LIFE ORIENTATION

GRADE 12 NCS
STUDY NOTES

STRESS

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 What is stress? Stress is what we feel in situations we find difficult, challenging or even
frightening. When we feel we can’t cope with the situation.

 What is good stress? Stress that makes you ready for action as it gives you adrenalin and
energy. E.g. When you have to stand in front of the class and speak. It is for a short term and
you can have sweaty palms and a dry mouthy or butterflies in your tummy.

 What is bad stress? If the stress is more than you can cope with, it is unhealthy. You may
become ill, unhappy and depressed. You are not able to do your task as well as you could.
You will have headaches or will not be able to sleep.

 What is a stressor? A stressor is anything, event or person that causes stress. It is the things
that trigger stress

 Symptoms of stress:

 Short term effects: Faster breathing/faster heart rate/dry mouth

 Sweaty palms/tension in your neck/butterflies in your tummy

 Long term effects: High blood pressure/headaches/ulcers/allergies etc.

 Types of stressors:
 Physical: caused by physical harm, such as violence and sexual abuse.

 Environmental: caused by factors like extreme weather or pollution.

 Personality bases: people who are more prone to stress than others.
 Social: caused by the people around you e.g. peer pressure.

 Emotional: caused by your emotions e.g. relationship problems.

Why is it important to manage stress? Your body produce cortisol and adrenalin. These are 2
stress hormones. Cortisol is the hormone produced by fear, results in anxiety. Adrenalin- is
the hormone that prepares the body to react physically to a threat. If you fail to manage your
stress your body can produce too much of the hormones for too long. The stress will damage
your body and change to chronic

diseases like high blood pressure.

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 • Physical
• Emotional
Types of • Environmental
stress • Social

• Dry mouth
• Sweaty palms
Signs and • Butterflies in stomach
symptoms • Upset stomach

• Postive: Makes your ready to react to situation

Positive and • Negative: Can not do the task or cope with stress
negative stress

Assess levels of stress

 Symptoms of stress:
The signs of stress are physical symptoms. Feeling worried is a symptom of
stress. Sweating or trembling hands are a sign of stress and worry. Other
signs or symptoms includes diarrhea or an upset stomach, rapid heart beat,
bleeding ulcers and sweating too much. Symptoms of stress can include
headaches, stomach ache, feeling tense, unable to sleep, constant thirst
and feelings of unease. These are all short term effects of stress.
Long term effects of stress are: high blood
ressure/headaches/ulcers/allergies etc.

Factors that lead to stress in the work place:

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  Poor management/poor planning by
Supervisors or managers.
 Lack of skills from other workers.

 Poor work relations between management and workers

 Poor relations between workers

 Poor work environment

 Incompetent workers

 Jealousy

 Autocracy by management

 Tasks are demanding

 Poor attitude of seniors (no support )

 Poor resources to do proper job

 Poor work ethics by workers

 Understaffed

 Poor benefits

 Low salary
How to manage stress ( NB!!!! For long questions in exam)
Behaviours, techniques, strategies and examples of ways in which
stress can be managed:

 Meditation is a one of the natural methods of relieving stress. Simple deep

breathing exercises can assist tremendously in relieving stress.
Meditation helps to calm the mind.
 Exercise and eat healthy foods regularly. Eat healthy foods and
exercise at least 3 times a week.
 Avoid excess caffeine intake which can increase feelings of anxiety
and agitation.
 Don't use illegal drugs, alcohol and tobacco.
 Learn relaxation exercises (abdominal breathing and muscle
relaxation techniques).
 Develop assertiveness training skills. For example, state feelings in
polite, firm, and not overly aggressive or passive ways ("I feel angry
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 when you yell at me" "Please stop yelling"). Rehearse and practice
situations which cause stress. One example is taking a speech class, if
talking in front of a class makes you anxious.
 Learn practical and effective coping skills. For example, break a large
task into smaller, more attainable tasks.
 Decrease negative self talk. Challenge negative thoughts about
yourself with alternative neutral or positive thoughts. "My life will never
get better" can be transformed into "I may feel hopeless now, but my
life will probably get better if I work at it and get some help."
 Learn to feel good about doing a competent job rather than demanding
perfection from yourself and others.
 Take a break from stressful situations. Activities like listening to music,
talking to a friend, drawing, writing, or spending time with a pet can
reduce stress.
 Build a network of friends who help you cope in a positive way...
 A stress journal can help you identify the regular stressors in your life
and the way you deal with them. Each time you feel stressed; keep
track of it in your journal. As you keep a daily log, you will begin to see
patterns and common themes. Write down:
 Analyse your stress:
1. What caused your stress (make a guess if you’re unsure)?
2. How you felt, both physically and emotionally.
3. How you acted in response.
4. What you did to make yourself feel better.
 Not all stress can be avoided, and it’s not healthy to avoid a situation that
needs to be addressed. You may be surprised, however, by the number of
stressors in your life that you can eliminate.
 Learn how to say “no” – Know your limits and stick to them. Whether in your
personal or professional life, refuse to accept added responsibilities when
you’re close to reaching them. Taking on more than you can handle is a sure
recipe for stress and can lead to burn out.
 Avoid people who stress you out – If someone consistently causes stress in
your life and you can’t turn the relationship around, limit the amount of time
you spend with that person or end the relationship entirely.
 Plan: Take control of your environment – If the evening news makes you
anxious, turn the TV off. If traffic’s got you tense, take a longer but less-
travelled route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery
shopping online.
.
 Pare down your to-do list – Analyze your schedule, responsibilities,
and daily tasks. If you’ve got too much on your plate, distinguish
between the “shoulds” and the “musts.” Drop tasks that aren’t truly
necessary to the bottom of the list or eliminate them entirely

