffar

Computer Science
Second democratic era (1971–1977) Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto

• On December 20,1971, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became


President and Chief Martial Law Administrator.
• The army had ‘Shock’ defeat in war against India,
East Pakistan had appeared on the map of the world
and the Country was still under Martial Law. In
1970 elections , however, had PPP an overwhelming
majority in the National Assembly.
• Under Bhutto’s leadership Pakistan began to
rearrange its national life from 1971.

Computer Science
The Bhutto Government

• Bhutto nationalized the basic industries, insurance


companies, domestically owned banks, and schools and
colleges.
• He also instituted land reforms that benefited residents and
middle-class farmers. He removed the armed forces from
the process of decision making, but to calm down the
generals he allocated about 6 percent of the gross national
product to defense.
• In July 1972 Bhutto negotiated the Simla Agreement, which
confirmed a line of control dividing Kashmīr and prompted
the withdrawal of Indian troops from Pakistani territory.

Computer Science
The Bhutto Government
• In April 1972 Bhutto lifted martial law and
organized the National Assembly, which
consisted of members elected from West
Pakistan in 1970. After much political
debate, the legislature drafted the country’s
third constitution, which was implemented
on August 14, 1973.
• It changed the National Assembly into a
two-chamber legislature, with a Senate as
the upper house and a National Assembly
as the lower house.
Computer Science
The Bhutto Government

• It designated the Prime Minister as the most


powerful government official, but it also set up a
formal parliamentary system in which the executive
was responsible to the legislature. Bhutto became
Prime Minister, and Fazal Elahi Chaudry replaced
him as president.
• Bhutto embarked on ambitious nationalization
programs and land reforms, which he called
“Islamic socialism.” His reforms achieved some
success but earned him the enmity of the powerful
and capitalist class.

Computer Science
The Bhutto Government

• In addition, religious leaders considered them to be


un-Islamic. Unable to deal constructively with the
opposition, he became heavy-handed in his rule. In
the general elections of 1977, nine opposition
parties united in the Pakistan National Alliance
(PNA) to run against Bhutto’s PPP.
• Losing in three of the four provinces, the PNA
accused that Bhutto had rigged the vote. The PNA
boycotted the provincial elections a few days later
and organized protests throughout the country that
lasted for six weeks.
Computer Science
The Bhutto Government

• The PPP and PNA leadership proved incapable


of resolving the deadlock, and the army chief of
staff, General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq, staged a
takeover on July 5, 1977, and imposed another
martial-law regime.
• Bhutto was tried for authorizing the murder of a
political opponent and found guilty; he was
hanged on April 4, 1979. The PPP was
reorganized under the leadership of his daughter,
Benazir Bhutto.

Computer Science
Socio-Political and Economic
Changes under Z.A.Bhutto

Computer Science
Socio-Political and Economic Changes under
Z.A.Bhutto

1. Bhutto’s concept of Modernization and


Change
2. Bhutto’s Socio-Economic Policies and
Implications
3. After effects of his Reforms

Computer Science
1) Bhutto’s concept of Modernization and Change

• Meaning of modernization
▪ Islam is our faith, democracy in society and socialization is
our economy
• Believing in possibility of bringing change he
had said,
“ if countries like Iran and Egypt can introduce free
education and medical care, why should a great Islamic
country like Pakistan not be able to do that?”.
“The Pakistan People’s Party is a Party of masses and
it has promised that we shall end the system of
exploitation and eradicate poverty, hunger and
misery from the country”
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Bhutto’s concept of Modernization

1. Brought politics on streets


2. Tried to give democracy based on social
and economic justice
3. Nationalization of education
4. Nationalization of economic recourses
5. Administrative reforms

Computer Science
2) Bhutto’s Socio-Economic Policies and Implications

• Nationalization of economic recourses


such as, industries, banks, insurance
companies
• In lands reforms, he brought socialist
kind of elements
• Elimination of multiculturalism leading
to national integration

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Labor Reforms

✓Labor- management relations


✓Minimum low wage fixed
✓Workers hours fixed
✓Housing and education for children
✓Security of employment
✓Workers share in annual profit

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3) After Effects of his Reforms
• His dictatorial attitude
• His associates corruption, dishonesty
and malpractice
• Officers victimization
• Financial bribes

All these brought misery, agony and


suffering instead of modernization and
development
Computer Science

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