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G.K. Learning Materials - 01 ( SS & RMS ) (1)

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G.K. Learning Materials - 01 ( SS & RMS ) (1)

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G.K Learning Materials - 1

1. CHAPTER

NATURAL CALAMITIES

❖A sudden event that causes large-scale damage to life and property is called a
disaster or a calamity.
❖A natural disaster is produced by natural forces that cause harm to the society.
Natural disaster includes floods, earthquakes, cyclones, volcanoes etc.
❖ Man-made disasters refer to those calamities that are caused by the activities
of the human beings. The examples of man-made disasters are-fire, building
collapse due to poor infrastructure, road accident, war etc.
EARTHQUAKE
❖ Sudden trembling or shaking of the earth's crust is called an Earthquake.
❖The earth's crust is made up of massive tectonic plates that float on semi-
liquid rock layer called the mantle.
❖The movement of the tectonic plates results in the formation of an earthquake.

❖ The place deep in the earth's crust where an earthquake originates is called
the focus or the hypocentre of the earthquake. Epicentre is the place on the
surface of the earth directly above the focus.
❖Richter scale is a scale used for measuring the magnitude (force) of an
earthquake.
❖Mercalli scale is a seismic scale used to measure the intensity of an
earthquake.
❖ The instrument used to measure an earthquake wave is called Seismograph.

❖Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes.


PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR EARTHQUAKES
❖Buildings should be designed in such a manner that they can withstand major
tremors.
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G.K Learning Materials - 1

❖Equipments that are heavy should be firmly attached to the walls like hanging
clocks, photo frames etc.
❖Fire fighting equipments should always be in working order as earthquakes
are likely to cause fire due to breakage of gas line or electrical wiring.
FLOOD
❖Flood is an overflow of river water beyond its normal level on a land area that
is usually dry.
CAUSES OF FLOOD
1. Overflow of river water due to heavy rainfall.
2. Melting of a lot of snow draining into river water.
3. Strong tides, Cyclones and Tsunamis in the oceans.
4. Dam failure or dam damage of a river.
FLOOD PRONE AREAS IN INDIA
❖ The most flood prone areas in India are Indo-Gangetic in the north and
Brahmaputra plains in the north-east India.
❖The other important flood prone rivers in India are present in Peninsular
plateau in south India like Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and
Cauvery.
❖The Kosi river, one of the largest tributaries of the Ganges is known as the
'Sorrow of Bihar' as it causes a lot of damage to the life and property due to
annual flooding and frequent changes in it's course.
❖ Damodar river is known as the 'Sorrow of Bengal' because of the seravaging
floods it causes in the plains of West Bengal.
STEPS TO CONTROL FLOODING
❖Afforestation is an effective method for controlling floods by growing more
trees that act as a barrier during the period of heavy rainfall.
❖Building dams and reservoirs to store extra water during flood periods.

❖Building man-made channels to divert water from flooding. to


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G.K Learning Materials - 1

TSUNAMI
❖Tsunami is derived from the Japanese word meaning 'harbour wave'.

❖Series of giant waves generated by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions Sunder


the sea, causing large scale displacement of a volume of water is called
Tsunami.
DROUGHT
❖Drought is a natural disaster, which involves abnormally long period of
insufficient or no rainfall in an area.
❖Drought results in shortage of water for household use or agriculture and
drying of surface or sub-surface water.
❖Deforestation, soil erosion and excessive use of surface and ground water are
some of the major factors responsible for the drought conditions in any area.
❖Rainwater harvesting is an effective method for the recharge of groundwater
by collecting and storing of rainwater on the roofs of houses and buildings and
diverting this water back into the ground slowly, that increases the level of the
ground water table.
CYCLONE
❖Cyclone is a storm with a large air mass that rotates around the center of the
low atmospheric pressure.
❖Storms are generally generated on a large water body, specifically the ocean.

❖There are two types of cyclones-Tropical cyclones and Extra Tropical


cyclones or Temperate cyclones.

❖The eye of the storm is considered to be the calm and clear area with a very
low air pressure.
❖The tropical cyclone is known by different names in different regions of the
world and they are:
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VOLCANO
❖Volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust from which lava, ash and hot gases
are ejected during an eruption.
❖Most volcanoes of the world are located along a belt called the 'Ring of Fire'
found in the Pacific Ocean.
Volcanoes can be categorized under three types:
1. Active Volcanoes: Volcanoes that have a tendency to erupt at any given point
in time.
2. Dormant Volcanoes: Volcanoes that have not erupted for a long time, but are
expected to erupt in near future.
3. Extinct Volcanoes: Volcanoes that have not erupted in the past 10,000 years
and are unlikely to erupt in the near future.
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G.K Learning Materials - 1

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