PERSONAL MISSION STATEMENT

What is a Personal mission statement?
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It is a description about you and of our values, dreams, attitudes and goals. You set
goals for yourself. The purpose is to get you to explore and identify your own values,
dreams and goals. They get you to identify your skills, your values and your dreams.
It tells what is important to you and how you plan to achieve it.

What are values? It is the things that you choose and that are important to you in
your life. It is not the things your parents or friends decide to be important. You must
choose them out of your own free will. It is the things you are proud of and are
happy to tell the world about.

Your values have been influenced by everything that you have had contact with in
your life: your parents, your friends, your life experiences, your access to media and
your conscience. For you to become a mature adult, you need to develop your own
value system. It is the code by which you live your life.

Why is it important to have a mission statement?

It gives control and structure or purpose to your life. It guides you into the future. It
help you to achieve your aims and goals

Your personal mission statement is to formulate or draw up your own

mission statement, consider the following aspects:
Personal views
Your personal views are your opinions and what you consider to be important. For
example, you may view Mathematics as an important subject because you want to
study to be an accountant after school. Your personal views many be influenced by
your goals for your future, your religion, culture, and values.
Values
Values are personal beliefs that guide the way you live your life. They are your
standards of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. They are aspects that are
important or valuable to you and have meaning for you. Some of the things that
shape your values are your life experiences, the environment in which you live, your
school, your interests and the important people in your life.
Belief system

Your belief system is the way you try to understand the world and your place in it. It
is also your set of beliefs about what is right and wrong, true and false. Your belief
system may be based on the teachings of a formal religion or may be part of your
cultural belief system.

Religion

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Your religion is what you believe and who or what you worship. Religions usually
have moral codes, rituals and ways of behaving towards others. Religion is based
on faith and a belief in

Ideologies are an organised set of beliefs, values and ideas. They are the way
you believe you should live in the world and the way society should operate.
Political ideologies include democracy, communism, nationalism, and fascism.

Lifestyle (physical and emotional well-being)

Your lifestyle is how you live your life on a daily basis. For example, you may
exercise regularly, eat healthy food, practise safe sex, and not drink alcohol so
that you care for you physical well-being and health.

Environmental responsibility

If you take your responsibility towards the environment seriously, you know you
need to treat nature with respect. You do not do anything that is harmful to the
nvironment, such as litter or chop down trees, without planting new trees. You
recycle and get involved in environmental clean-up campaigns.

Goals for studies and career choices

Your goals for studies and career choices are your plans for the future, the steps
you need to take to achieve your later goals in life. For example, your goal may be to
have a good job and to own your own house in ten years’ time..

To have a vision about your future gives you a direction about who you want to be or
what you want to achieve in 5 to10 years’ time, even in 30 years’ time. You vision is
your dream. It is a mental picture of what the future will or could be like. It is what will
make your life exciting and fulfilling. Make your vision ambitious. It doesn’t
necessarily have to be practical. It may even seem a bit crazy now. Dream big! A
mission statement is more practical; it focuses on your actions, behaviour, and plans
to achieve your dream.

Study plan for Grade 12

Possible
in
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Process of assessment and examination writing skills:

What is assessment?

It is the continuous planned process of gathering information on achievement.

Why assess?

It identifies how you cope with new knowledge, content and skills.

