Introduction

Water is essential to the life and growth of plants, which is why it is so important to them.
But, when plants are given too much water, they may drown, which may affect their growth. The
researchers designed "Greenhouse Smart Irrigation: Design and Performance Evaluation of an
Arduino Uno-Based Automatic Plant Watering System" in order to prevent overflowing water
from flooding the plants and reduce the amount of work a gardener must put into caring for
plants each day. An easier and safer alternative technique of watering is made possible by this
smart irrigation system. The role of the irrigation system in gardening is to optimize the delivery
of water to plants. This automation ensures that plants receive appropriate time and amount of
water to apply without overwatering and underwatering to the plants. Crop productivity is
increased, water management is improved, and sustainable farming is supported by smart
irrigation. In order to collect and analyze real-time data for well-informed judgments and real-
time control, it makes use of sensors, data analysis, and automation. Irrigation decisions are
guided by a predetermined set of criteria for temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. This
solution offers safe online storage, customization, and accurate irrigation assessments. It
encourages sustainable water management in agriculture by maximizing water use, improving
crop health, and facilitating remote monitoring and control (Abdikadir et al., 2023). Time savings
and avoiding issues like constant monitoring are the goals of this prototype. By automatically
supplying water to the plants and gardens based on their water needs, it also aids in water
conservation. It may also work well in parks, lawns, and agricultural areas. There is always an
opportunity to lower hazards and make work easier as technology develops. Numerous issues
can be resolved by using embedded and micro controller systems. This application uses a sensor
micro controller technology to precisely regulate the garden water system. This is accomplished
by setting up sensors in the field to track soil moisture and temperature, which send the
information to a microcontroller for estimating plant water requirements (Darshna et al., 2015).
One of the most popular and beneficial automatic systems is the sensor-based irrigation system
that has been developed and put into practice. People will save time and effort by using this in
their everyday routines. In addition to reducing water loss, this will save time and energy.
Additionally, it will enable the farmer to profit from the plantation without having to deal with
issues related to irrigation planning (Akter et al., 2018). Plant growth depends on the moisture
content of the soil. Crops must adhere to various soil moisture levels to attain the best possible
growth. Water must be available to plants, but additionally, soils cannot be very wet. Without
oxygen and water, soils will not be able to grow and would eventually die. Waterlogged plants
contain an excessive amount of exposed to water and is unable to obtain the oxygen required for
development. Various irrigation methods to measure the effectiveness of the connection between
plants, soil, and the water utilized for agriculture irrigation (Rowe, 2018).
Statement of the Problem
1. Is there a significant difference between using Automatic Plant watering system and manually
watering the plants?
2. What is the efficient design to use in designing automatic plant watering system?
3. What is the time required to water plants using an automated system compared to the time
required for manual watering?
Hypotheses
Alternative Hypothesis – There is a significant difference between using an automated plant
watering system and manual watering.
Null Hypothesis – There is no significant difference between using an automated plant watering
system and manual watering.

Definition of Terms
Irrigation system – the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of
tubes, pumps, and sprays
Microcontroller – compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an
embedded system.
Vital – necessary to the existence or well-being of something Demand - a consumer’s desire to
purchase goods and services and willingness to pay a specific price for them.
Industrial – relating to manufacture performed by humans or machines rather than natural
processes

Methods
1. Time and Place
The study will be conducted in a small garden area at 110km, Purok Caimito, Barangay
Amas, Kidapawan City (7°03’09” N). This place is selected for knowing the efficiency of the
automation. The magic rose is one type of plant the researchers will be utilizing. Every time
there is a heat wave outside and there’s not enough water in the soil to support the plants,
they will be observed. We will be able to assess both the automation system and the moisture
sensor’s efficacy in this way.
2. Scope
The scope of this research includes the design, development, and testing of an automated
watering system intended for residential and small-scale agricultural use.
1.System Design and Architecture: • Creation of a prototype that tracks the moisture content of
the soil using sensors (like soil moisture sensors). • The incorporation of a microcontroller to
handle sensor input and regulate the water delivery system. • The use of a web-based or mobile
interface for user interaction that permits monitoring and manual overrides.
2.Energy Efficiency: • Evaluation of the automated watering system’s power usage. •
Researching possible energy-saving methods, like solar energy or watering schedule
optimization.
3.Cost-Effectiveness:
• A breakdown of the system’s total cost, including installation and hardware purchases. • An
assessment of the system’s economic feasibility for small-scale farmers or typical consumers.
3.Limitations

