LESSON TITLE Landscapes of Secondary Activities- Industrial

Revolution; Industrial Location

WEEK 5-6
LEARNING a. Explain the definition of Industrial Revolution; and
OBJECTIVES b. Discuss the evolution and the significant contributions during the Industrial
Revolution.
Compiled and Prepared by: TERO, Ruchell

 Industrial Revolution in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and
handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These
technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally
transformed society.
 This process began in Britain in the 18 th century and from there spread to other parts of the
world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first
popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852-83) to describe
Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840. Since Arnold time the term has been
more broadly applied as a process of economic transformation than as a period of time in a
particular setting.
 This explains why some areas, such as China and India, did not begin their first industrial
revolution until the 20th century, while others, such as the United States and Western
Europe, began undergoing “second” industrial revolution by the late 19 th century.

The First Industrial Revolution

 In the period 1760 to 1830 the Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain.
Aware of their head start, the British forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers
 and manufacturing techniques. The British monopoly could not last forever, especially
since some Britons saw profitable industrial opportunities abroad, while continental
European businessmen sought to lure British know-how to their countries. Two
Englishman, William and John Cockerill, brought the industrial revolution to Belgium by
developing machine shops at Liege.

The Second Industrial Revolution

 Despite considerable overlapping with the “old” there was mounting evidence for a
”new” Industrial Revolution in the late 19 th and 20th countries. In terms of basic
materials, modern industry began to exploit many natural and synthetic resources not
hitherto utilized: Lighter metals, rare earth, new alloys, and synthetic products such as
plastics, as well as new energy source. Combined with these were development in
machines, tools, and computers that gave rise to the automatic factory. Although some
segments of industry were almost completely mechanized in the early to mid-19 th
century, automatic operation, as distinct from the assembly line, first achieved major
significance in the second half of the 20th century.

• The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomics,
and cultural. The technological changes introduced the following:

(1) The use of new basic materials, chiefly Iron and Steel.
 (2) The use of new energy source, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal the
steam engine, electricity, and petroleum.

(3) The invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that
permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy.
(4) Important development in transportation and communication including the Automobile,
Airplane, telegraph and radio.
• There were also many new developments in non-industrial spheres, including the following:
(1) Agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of Food for a larger non-
agricultural population, (2) Economic change that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth, the
decline of land as a source of wealth in the face of rising industrial production, and increased
international trade. (3) Political change reflecting the shift in economic power, as well as new
state policies corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society.

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?

 The industrial revolution increased the overall amount of wealth and distributed it more widely
than had been the case in earlier centuries, helping to enlarge the middle class. However, the
replacement of the domestic system of industrial production, in which independent craftsperson
worked in or near their homes with the factory system and mass production consigned large
numbers of people’s, including women and children to long hours of tedious and often
dangerous work at subsistence wages. Their miserable conditions gave rise to the trade union
movement in the mid-19th century.

INTRODUCTION

• The term industry does not only refer to manufacture but all forms goods and services produced.
• There are in fact types of industry, namely:

 Primary- extractive activities

 Secondary- manufacture
 Tertiary – retailing and transport
 Quaternary – Knowledge economy

• The placement and expansion of industry are the primary concerns of all governments.

• Whether used internally or exported produce from Industrial activities provides revenue.
DEFINITION

• Industry- economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials, manufacture of goods in
factories and the services which surround the use of these goods.

• Location- a particular place or position.

• Industrial Location- is therefore the strategic placement various economic activities in relation to some
specific factors. It refers to geographical position of industries.

The analysis of industrial Location shows wide variation in their distributional patterns.

Some industries are spread evenly throughout the whole regions and some other are found only at a
particular place.
 FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

Land and
Markets
Labour Environment

Supply

Capital

Government

Policies
Energy

Industrial

Location
Raw

Material
Transport

• Raw materials availability- material index=total weight or raw material/total weight of finished
product.

• Supply of energy- inefficient, unreliable or costly supplies of energy.

•Transport- terminal cost and long haul cost.

• Markets- bulkiness, perishability, size and prestige.

•Capital- working, physical or fixed and social capital.

• Land and environment- terrain and climate.

• Government policies- taxes and law.

• Labor cost- cost, quality and quantity.

Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages

 Employment
 Variation of products
 Independence

• Disadvantages

 Migration
 Pollution
 Monopolies and exploitation
 Shift in preference

The Types of Industrial Location

• Weight Loss Industry- An industry that loses weight in the manufacturing process. A good example is
steel which use huge amount of iron and coke to make it. In the process of making the steel there is a lot
of waste products making the finished product lighter. Because tend to locate near to the raw materials
they need because transporting the finished product is cheaper.

• Just-in-time Manufacturing (JIT)- Industrial that order the supply of parts (components) as and when
they need them. By doing this you can save on storage costs, but it does not mean that you have to have
excellent communication and relations with your suppliers.

•Just-in-case Manufacturing (JIC)- Industries that stockpile a supply of parts (components) just in case
they are needed in the production process. This increase storage costs, but ensures that they never run
out of parts to manufacture.

• Footloose Industries- Normally tertiary or Quaternary industries that are not tied to raw materials and
therefore don’t have such strict location requirements. Because of this they might look for more human
factors like skilled labor, good housing and recreational facilities or access to capital.

• Perishable Goods- Products that go rotten very quickly e.g. bread, milk, cakes, fruit and vegetables.
Although quicker transportation and improved refrigeration allow perishable products to be transported
all over the world for customers to receive truly fresh products.

Location Theory

When attempting to predict where business will or not should be located we should consider 3 basic
assumptions:

 Those business owners want to maximize their advantages over competitors.

 That they also want to maximize the profits.
 That they will take into account variable costs such as energy supply, transport costs, labour cost,
etc.
References

https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution

https://www.britannica.com/event/industrial-Revolution

https://sisgeographyigcsewiki.mrbgeography.com/industrial-location/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/telegraph

https://www.britannica.com/tecnology/automotive-industry

https://www.slideshare.net/isis0915/industrial-location-41953568

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topic/social-sciences/industrial-location