Different types of assessment?

and helps
Formative assessment: happens when you are working on something
you and your teacher work out how you are coping.
chapterSummative assessment: this happens at the end of a term,
or project. It measures how you manage over a period of time.
 Self-assessment: you assess yourself.
Studying methods and planning

The SQ3 method:

 It stands for Survey, Read, Recall and Review.
Ityour
is a very effective way of studying as it helps to embed the learning material in
memory.
 You begin to survey your learning material in a broader context. You
get an overall idea of what the work is about.
 Look at headings and sub-headings.
 The next step is to -read
 You read the chapter

As your read you recall what you have read by asking and answering
questions to yourself
 Review: put what you have read in a mind map
 If you battle start from the beginning or where you got lost.

Strategize your study time:

 Plan your study time
 Where, when and what and how are you going to study?

Planning is important so that you have enough time to study all the work
efficient and effective.
 Prioritizing your daily activities. For example is watching your
favourite program going to add value to your life and help you pass
examinations.
 Is having sufficient sleep important to concentrate in class.
Prepare yourself for an exam
 Start studying long before the time.

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  Make sure you sleep enough
 Practise past papers. It will help you to understand what they expect of you.
 Eat a breakfast before a exam
 Get to the venue on time
 Remember all your equipment like pens, calculators etc.

Multiple choice questions:

 This questions test factual knowledge.
Often one of the answers is very clearly wrong and you can eliminate it
straightaway.
 Work out the answer that is most correct.
Essay questions:

properly.
The key to writing a good essay is to understand the instructions
What does the examiner want?

Preparing for exams:

Preparing for .know how many questions you need to answer

exam know what style of questions you will need to answer e.g. essay
work through a mock exam to help in your preparation

Night before exam Get enough sleep – you cannot write if you are tired
Prepare all the equipment you might need like calculators etc.
Check the time and place you will need to write exams again
Day of exam • eat a good breakfast or meal-you cannot concentrate on
an empty stomach
• visualise yourself being successful
• arrive in time and go to the bathroom
• avoid discussing the work with friends because this will
confuse you ore make you nervous

Exam room • think success while you breathe deeply

• make sure you are handed the right paper especially in
language e.g. HL /FAL
• read and highlight the key words in the instructions
• complete your details to the front of the exam book
• read the questions and highlight the key words
• work out how much time you have for each question

Presenting a question paper:

The following are some points to keep in mind to present the paper well:

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 1. Hand Writing – Keep the hand writing legible. If the examiner cannot read
your writing you will lose marks. Do not do too much scratching around on
the paper. This really makes the paper look dirty.
2. Margins - Draw margins on both side of the paper. This is generally very
important that your answers are in the centre of the answer paper and
visible properly. The best time to do it is the time when you get the answer
sheets and before you get the question paper, so this does not waste any
time of attempting the paper.
3. Figures – Generally you can draw figures with pen. But preferably draw them
with pencil. Generally a free hand diagram would do in an engineering paper
but when done with a pencil is much easier to correct and change than a one
drawn with pen. And it looks much neater.
4. Rough Work – Do not do rough work of any kind just next to the sum. Do
the rough work in the margin. Or you could just mark the last page as rough
work and do all the rough work there.
5. Sub Question – All the sub question of a question should be attempted in a
sequential order. If you do not know a sub question leave appropriate place
for it .Do not attempt the sub question anywhere else. This would be highly
irritating for the examiner. He might not even check that answer.

All these small things do not take up a lot of time during the paper but if not done
they make the paper untidy. Due to this the examiner might not be able to read
exactly what you have written and it might affect your marks drastically. So do keep
these tips in mind.

Key exam question words and their meanings

Key word Meaning

analyse Break up into separate parts and discuss, examine, interpret, explore and investigate each
part. Say how each part is important. Explain how the parts are linked or related.

apply Use in practical way. When you apply you show in a practical way what your understanding
is. Use your knowledge and understanding of the topic to make it relevant to a situation,
issue or problem.

assess Judge or estimate the nature, quality or value of something. Make a value judgement that
you justify by giving reasons.

calculate You need to get to an answer by using numbers. You will add, subtract, multiply or divide
numbers to reach an answer.

comment Give your opinion on, explain or criticise. Make a judgement based upon the evidence.

compare Look at two or more things. Identify similarities and differences. See how they are the
same, and how they are different. Focus more on similarities than differences.

complete Add the missing information.

consider Think about and give your opinion.

contrast Focus on the differences between two or more things. Show them in opposition to each
 other.

create Put together ideas or parts to develop an original idea; engage in creative thinking; offer a
novel or new suggestion or item.

criticise You need to make judgements to show your own ideas and evaluation.

critically Show approval or disapproval, or find mistakes or faults, and merits or good aspects; give
analyse reasons.

define You need to give the exact meaning of the term or words. Definitions are short and exact.
This is not a discussion.