The limitations of this research are as follows:

1.Geographic and Climatic Limitations:

• The system may not function as well in harsh environments (such as deserts or high-altitude
regions) because it is intended for use in particular climatic conditions.
• Because testing is done in a controlled setting, it might not fully account for all the variables
that arise in the real world, like unforeseen weather changes.
2.System Complexity:
• The developed prototype is a basic version and might not have sophisticated features like
realtime weather data integration, AI-based predictive watering, or integration with large-scale
farming equipment.
• The system’s limited scalability means that, absent considerable changes, it might not be
appropriate for large agricultural fields.
3.Technological Constraints:
• The system’s applicability in areas with restricted access to these components may be limited
by the research’s reliance on the availability of particular sensor technology and
microcontrollers.
• The capabilities of the platforms and programming languages chosen for development are the
limits of any software, which may limit system compatibility with other technologies.
4.Economic Constraints:
• Broad economic factors like market adoption rates and long-term maintenance costs are not
taken into account in this study.
• The cost analysis ignores probable future fluctuations and is based on component prices as of
right now in the market

4. Equipment and Material

The supplies which the researchers need are a glass container, tiny tubes, a plant box, a
magic rose plant, and 3785 mL of water. The researchers will use an Arduino Uno, a
breadboard, jumper wires, a servo motor, for the automation system, and a moisture
sensor to measure the water content of the soil.
 5. Instrumentation

In the first part, the LCD address is set. According to the pin descriptions in the second
part, the digital pin links and controls the water pump, while the analog pin connects to
the soil moisture sensor. The threshold for soil moisture level is specified in the third part,
where we establish a setting point of 100. In order for the invention to function, the soil
moisture sensor must begin measuring the soil's moisture content. Water will be
distributed to the sprinkler by the water pump if the moisture threshold is higher than
100, indicating low soil moisture. When the soil is wet, the water pump will cut off if the
moisture threshold is less than 100 setting points.

Statistical Analysis
One-way ANOVA will be used to determine the performance of the automated plant watering
system. The experiment-wise error rate (often α = 0.05) of the test will also be managed by post
hoc tests. The efficiency, speed, and responsiveness of the various tests will next be analyzed
using the descriptive tests. To determine the average value of the automated plant watering
system’s overall efficiency, the mean will be employed.
Flowchart (figure no. 1)

Start

Measure soil moisture

Moisture is
<30%= 100+
Threshold

startPump()

Moisture is
>80%=100-
Threshold

stopPump()
 Related work is step-by-step shown in the flowchart. The system will first initiate its operation,
after which the soil’s moisture content will be measured by the moisture sensor. In the event that
the soil’s moisture.

Construction of the Prototype (Figure no.2)

In this project, a small-scale greenhouse prototype was created to stimulate the construction and operational
principles of a real greenhouse. The prototype was meticulously designed using SketchUP software, which
allowed for precise representation and visualization. The model was drawn to scale, ensuring accuracy in the
proportions and dimensions that mirror actual greenhouse structures. The dimensions of the prototype are
[Length=61.5cm, Width=52cm, Height=37cm], providing a clear basis for testing and analysis in various
environmental and structural conditions.
Constructing of the Prototype

The researchers prepared all of the materials for the

prototype.

The researchers gradually built all the parts.

The researchers connected all the

elements together so that the prototype
may be completed.

The researchers painted the prototype to

make it more attractive and appealing.

Completed Greenhouse Smart Sprinkler

Irrigation: Design and Performance
Evaluation Using Arduino Uno.
Arrangement of the programming Language
 Experimental Parameter

Soil Moisture Content

Using data from a calibrated soil moisture sensor, the LCD shows the percentage of soil moisture
content. The calibration instrument is an analog soil PH-moisture meter. Arrangement of the
programming language of the soil moisture sensor will first determine the seedbed's soil moisture
content. The water pump will turn on to inject water into the sprinkler system if the moisture
threshold surpasses the 100% setting point, indicating low soil moisture. A high level of soil
moisture will cause the water pump to shut off if the soil threshold does not rise above the 100%
setting point.