describe Give an account of something where you recall what you have learned or state what you
observed.

determine Find out the facts. For example, determine how many learners in Grade 11 do physical
exercise more than four times a week.

discuss Write about something; compare a number of possible views about an issue or problem.
Debate, consider, and argue the issues. Include comparisons and contrasts, look at pros
and cons. Say what you think about the topic. Give a full answer in sentences, not just a
list in point form. Always give a conclusion.

do you Give your OWN opinions about an issue or problem. Pay attention to the reason you give
think and arguments you offer; you will not be given marks just for an opinion. Provide well-
reasoned or logical reasons for your opinions, based on facts.

enumerate This is the same as list. Give a number of points.

evaluate Give your own opinion and /or the opinions of others. Give evidence to support your
evaluation. Give an indication of the amount, quality or value of something. Compare a
number of possible views about an issue or problem. Make judgements based on facts.

examine Carefully look at something and in detail so you can comment on it. Break down an issue
or problem into smaller parts to understand it. Then explain what you have learned.

explain Give details, describe, make clear, make it understandable. Make something plain or
simplify. Describe in detail so that it can be understood. Always give examples when you
are asked to explain.

give You supply, provide, present, or offer information.

identify Recognise and name someone or something; to say who or what they are.

illustrate Give realistic examples. Explain very clearly. You can use examples and comparisons.

interpret Show your understanding of the topic, comment on it, give examples. Describe
relationships, explain the meaning.

in your This asks you what you think about something or feel about something. For example, in
opinion your opinion do the youth do enough to celebrate Youth Day on the 16th of June?

list Give a short list of the points. State in the shortest way. Be brief. Do not discuss or write an
essay. Usually you write items one below the other in a list.
 match Find things that go together; find things that are similar or connected to each other.

measure Find the size, quantity, etc. of something. Judge the importance, value or effect of
something

mention Write about something without explaining. There should be no detail; keep it brief.

name Similar to mention; give a brief answer without long explanations.

outline Summarise, describe main ideas and core points, concepts or events. Give an overview.

prove Give the facts to support the issue.

state Explain exactly and clearly as it is.

suggest Give possible reasons or ideas. These must be believable; they do not necessarily have to
be proven to work.

summarise Give a very short and brief account. Include a short conclusion. Do not give unnecessary
details.

UNEMPLOYMENT NB for
exam!
What is unemployment?

These notes should not replace any teaching but should assist learners in their preparation for the final exam in
September. This is only a summary of the core content Page 13
When you are willing to work, ready for work and desperately wanting a job, but
cannot get work because there are just not enough jobs around for everyone.

It is when you have no work or career.

What causes unemployment?

 When jobs close down, people get retrenched.
Companies try to save cost by hiring fewer people, so people are
redundant.
 Factories close down because people don’t buy certain products any more.
 Poor market related skills- people do not have skills they need for market to find
job or there are jobs but not the people with the right skills to do them
 Corruption, which leads to ‘jobs for friends’ at overly high salaries and takes away
jobs from the poor or better qualified
 Difficult for first-time or new entrants to enter labour market; people with
experience are preferred
 Too many people have the same qualifications and too few posts.

Buyers
down.
look for cheap imports and local people lose jobs as factories close

 When there are many unemployed people, fewer goods are produced and fewer
services are provided.
 Investors become scared to invest their money because they may lose it, as not
enough people will buy their goods or use their services
 In difficult economic conditions in the world or recession there will be
less money available to spend on luxuries such as holidays, travel, hotel
accommodation and eating out in restaurants. There will be less money to
shop for luxury goods such as gifts. So hotels, restaurants and gift shops
may go out of business. This leads to further unemployment, because the
people, who work there, will then also be without work.
 Graduates’ beliefs in how much they are worth in the job market may lead them
to ignore lower- paying jobs, which may be the only jobs available
 High costs of employment, so firms hire fewer people who do more work
 Jobseekers become discouraged and give up trying
 Lack of job search skills and information
 Mechanisation and computers reduce the number of people needed for jobs
 Higher demand than supply; meaning there are more job applicants than jobs
available

Specific reasons for youth unemployment

There are specific reasons for youth unemployment. The reasons include:

 Businesses prefer employees who already have skills and experience to

inexperienced and unskilled youth.
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 Employers do not regard schooling as an accurate measure of abilities.
Low pass marks for NSC are not acceptable in a competitive workplace.
 Expectations of youth may not match reality. Some youth would rather
not work than do a job thought to be below their hopes.
 Lack of businesses that are willing to do on-the-job training
 Lack of entrepreneurial skills
 Lack of knowledge on how to apply for job or study, study loans and
learnerships
 Lack of networking skills; not knowing whom to contact
 The youth do not have enough information about the role of FET colleges and
their courses that lead to jobs.
 Poverty, which leads to lack of funds for further qualifications, and lack
of money to pay for transport to job interviews, CV printing, airtime and
online application access.
 Some young people make high wage demands at entry level, which workplaces
are not willing to agree to.
 Some youth give up, and stop looking for jobs.
 There are too many recent university graduates with qualifications that do not
match market needs.
 There are too few universities to accommodate all the applicants.

The effect or impact of unemployment:

A job provides satisfaction, support and hope and fulfilment. Unemployment affects
the unemployed not only financially, but also personally and socially.
 You will lose self esteem, self-respect and motivation.
 We have a loss of our sense of purpose in life
 Conflict in families
 Divorce or abuse of the unemployed person
 We feel we are losing control over our life
 Stress and uncertainty and depression
 Boredom and lack of motivation
 Increase of debt.
 Drug, tobacco and alcohol abuse

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 problems,
Increased violence and abuse. In families where there are money
the chances of domestic violence and abuse are increased
 Relationships will be affected.
 Can lead to crime and social instability
 Causes poverty

Less taxable income for government and less money to spend on education,
hospitals, police and road.
 Hunger and Homelessness
 Lack of education and training
 Crime
 Exploitation
 Human trafficking
 HIV and Aids
 Child abuse

Exclusion and loneliness Possible
Section C

Innovative solutions to counteract unemployment

 Register on the Department of Labour database as an unemployed work

seekers The Department of Labour’s work seeker database is a register of all
unemployed people seeking work opportunities. To register your details on this
database, you will need to visit your local Labour Centre and complete a work
seeker application. The Department of Labour will provide you with a reference
number and inform you of learner ships and other opportunities that arise.You
can get contact details of Labour Centres in your areas from ;
http://www.labour.gov.za/contacts
 Start working part time during school holidays and weekends and gain
experience
 Volunteering: Volunteering means you help others. You give of your time and
skills to others. You do not expect payment. Volunteering makes you feel good
about yourself because you are doing something for somebody else. This builds
confidence. It also allows you to explore your interests, abilities and skills. This
might make it easier for you to choose a career. Volunteering is not only about
helping people. You can also, for example, volunteer to clean up rivers or beaches,
or work in an animal shelter. When you volunteer, you usually get a letter or a
certificate to state what kind of work you did and for how many hours. You can add
this to your CV because now you have work experience, and have shown that you
are willing to help make South Africa a better place.
 Part-time jobs; If you work for a short while or for part of a day or week, you
have a part-time job. You can gain a lot of experience through part-time jobs,
because you can have more than one job at a time. For example, you may get a
job to help with directing spectators to their seats at soccer matches. This job is
only on certain days, so it is part time. You will build up good experience, and
become skilled in different aspects of work. In addition, you will earn an income,
while you build your CV, part-time job

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 Community work: Community work means you do something to benefit your
community or a community in need. It is also a form of volunteering, but you
concentrate on the needs of your community. The work is usually paid for by
government or an NGO, or a religious-based organisation. For example, you may
help to feed orphans or help to make a community peace garden.

 Entrepreneurship; To be an entrepreneur you have to see a need and provide

a service or goods that people need. This is a great way to earn money while you
look for other work opportunities. If your entrepreneurship leads to success, you
may turn this into your day-to-day job and also employ others.

 Informal jobs are usually short term. For example, you may wash cars, do
gardening, sell newspapers, make clothes, or sell fruit or sweets at the taxi rank
or next to the school. Some people prefer informal employment due to its
flexible hours. This allows them to balance family responsibilities. Others find
this is the only work they can do to survive.

 Sign up as a temporary employees (or temps). Some managers assume

you’re happy as a temp, and you need to let them know that you would be
happier as a full-time employee.
 Contact a job agency (a Google search will reveal several in your area), and set
up a profile with them. Don't e-mail them - call them.
 Get a employment, no matter where it is, even if it's just a part time job.
Whether you want to be a cashier at the local supermarket or a helper at Home
Depot, you'll need to start getting some kind of income while looking for your
next full time job! Don’t think that you are too smart to any job. You must start
somewhere.

Financial and social viability of entrepreneurship and other employment

options

Entrepreneurship and other employment options may be the best way to earn
money. The more jobs that are created the better for everyone. Draw up and
business plan and see if you have a workable solution.

SARS tax obligations (South African Revenue Services)

When you earn a salary, part of your income is taxed. This means that when you
look at job application adverts, the amount you see is not the full amount you will
earn, as tax will be deducted. When you receive any income tax is deducted. You
must register at SARS.