Water Discharge (Q)

Water discharge requirement for the automatic irrigation is obtained by measuring the of volume
water used (V) the divide it by time of watering (t). The water used id obtained by subtracting
initial water volume (Vo) and the remained water volume in the container (Vr). Watering is
applied until soil moisture sensor read at least 80% moisture content, which is the setting point to
turn off the system. Equation 1 is used to calculate water discharge.

V Vo−Vr
Q= =
t t
Where:
Q = water discharge (ml/s)
V = water volume (ml)
Vo = initial water volume (ml)
Vr = remained water volume (ml)
The programming language is structured in such a way that it activates all of the components necessary for the
stated instructions to function effectively. The code was created using the Arduino IDE 8.1.3 software. The main
principle of the automatic irrigation system is illustrated in Figure 1.
t = irrigation period (s)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Results

1.1 Arrangement of the Programming

Language program to activate and deactivate the control system.

Table 1. Language Program to activate and deactivate the pump

COMMAND TO TURN ON COMMAND TO TURN OFF
if (moistureLevel > moistureThreshold) { else {
digitalWrite(pumpPin, HIGH); digitalWrite(pumpPin, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(12, 1); lcd.setCursor(12, 1);
lcd.print("ON "); lcd.print("OFF");

The water level sensor was placed in the downstream part of the small-scale dam senses the
dryness in soil and wetness in soil. When the dry the condition occurs the pump will start, then
the requirement of water is more for the proper growth of plants and in wet soil, the pump would
not work then the soil does not need any water hence this project will conserve water during
irrigation.
1.2 Performance Tests and Evaluation

Conclusion

• The automated plant-watering system has undergone successful testing and design. The
irrigation system has operated automatically. The soil's water content is determined by the
moisture sensor. The irrigation system will activate and start giving the plants water if the
moisture content falls below the set threshold. The soil's water content remains full since
irrigation will not function if the moisture content exceeds the specified threshold. As a result,
the irrigation system's overall functionality has been successfully tested.

References:
Abdikadir, N. M., Hassan, A. A., Abdullahi, H. O., & Rashid, R. A. (2023). Smart irrigation
system. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 10(8), 224-234.

Akter, S., Mahanta, P., Mim, M. H., Hasan, M. R., Ahmed, R. U., & Billah, M. M. (2018).
Developing a smart irrigation system using arduino. International Journal of Research Studies in
Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 31-39.

Darshna, S., Sangavi, T., Mohan, S., Soundharya, A., & Desikan, S. (2015). Smart irrigation
system. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE), 10(3), 32-
36.
Ismailov, A. S., & Jo‘Rayev, Z. B. (2022). Study of arduino microcontroller board. Science and
Education, 3(3), 172-179.

Rowe, R. O. S. I. A. (2018). Soil moisture. Biosystems Engineering. Auburn University, Auburn,

Alabama, United States.
 Authors Profile

CZEDRICK NEIL L. BALAO

Purok Caimito, Amas, Kidapawan City

Balaoclark2@gmal.com

0955-326-6514

Personal Data

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Male

Age: 15

Birthdate: February 18, 2009

Birthplace: Amas, Kidapawan City

Religion: Catholic

Citizenship: Filipino

Height: 162cm

Weight: 50kg

Mother: Wilma L. Balao

Father: Nestor E. Balao

PRECIOUS LEAH A. ENOT

Purok Golden Shower, Amas, Kidapawan City

enotpreciousleah@gmail.com

0985-327-1290

Personal Data

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Female

Age: 15

Birthdate: February 16, 2009

Birthplace: Matina, Davao City

Religion: Catholic

Citizenship: Filipino

Height: 160cm

Weight: 54kg

Mother: Annie A. Enot

Father: Romeo O. Enot

ANGEL R. MEDIDA

Purok Pomelo, Amas, Kidapawan City

applemedida@gmail.com

0912-439-5708

Personal Data

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Female

Age: 14

Birthdate: October 23, 2009

Birthplace: Amas, Kidapawan City

Religion: Catholic

Citizenship: Filipino

Height: 155cm

Weight: 54kg

Mother: Gloria R. Medida

Father: Rufo R. Medida