Income tax is the government's main source of income. Income tax is a tax levied
on all income and profits received by a taxpayer. This includes individuals,
companies and trusts. It is every citizen’s duty to pay tax. Without income tax, there
will be no services, such as roads, hospitals and schools, and the government
could not function.

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Even if you are an entrepreneur or an informal worker, you have a duty to pay
income tax if you earn more than R63 556 a year. If you earn less than this or are
unemployed, you are said to be below the tax threshold. Our government is
making it easier for small business and entrepreneurs; you don’t have to pay the
same amount of tax as big corporations. But do your citizen’s duty and pay tax! If
you don’t pay tax, you contribute to unemployment because the government can’t
create employment opportunities as there is not enough money to do so.

More about entrepreneurship

What is an entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur makes something happen from nothing. He or she is a

person who takes an idea or an opportunity, accepts financial risks and
turns that idea or opportunity into a profitable enterprise.

Reasons for pursuing a certain occupation:

 Good salary
 Status
 Working hours
 Working conditions
 Benefits of the job e.g. pension, medical aid, children study for free
 Availability of jobs
 Suits my personality
 Suits my interest/skills and values
 I have a contact in the field, friend, parent who will give me a job.
 Inherited - continue with the family tradition
 Influence from parents , peers
 It is a high skill job with lots of opportunities for work after study
 Any other suitable reason why you want to pursue a career or job

TERM 2
Initiating, building and sustaining relationships

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Positive communication leads to positive relationships. Our ability to communicate
with others will determine the success of our relationships with them
Communication is about understanding others and communicating our feelings,
beliefs and attitudes to them.

How do I initiate, (begin) keep friends and build the relationships?

Initiate relationships: You will be in a new place next year. You might not know
anybody. So it will be up to you to start new friendships. A good way to break the ice
when you meet new people is to make sure you hear their names. Ask them about
their names or what they mean. Then ask them a little about themselves because
people do like to talk about themselves.

• You can also start a conversation by talking about neutral subjects if the
person is shy. Try to remember the name of the person, so the next time you
see them, they feel special because you remembered them.
• Be willing to share a little about yourself, but don’t talk about yourself all the
time. Avoid boasting or showing off. People don’t like braggers.
• Keep up to date with the latest news and topics that people are discussing. If
people find you are informed and interesting, they will enjoy talking to you.

Characteristics and skills of positive relationships:Good relationships help us

throughout tough times in our lives. Forming and maintaining good relationships
doesn’t come easy. You have to look for some qualities and skills and
characteristics in the person with whom you are forming a relationship. What are
they?

• Skills needed by good • Ability to communicate

communicator • Ability to listen
• Sympathetic
• Not expecting all to have the same
view as you

• Characteristics and qualities • Ability to give and take

• Unselfish
• Mutual respect
• Tolerant
• Caring/Supporting
• Respect for others and the work
they do
• Can work in a team
• Understanding how others think
• Ability to be yourself

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Build and sustain positive relationships with good communication
and listening skills.

In relationships good communication helps to build good relationships. There are

some good and not so good ways of communication with people.

Effective communication Ineffective ways to communicate

Listen attentively and show empathy Not listening to the other person

Listen without judging Interrupt the other person

Understand before your respond Being judge mental and jumping to
conclusions
Speaking clearly without being emotional Being emotional and overreacting
Understanding the feeling of the other Sarcastic responses or defensive
person behaviour
Show with your body that you are Fold your arms and turn away and look
listening e.g. nod your head to show you around when the person is talking
listen or agree

Build and sustain positive relationships: communicate your feelings,

beliefs and attitudes.

There are different factors that can affect how well we communicate. Your feelings,
what you believe and your attitude are all part of who you are. If you communicate
your feelings and show your humanity, then people can understand you better.

Your beliefs are part of who you are, and it is important to express them. It is
important that you are free to communicate these aspects. However, never hold
and express beliefs and attitudes that go against our constitutional values. Express
your feelings, beliefs and attitudes, but avoid imposing or forcing them on others.
Every person is entitled to have his or her own views.

Factors that influence effective communication:

partPersonality: The way you act, behave, and react and your attitudes all form
of your personality. Remember that we all act in a certain way in a certain
situation.

Sometimes a shy person is seen as boring and uninteresting until you get to
know him or her. Other people are extraverts and they might intimidate you with
their way of communication. Other people hide behind their “weaknesses” by
seeking attention all the time and they need to be the centre of attention.Your
own personality will determine whether you are attracted of put off by the other
persons way of communicating.

areAttitudes and values: If you have an attitude (you think and act) that you
better than others, if will affect communication. If you think that only your
ideas, beliefs and values are right and you do not show respect, you will not be
a good
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 listener and you will not allow others to freely express their views. This will
block communication between you and other people and can lead to conflict.

 Acceptance of responsibilities: Responsibility means you are

accountable, do your duty and take responsibility for your actions. You can be
trusted to do a job, because you take responsibility. If you make a mistake, you
don’t try to shift responsibility to somebody or something else. Effective
communication can only t happen where there is trust, reliability and
responsibility. Friendship comes with responsibilities.
of views
Appropriate expression of views and feelings: Appropriate expression
and feelings mean that you say what you think and feel, but in a way
that does not hurt or offend others.
 Respect the feelings of others: When you show respect for the feeling of
others, they will show respect for you and your feelings.

Responsible citizenship

Responsible citizenship means that you do your duty as a citizen, you fulfil your
responsibilities, and do what is right or expected of you as a citizen. You:

 are aware of, respect, and promote human rights

 are concerned about the welfare of others
 take part in campaigns, projects and events that fight against the violation of
the human rights
 obey the law

Evaluate your position on discrimination and human rights violations

If you evaluate your position on discrimination and human rights violations, you
analyse your own viewpoints, behaviour, opinions and attitudes towards these
issues. You consider your position by taking the Bill of Rights into account.

Bill of Rights

‘This Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of democracy in South Africa. It is the rights of

all people in our country .The Bill of Rights are basic human rights that all people,
not only South African citizens, should enjoy and respect. Examples of some of the
rights are:

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  to be treated equally;
 to have dignity and self-respect;
 to have your own opinion and views and to follow any religion you chose;
 to express your ideas,
 views and opinions freely, as long as they don’t violate the rights of others;
 to live and work in a healthy environment;
 to be treated fairly at work;
 to speak any language you chose
 to have access to basic health care.

Discrimination

If you discriminate against others, you treat them unjustly, unfairly, and
unequally because they are, or you think they are, different from you

Human rights violations

Human rights violations mean hurting, disrespecting or acting against someone’s

rights. If you call someone names you are being disrespectful to that person. You are
violating her rights to dignity.

The role of the media in a democratic society: electronic and print media:

Electronic media are any media that need electricity or batteries, such as the
Internet and emails, websites, blogs, Facebook, Twitter, radio, TV, film and DVDs.

Print media include books, newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, brochures,

posters and billboards

Role of the media in a democracy:

 The role of the media is to inform society about daily events that are
newsworthy.
 In a democracy, the media’s communicated, and educate.
 The media play an important role in informing citizens about their government, their rights
and freedom and their health and safety.
 expose violations of human rights
 report on unlawful activities, the courts and court cases
 expose corruption and mismanagement
 communicate, inform and educate and entertain
 shape the public’s opinion
 give political information that can inform voters
 identify problems in our country and communities
 promote debate and discussion
 promote nation-building, by giving access to diverse viewpoints and world views, as well as
sports cover

The role and responsibility of the media in a democratic society includes

 being fair
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  honest and
 reliable.

Examples of when the media do not fulfil their roles responsibly include:
 Most media make money from advertisements and sponsors. The media
therefore aim to satisfy the interests of their advertisers. These may not
be the same as the interests of the public. They may withhold information or
give biased reports, to satisfy their sponsors.
 News entertains rather than informs. Some media are filled with gossip,
scandals, sex and violence rather than facts.
 Political news is often more about personalities, than about politicians’ work
and contributions. Media publicise the scandalous private lives of politicians
and their families, which have nothing to do with their work.
 The lives of famous stars are made difficult by the paparazzi who invade their
privacy. The media are like vultures when celebrities are in trouble; they
persecute rather than protect them.
 The media sometimes exaggerate dangers and make people afraid for no
reason.
 News and interpretations of events may be biased, incomplete or incorrect.
 The information in the printed press, radio and TV has been selected from a
large pool of information. Somebody, somewhere, made a decision on what was
necessary to tell the public and what not. What is not told may be just as
important as what is told.

NB!!! Freedom of expression and limitations:

Freedom of expression means that you can express your ideas and opinions freely
through speech, writing, and other forms of communication. Freedom of
expression is a basic right in a democratic society, and it applies to everyone,
including individuals and the media. People may not express viewpoints that
violate the rights of others.

Constitutional limitations to freedom of expression .

The right in the constitution does not include:

 propaganda for war

 incitement of imminent violence
 advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion
 Incitement to cause harm.
This means you have freedom of speech, but cannot use hate speech. You cannot
use racist language, or discriminate against anyone. You cannot encourage people
to take part in violent acts, or to hurt or hate others. The media may not publicise
and distribute anything that is of a criminal nature, or that can damage or harm
people.

BILL OF RIGHTS

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What is the Bill of Rights?

It is the rights of all people who live in South Africa called the Bill of Rights.

Some Human rights you should know by now.

 Equality: All people are equal and must be treated equally

 Personal privacy: You cannot be searched or have your home or

possessions searched without a warrant. ( Principals of schools, by law,
do have the right to search or have children searched on the property
for possession of illegal substance and dangerous weapons) People
cannot open your mail or listen to your phone calls.
your choice.
Freedom of religion, belief and opinion: You can follow the religion of

print orFreedom of speech and expression: Everyone can say or

photograph whatever they want provided they do not break the
law.
 Freedom of association: You can associate with whoever you want to.
Rights and responsibilities in sexual relationships

What is rape? Forced sex.

Different kinds of rape:

 Gang rape: Where a person is raped by more than one person.
 Date rape: Rape by the person you have a date with

Statutory rape: When a person has, or tries to have unlawful sex with a
person under the age of consent (16 years)
 Sex with a child under the age of 12 years: Sex with a child under the
age of 12 years, whether or not they consent, is seen as rape.
 Acquaintance rape: Forced sex by someone the victim knows

Sexual abuse: Refers to acts of sexual assaults such as fondling, rape or

sexual exploitation of minors by parents, caregivers or strangers

Under the age of 16 - sex with consent?

When a person has or tries to have sex with a person under the age of 16 with
or without consent it is rape.

What are power relations?

Having power means having control over something or someone. In relationships

one person may have power over another.

What is a traditional gender power relation?

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In most societies men have more power than women. The gender power roles are
traditional in that they are followed by generation after generation.

Men have power for a number of reasons, e.g.

 they are physically stronger than women.
 they have different biological roles
 they have financial power if they earn all the money.

Sexual harassment is the main way in which abuse of power takes place in
the workplace. In most cases men are abusing their power over women.

Facts:
 Most victims know the rapist.
 Most rape victims thought it could never happen to them.

 Victims of rape are afraid of getting hurt or killed. They are often paralysed
with shock and cannot move or speak.
 Men of all sexual orientations can be raped .

Who protect my rights?

 The South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC)
They will help you if any of your rights in the Bill of Rights have been violated
or abused.
 Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD)
If the police have violated your rights you need to contact them.
 The Public Protector
If you have been treated badly, or you suspect a member of a
government department of corruption you contact them.

 The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) If

you feel you employer have violated your rights, you should first try to sort
out the problem with the help of your union or by yourself. If this is not
successfully you can contact the CCMA, who will help or advise you.
 The Commission on Gender Equality (CGE)
If you have been treated badly or denied a job or if you are paid poorly
because of your gender, you should contact them.

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 COMMUNITY PROJECTS

What are environmental factors?

It is factors that cause ill health, accidents, crises and disasters. It includes
environmental hazards like pollution and waste dumps, radiations, floods, fires
and damage cause by draughts.

How does it affect people?

Poverty leads to people having fewer choices about where they live, as they may
be forced to live in polluted environments.

It is the responsibility of local or provincial governments to provide better

infrastructure for these people. E.g. better roads in informal settlements so that
emergency services can reach people whose houses are burning down.

Environmental issues

These are issues where things in the environment affect the people who live in
its health.

Commitment to participate in physical activities for long-term engagement:

develop an action plan

It is vital to commit to participate in physical activities on a long-term basis. The

physical, mental, social and emotional benefits are important.

The benefits of long-term exercise include:

 Physical benefits –keeps your body healthy and strong

 Mental benefits –helps to keep your mind alert.
 Social benefits – helps you to make friends and feel part of a group; contributes
to nation-building
 Emotional benefits – helps you feel good about yourself and to cope with
your stress and negative feelings.

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 The physical, mental, social and emotional effects of long-term participation

Physical benefits Mental benefits Social benefits Emotional

benefits

Stronger bones Clears the mind Make and keep Enjoyment

friends
Protection from Keeps the mind alert Feelings of self-
osteoporosis Helps to integrate worth improve
Helps to prevent mental
in a new situation
Reduced risk of heart diseases Relaxation reduces
attack and stroke Meet people stress
Prevents negative
Increased protection thinking Prevents Having fun and
from viral diseases loneliness laughing keep you
happy and young
Prevention of diabetes Promotes social
support Feel good about
Prevention of cancers yourself
New friendships
Improved general health Look forward to the
and fitness Decreases activities
absenteeism at
work Prevents
depression
Improves
teamwork and Prevents stress
leadership skills
Personal
Promotes a spirit satisfaction
of co-operation

Reduces health
costs